Transcript China`s long History

China’s Long History
World Studies Summer School
2011
4000 years of history
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Civilizations grew between two rivers.
Yellow River and Yangtze
Anyang first early city of importance
Chinese culture grows
– Importance of Family
• Respect for parents
– Social Classes divided between nobles and peasants
– Development of writing
• Characters are similar today as they were 4000 years ago
Dynastic Cycle
• Dynasty gains power establishes peace, people
believe they have Mandate of Heaven
• Dynasty declines becomes corrupt, raises taxes,
power weakens
• Disasters cause peasants to revolt and
invasions to occur
• Dynasty loses mandate to heaven Rebellion is
justified
• Dynasty overthrown through bloodshed, new
dynasty emerges
• New Dynasty gains power restores peace and
order and claims mandate of heaven.
First Great Dynasties
• Zhou (Joh)
– One of first large Chinese Dynasties
– Establishes system called Feudalism
• Nobles granted use of land by King who owns ALL
land.
• Those who work and live on land are protected by
nobles and must be loyal to king.
• They must provide military service when asked.
• Local Lords grow in power and become less
dependent on King
Zhou Innovations
• Roads and canals built for agriculture and
trade
• Coined money first introduced
• Iron first used
Zhou at War
• Due to size and weakened by the loss of
their ruler in 771 BC. Zhou begin to
deteriorate into warring states loyal only to
their local noble.
• Dynastic cycle about to begin again.
• Zhou rule – 1027 – 256 B.C.
Confucius 551- 479 B.C.
• Born at time of crisis in China
• Desire to restore moral living of earlier times and bring
back values of family
• This can be achieved through 5 basic relationships
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Ruler and subject
Father and son
Husband and wife
Older and younger siblings
Friend and friend
• A code of conduct to regulate each relationship
– Example Ruler practices kindness. In return subjects should be
loyal and abide by law.
Confucius and the Family
• Three of the 5 Relationships involve family
– Filial piety – respect for parents and ancestors
– Most important and children should dedicate
themselves to their parents during their
lifetime.
– Also honoring parents after their death
Confucius and Government
• Wanted to show rulers how to govern
wisely
• Impressed by his wisdom, Duke of Lu
appoints him minister of Justice.
• According to legend, Confucius
overwhelmed people with his kindness
and courtesy that overnight crime
vanished
• When the Duke changed his ways he
resigned.
Confucius and Education
• Education could transform a person into a
gentleman
• Believed a trained civil service could run
government
• Education became important to work in
government
• Confucius spent the rest of his life teaching.
• His students later collected his words in a book
called the Analects
• Not a religion but an ethical way to live your life
based on the premise of right and wrong
• Becomes foundation for Chinese social order
and spreads throughout southeast Asia
Qin (chihn) Dynasty
• 3rd century BC
• Leagalism
– Provide rich rewards for those who follow and carryout orders
• Unites country and new Dynasty begins
• Shi Huangdi
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Takes control 221BC
Policy of strengthening central authority
Forces all nobles to live in capital
This allows him to keep a closer eye on all those who could rise up to
oppose him. (friends close, enemies closer)
– Prevents criticism by murdering Confucian scholars
– Orders “useless” books burned
– Education not as important as following orders
Centralization and Great Wall
• Advancements due to Centralization
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Roads built
Standard unit of measurements
Standard writing
Standard currency
Standard law
• Great Wall
– To protect great new empire he forces poor to work on new defensive
wall.
– Earlier leaders had built smaller walls in different areas.
– He wanted them combined, enlarged to cover the entire northern
border.
– Hundreds of thousands die building wall.
– Peasants not paid – Build it or die – Many died anyway
• Qin Dynasty Short but effective and Falls in 202 BC
– Shi Huangdi’s Son’s prove ineffective leaders and Dynastic Cycle
begins again
Han Dynasty
• 202 BC Rules China for 400 years
• Han Dynasty broken into two parts
– Approx. 200 years each
– First Han
• Follows idea of centralized Government
• Establishes Local HUBS called Commanderies to
rule local areas
• Lower taxes and harsh punishments
• Become very popular
• Embrace Confucianism
2nd Han
• First Han fall due to Rich taking advantage of the
poor.
• Han overthrown briefly, and chaos ensued for 40
years
• Strong leader needed to restore stability
– Han royal family steps back in and takes control 23
AD.
– Restore order and prosperity returns for 200 more
years till 220 AD
– Han eventually disintegrate into 3 rival kingdoms
Assignment
• Questions:
– P.55 #1-6, 8
– P.109 # 1-8
– P.207 # 1-8
Tang Dynasty 618-907
• Conquers and expands land united.
– Create powerful man made canals that
provide increased trade and communication
– Expand and re-vive civil service examinations
begun by Han.
– Bring back centralized power
– Due to growing costs of government, raise
taxes and lose power.
– Fall to armies from central Asia 907
Tang and Song innovations
• Moveable type
– Leads to increased learning especially in
mathematics
• Agricultural improvements
– Double harvest of Rice
• Trade through shipping on coast as far as
India and into pacific.
• Golden age of poetry and art
Song Dynasty 960-1279
• Does not re-gain western lands lost.
• Attempts buying peace with northern and
western enemies and attempt to rule
smaller empire
• While the Song were mostly focused in
South and especially on the coast, they
thrived.
• Trade with foreigners had begun
• Conquered by Mongols
The Mongols Invade
• Kublai Khan Conquers China 1279
– First foreigner to rule entire country
– Founds new Dynasty called Yuan
• Unites China for first time in 300 years
– Moves his capital to new Square Palace in what is
now Beijing.
– Restored the grand canal
– Increased foreign trade
• Meets Marco Polo
• Kublai dies 1294
– None of the successors were able to replicate his
power and control. Empire declines
Ming Dynasty 1368-1644
• Ended Mongol Rule
• Determined not to allow outsiders to threaten
peace and prosperity in empire
• Return to Confucianism and moral standards
• Trade with outsiders severely restricted
• Allowed only in certain areas on coast
– Where it was allowed though it flourished
– Chinese goods were becoming very popular in
Europe
Assignment
• Questions:
– P.327 # 1-7
– P.338 # 1, 3-6
– P.541 # 1, 3-7
Fall of Ming and Rise of Qing
• Ming falls weak due to corruption and growing
power in the north from Manchus.
• Manchus seize Beijing and their leader becomes
new emperor
• Qing dynasty will rule till its fall in 1908
• Opens country to Europeans
– Leads to Empires downfall as they become more and
more dependent upon European trade.
– Opium
Imperial China Collapses
• Early 1900s China had been facing years
of foreign humiliation
• Economy and trade controlled by foreign
countries
• Many Chinese believed modernizing was
the way
• Others believe a return to traditional ways
was best
Qing Overthrown
• 1911 – Nationalist forces overthrow last
Emperor
• Sun Yixian becomes President of new
republic of China
– 3 Principles
• Nationalism
• Democracy
• Economic Security
– Does NOT have power to unify country
Nationalism and Democracy vs.
Communism
• Who would be able to unite Country?
• Mao Zedong
– Founder of Communist Party
– Peasants love
• Jiang Jieshi
– Nationalist Leader
– Business and Trade
– Intellectuals
Civil War for Control Begins
• U.S. recognize Nationalist government
• Nationalist nearly defeat communists in
1927
• Communists barely survive through 1930s
• 1937 changes everything
• Japan invades Manchuria
• WWII Begins and sides must work
together to defeat them.
Post WWII – Communists come to
power
• Nationalists
– Southern China
– U.S. Support
– Goal – Defeat
Communists
– Weak due to failing
post-war economy
– Corruption in
leadership
• Communists
– Northern China
– Soviet Support
– Goal – National
Liberation
– Strong Peasant
Support
– Experienced
leadership and highly
motivated
Civil War Resumes 1946-47
• Nationalist did little to win popular support
• As China’s economy collapsed, thousands of
Nationalist soldiers deserted for communists
• Spring 1949 Red forces claim major cities
• Mao promises to return land to peasants.
• Makes him wildly popular
• October 1949 remnants of Jiang’s government flee
to Taiwan
• Mao proclaims Peoples republic of China October
1949
Communist China
• Mao expands China
– Tibet, parts of India, and Mongolia claimed by
China and Army.
– Tibet is promised Freedom
• Never comes
• Still seeks freedom to this day
• Mao claims New “Mandate of Heaven”
– Helps to win over more traditional Chinese
– Communist party members only 1 percent of
country
Great Leap Forward
• Great Leap Forward – 1958
– Called for Communes or large Farms
– Average commune supported by 25,000
people covering 15,000 acres
– Life strictly Controled
– NO private ownership
– Huge failure
• Poor planning and inefficient home industries
prevent growth.
• Famine cause by crop failures kill 20 million in
1961
Cultural Revolution – 1966-68
• Establish society of peasants and workers who were all
equal
• Led by “Red Guard” Mostly high school and college age
students who leave school to “Change China”
• Intellectual and artistic activity considered useless and
dangerous
• Red Guard shuts down colleges and schools
• Intellectuals had to purify themselves by doing hard labor
in remote villages
• Thousands were executed or imprisoned
• Mao realizes his error in 1968 and uses Army to put
down Red Guard and Cultural Revolution
Assignment
• Questions:
– P.809 # 1, 3-6
– P.886 # 1, 3-6
– P.975 # 1, 3-7
– P.1063 # 1, 3-5