Chapter 11 The East Asian Rimlands: Early Japan, Korea, and
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Transcript Chapter 11 The East Asian Rimlands: Early Japan, Korea, and
Chapter 11
The East Asian Rimlands:
Early Japan, Korea, and Vietnam
Japan and Its Neighbors
1. The Yamato state, located on the Yamato plain in central Honshu near Koyoto, was established by the fifth century. It soon conquered the
southern island of Kyushu and Kanto east of the Yamato plain. A foothold was also established in Korea that probably facilitated the movement of
people from Korea to Japan until the early ninth century. The Japanese hold in South Korea was eliminated in 562. The result of this contact was
the penetration of Chinese and Buddhist ideas into Japan.
3. In 710 a new capital was established at Nara on the eastern edge of the Yamato plain. It was laid out on the same checkerboard pattern. The city
was roughly three miles by two and two-thirds miles. With no enemies, there were no walls. Another capital was built in 794 at Heian on the Kyoto
plain. Again the city was laid out in a checkerboard pattern, three miles by three and a third miles. Like Nara, it was without walls. It became the
modern city of Kyoto and remained the capital until 1868.
4. The decline of power at Heian (794-1185) resulted in aristocrats increasingly acting independently and resorting to military force to protect their
interests. Civil war was almost constant until the twelfth century. By 1185 Minamoto Yoritomo had defeated his rivals and within four years had all of
Japan under his military control. To strengthen the state, Yoritomo created a centralized government under a powerful military leader called shogun
(general). The shogun system will last until the last half of the nineteenth century.
5. In 1266 the Mongol emperor Khubilai Khan demanded tribute from Japan. When Japan refused, the khan's army invaded in 1274 with a force of
over 30,000 but was compelled to retreat. In 1281 the khan's army of 150,000 landed on the northern coast of the southwestern island and Kyushu.
Again the Mongols failed as a typhoon destroyed the Mongol fleet.
3. The Korean state was controlled by North China by the early third century B.C.E. Korea remained colonized until the fourth century when the
Chinese were expelled in the fourth century. Three native kingdoms were formed: Koguryo in the north, Paekche in the southwest, and Silla in the
southeast. Chinese influences, however, continued as repeated waves of Chinese refugees from the Han dynasty poured into Korea. The
expansion of Koguryo and consolidation of Paekche brought the two to almost three centuries of war. In the sixth century Silla allied with Paekche
and then turned on its ally. The reunification of China by the Sui dynasty was followed by an attack on Koguryo in 598, and three more expeditions in
612-614. All ended in disaster and contributed to the collapse of the Sui. The successor Tang dynasty had no better luck in 644 and 659. In 660
with the aid of Silla, Paekche was destroyed. Three years later a Japanese expedition to aid Paekche was repulsed. Meanwhile the Tang and Silla
attacked Koguryo and brought it to an end in 668. Within a decade the Tang forces were expelled by the Silla from most of Korea and it was unified.
Silla became a tributary to the Tang but remained autonomous. By the middle of the eighth century, unification began to disintegrate. In 780 after
more than a decade of revolts, the Silla king was assassinated and over the next century and a half a series of briefly reigning kings assumed the
throne.
Questions:
1. How was Japan unified into a single state? What was the real source of power?
2. What was the relationship between China and Japan
3. How was Korea unified?
Japan and Its Neighbors
Japan
Main islands: Hokkaido, Honshu, Kyushu, and Shikoku
Prehistoric Japan
Marriage of Izanagi and Izanami
Amaterasu
Jomon people, 10,000 years ago
Yayoi culture
The Japanese State
Yamamoto state
Shotoku Taishi (572-622)
Buddhism
Shinto
Disease
Early Japan
Nara Period (710-784)
Chinese state model
Weakness
Heian (Kyoto) Period (794-1185)
Fujiwara clan
Decentralized political system
shoen farmland
Emergence of the samurai (military retainer)
bushido warrior code
Kamakura Shogunate (1185-1333)
Minamoto Yoritomo (1142-1199)
bakufu (tent government)
shogun (general)
Shogunate system
Mongols
Khubilai Khan demands tribute, 1266
Invasion at Kyushu
kamikaze (Divine Wind)
Ashikaga shogun
power to local landed aristocracy
Onin War (1467-1477)
Japanese Economic and Social Structures
Noble control of land, wealth in agriculture
Commerce slow to develop
Daily life
Aristocracy
Samurai, minor nobility
Bushido
Masses
Agricultural
genin, landless laborers
eta, hereditary slaves
shoen, several villages
women
Religion in Early Japan
Shinto
kami
ancestral spirits
nature
shrines
Buddhism, 6th century B.C.E.
Jodo, Pure land
Zen
satori, enlightenment
zazen, scripture study and self-discipline
Japanese Culture
Blend indigenous and imported elements
Literature
Adapted Chinese writing system
Poetry and prose
Murasaki Shikibu, Tale of Genji, c. 1000
No, drama
Art and Architecture
Hand scrolls
Muramachi era
Zen Buddhism
Landscape
Tea ceremony
Japan and the Chinese model
Japan, China, and Korea, 600-800
1. The Korean state was controlled by North China by the early third century B.C.E. Korea remained colonized until the fourth century when the
Chinese were expelled in the fourth century. Three native kingdoms were formed: Koguryo in the north, Paekche in the southwest, and Silla in the
southeast. Chinese influences, however, continued as repeated waves of Chinese refugees from the Han dynasty poured into Korea. The
expansion of Koguryo and consolidation of Paekche brought the two to almost three centuries of war. In the sixth century Silla allied with Paekche
and then turned on its ally. The reunification of China by the Sui dynasty was followed by an attack on Koguryo in 598, and then three more
expeditions in 612-614. All ended in disaster and contributed to the collapse of the Sui. The successor Tang dynasty had no better luck in 644 and
659. In 660 with the aid of Silla, Paekche was destroyed. Three years later a Japanese expedition to aid Paekche was repulsed. Meanwhile the
Tang and Silla attacked Koguryo and brought it to an end in 668. Within a decade the Tang forces were expelled by the Silla from most of Korea
and the land was unified. Silla became a tributary to the Tang but remained autonomous. By the middle of the eighth century, unification began to
disintegrate. In 780 after more than a decade of revolts, the Silla king was assassinated and over the next century and a half a series of briefly
reigning kings assumed the throne.
2. By the fifth century the Yamato state had established itself in central Honshu and conquered the southern island of Kyushu and Kanto east of the
Yamato plain. A foothold had also been established in Korea that probably facilitated the movement of people from Korea to Japan until the early
ninth century. The Japanese hold in South Korea was eliminated in 562. The result of this contact was the penetration of Chinese and Buddhist
ideas into Japan.
3. Prince Shotoku Taishi (574-622) renewed establishing embassies with China beginning in 607. Another was sent in 608 and 614. The last was
dispatched in 838. The purpose of these were to establish diplomatic relations, maintain trade, and provide a source of cultural acquisition.
Questions:
1. How was Korea unified? What was the role of China?
2. What kind of cultural contacts were there between Japan and Korea?
Japan, China, and Korea, 600-800
Korea
Farming began about 2000 B.C.E.
Chinese influence and rule
Three Kingdoms (4th-7th centuries)
Koguryo -- influenced by China, Buddhism, and
Confucianism
Paekche
Silla -- dominant power
Unification
Koryo dynasty
social structure
Buddhism
Mongols
corvée labor
Yi dynasty, 1392
Vietnam
Irrigated agriculture in area of the Red River
Trung Sisters Revolt, 39 C.E.
Sinification
legacy of Japan
Annam
Buddhism, Daoism, and Confucianism
Dai Viet (Great Viet)
Champa
March to the south
Society
Confucian system of government
Peasant masses