Transcript Buddhism

WHI.04: India, China, and
Persia
Objectives
p. 043
WHI.4 The student will demonstrate knowledge of the civilizations of Persia, India, and China in terms of
chronology, geography, social structures, government, economy, religion, and contributions to later
civilizations by
a) describing Persia, with emphasis on the development of an imperial bureaucracy;
b) describing India, with emphasis on the Aryan migrations and the caste system;
c) describing the origins, beliefs, traditions, customs, and spread of Hinduism;
d) describing the origins, beliefs, traditions, customs, and spread of Buddhism;
e) describing China, with emphasis on the development of an empire and the construction of the Great
Wall;
f) describing the impact of Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism.
Essential Understandings
p. 044
1. Classical Indian civilization began in the Indus River Valley and spread to the Ganges River Valley, then
through the Indian subcontinent. It continued with little interruption because of its geographic location.
2. The Indo-Aryan people migrated into the area, creating a structured society (caste system) and blended their
beliefs with those of the indigenous people.
3. During the Golden Age of classical Indian culture, Indian people made significant contributions to world
civilization.
4. Hinduism was an important contribution of classical India.
5. Hinduism influenced Indian society and culture and is still practiced in India today.
6. Buddhism was founded by Siddhartha Gautama in a part of India that is in present-day Nepal.
7. Buddhism became a major faith when Asoka sent missionaries throughout Asia.
8. Classical China was centered on the Huang He (Yellow River) and was geographically isolated. Invaders
entered China from the North. The Great Wall was built for China’s protection.
9. Chinese culture began around 1500 B.C. (B.C.E). Of Chinese contributions to civilization, Confucianism and
Taoism are among the most noted.
10.Built on earlier Central Asian and Mesopotamian civilizations, Persia developed the largest empire in the world.
Essential Questions
p. 044
1. Why were physical geography and location important to the development of Indian civilization?
2. What impact did the Aryans have on India?
3. Why was the caste system central to Indian culture?
4. What were the accomplishments of the Mauryan and Gupta empires?
5. What are the beliefs of the Hindu religion?
6. How did Hinduism influence Indian society and culture?
7. What are the beliefs of Buddhism?
8. How did Buddhism spread?
9. Why was the Great Wall of China built?
10.What were contributions of classical China to world civilization?
11.Why were Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism important in the formation of Chinese culture?
12.How did Persia govern its empire?
Why Do I Need To Know This?
p. 044
1. Almost one fifth of the world’s people today practice Hinduism and Buddhism.
2. The diversity of peoples, cultures, beliefs, and languages in India continues to pose challenges to Indian
unity today.
3. The people, events, and ideas that shaped China’s early history continue to influence China’s role in
today’s world.
4. The pattern of a strong central government has remained a permanent part of Chinese life.
5. Tolerance and wise government are characteristics of the most successful methods of rule.
India
p. 45-49
Aryan Invaders Transform India
p. 045
1. the Aryans were tall light skinned Indo-European warriors who invaded and
conquered India about 1500 B.C.
a. invaded India through the Khyber Pass in the Hindu Kush mountains
2. had no writing system and counted their worth in cows
India
Aryan Invasion
Aryans
The Caste System
p. 045
1. Brahmins – priests
2. Kshatriyas – rulers and warriors
3. Vaishyas – peasants and traders
4. Shudras – laborers
5. Dalits – the “untouchables” actually lived outside the caste system
6. people were born into their caste for life (could not move between castes)
Aryan Caste System
Untouchables
Hinduism
p. 045
Origins/Writings
1. cannot be tracked down to one founder with a single set of ideas
2. most religious writings are collected in the Vedas and Upanishads
3. Hindus see religion as a way of liberating the soul from illusions, disappointments, and
mistakes of everyday existence
Hinduism
p. 045
Basic Beliefs
1. Moksha – a state of perfect understanding of all things; ultimate liberation of the soul
2. Reincarnation – rebirth of the soul or spirit over and over again) until moksha is achieved
3. Karma – (good or bad deeds) follows from one reincarnation to another and determines specific
life circumstances
4. Dharma – the duties of your class
5. These ideas strengthened the idea of the caste system
Hinduism
p. 045
Deity/Deities
1. The Brahman was sometimes seen as having three personalities
a. Brahma – the creator
b. Vishnu – the protector
c. Shiva – the destroyer
2. Hindus are free to choose the deity they worship, or even none at all
Brahma
Vishnu
Shiva
Jordan Vermillion
Caste System Activity
Expectations and Duty
1. Please keep your hands to yourselves (especially male and
female)
2. Keep voices limited to a whisper
3. No arguing over outcome (best two out of 3)
4. Not doing your duty means bad karma
5. Any unacceptable behavior will make you an untouchable.
Jainism
p. 047
1. believe that everything in the universe has a soul and should not be harmed
Buddhism
p. 047
Origin
1. founded by Siddhartha Gautama
2. achieved enlightenment after fasting and meditating under a fig tree for 49 days
3. became known as the Buddha “the enlightened one”
Buddhism
p. 047
Four Noble Truths
1. first – everything in life is suffering and sorrow
2. second – the cause of all suffering is people’s selfish desire for the temporary pleasures of this
world
3. third – the way to end all suffering is to end desires
4. fourth – the way to overcome such desires and attain enlightenment is to follow the Eightfold
Path
1)Right
View, 2) Right Intention,
3)
Right Speech, 4) Right Action,
5)
Right Livelihood, 6)Right Effort,
7)
Right Mindfulness, 8) Right Concentration
Buddhism
p. 047
Nirvana – the Buddha’s word for release from selfishness and pain
Buddhism
p. 047
Buddhism compared to Hinduism
1. Accepted the Hindu ideas of reincarnation and karma
2. Rejected the many gods of Hinduism – actually forbade people to worship a deity
3. Rejected the caste system
4. The final goals of moksha and nirvana are similar
8. Buddhist missionaries went to Sri Lanka, Southeast Asia and China
9. Buddhism never(p.66) gained a significant foothold in India
Buddhism
p. 047
Location
1. Buddhist missionaries went to Sri Lanka, Southeast Asia and China
2. Buddhism never gained a significant foothold in India
Buddhism
p. 047
Different Sects
Mahayana – this group began to teach that Buddha was a god
a. they made Buddhism a religion that offered salvation to all and allowed worship
Theravada – held to the Buddha’s stricter, original teachings
a. a religion that emphasized individual discipline
Mahayana Buddha
Theravada Buddhism
Theravada Buddhism
Mauryan Empire (321-185 BC)
p. 049
Founder – Chandragupta Maurya
1. united north India for the first time
2. created a highly bureaucratic government to hold his vast empire together
Mauryan Empire (321-185 BC)
p. 049
Asoka Maurya (Ashoka)
1. brought the Mauryan Empire to its greatest heights
2. Was Buddhist, but urged religious toleration to Hindus
3. Spread Buddhism to China
4. built extensive roads so he could visit the far corners of India
5. also built free hospitals and veterinary clinics
6. Asoka’s death brought the end of the Mauryan Empire and India fell into turmoil
Asoka Maurya
Gupta Empire (320-550 AD)
p. 049
Founder
1. Chandra Gupta I (not the same as Chandragupta Maurya)
2. majority of villagers were farmers
Gupta Empire (320-550 AD)
p. 049
Astronomy, Mathematics, and Medicine
1. expansion of trade caused an increase in the knowledge of astronomy
2. began to use a calendar based on the cycles of the moon, adopted a seven-day week, and
divided the day into hours
3. proved the earth was round by observing a lunar eclipse
4. modern numbers, the zero, and the decimal(p. 178) system were invented in India
5. calculated the value of pi to four decimal places – 3.1415
6. compiled two important medical guides that classified more than 1,000 diseases and more
than 500 medical plants
7. learned how to perform surgery (including plastic surgery) and possibly gave inoculations
Pi
The Spread of Indian Trade
Gupta Empire (320-550 AD)
p. 049
1. valuable items of exchange (trade) – spices, diamonds, sapphires, gold, and pearls
2. caravan routes that crisscrossed central Asia were known as Silk Roads
3. traders used coastal routes around the rim of the Arabian Sea and up the Persian Gulf to bring
goods to Rome
4. increased trade led to the rise of banking in India
5. traders spread religions to regions
Silk Road
China
p. 51-55
Warring States Period
(475-221 BC)
p. 051
1. Dynasties discussed so far
a.
Xia (2100-1600 BC)
b.
Shang (1600-1046 BC)
c.
Zhou (1045-256 BC)
2. The warring states period took place during the last two centuries of the Zhou Dynasty*
a.
a time period when seven* powerful states were fighting for control of all of China
Warring States Period
(475-221 BC)
Confucius
(Warring States Period)
p. 051
Key to social harmony and good government
1. China if society was organized around five basic relationships
1) ruler
and subject, 2) father and son, 3) husband and wife, 4) older brother and younger brother,
and 5) friend and friend
Confucius
(Warring States Period)
p. 051
Filial piety – respect for parents and elders
1. his students collected his words in a book called the Analects
Confucius on:
Respect – “Respect yourself and others will
respect you”
Honesty – “Virtue is more to man than either
water or fire. I have seen men die from treading
on water and fire, but I have never seen a man
die from treading the course of virtue.”
Effort – “It does not matter how slowly you go so
long as you do not stop”
History – “Study the past if you would define the
future”
Confucius
(Warring States Period)
p. 051
Government
1. bureaucracy – a trained civil service, or those who run the government
2. stressed education as a way for career advancement in the bureaucracy
Less than 9th
Grade
9th -12th
grade
High school
completion
Some College,
no degree
Associate's
Degree
Bacelor's
Degree
Master's
Degree
Doctorate
Men
27,964
33,435
43,165
50,359
54,861
82,197
99,516
129,773
Women
21,346
21,937
31,533
35,888
39,948
54,204
65,039
83,762
Daoism
(Warring States Period)
Founder: Laozi
Key to social harmony
1. Natural order was more important than the social order
2. human beings should live simply and in harmony with nature
p. 051
Legalism
(Warring States Period)
p. 051
Founders: Hanfeizi and Li Si
Keys to Social Harmony and Good Goverment
1. believed a highly efficient and powerful government is the key to social order
2. punishment over rewards
3. rulers should burn all writings that might encourage people to think critically about government
Yin and Yang
(Warring States Period)
1. represent the natural rhythms of life; the two opposing forces of nature
2. yin – cool, dark, female and submissive
3. yang – warm, light, male and aggressive
4. Symbol is often used for Daoism
p. 051
World History I
Mr. Newman
Coach Curtis
Closing Activity
DIRECTIONS: On page 59, in the third row, answer the following
questions in complete sentences
According to Hinduism and Buddhism, what is the reality of suffering, and
how can a person end suffering?
.
Q’in Dynasty
(221-206 BC)
p. 053
Government
1. the first ruler was Shi Huangdi, a Legalist (the first emperor of a united China)
2. autocracy – a government in which the ruler has unlimited power and uses it in an arbitrary
manner
3. commanded all the noble families to live at the capital city
a. seized their land and carved China up into 36 administrative districts
4. murdered hundreds of Confucian scholars and ordered “useless” books burned
Warring States Period
(475-221 BC)
Q’in Dynasty
(221-206 BC)
p. 053
Accomplishments
1. build a highway network of over 4,000 miles
2. set uniform standards for Chinese writing
3. built/connected the Great Wall of China(p. 100) to defend against attacks by nomadic invaders
a. 1,400 miles long, built along the tops of hills and mountains
Great Wall from Space
Han Dynasty
(206 BC-220 AD)
Important Leaders
1. Wudi brought the Han Dynasty to its height in power
2. established a centralized government
p. 053
Han Dynasty
(206 BC-220 AD)
Civil Service System
1. Series of exams to pass in order to work for the government
2. worked so well it continued in China until 191
3. highly valued all Confucian teachings
p. 053
Han Dynasty
(206 BC-220 AD)
p. 053
Accomplishments/Trade items
1. paper was invented in 105 AD
2. established the Silk Road which linked China to Rome, Europe and the Middle East
3. traded silk, paper and porcelain for gold, glassware and wool
4. to unify the empire, the Chinese government encouraged assimilation, or the process of making
conquered peoples part of the Chinese culture
Silk Road
Tang Dynasty (618-907 AD)
Song Dynasty(960-1279 AD)
An Era of Chinese
Prosperity
p. 053
Science and Technology
1. Period of intense growth
2. with movable type, a printer could arrange blocks of individual characters in a frame to make up a page
for printing
3. the development of gunpowder led to the creation of explosive weapons such as bombs, grenades,
small rockets and cannons
4. other important inventions included porcelain, the mechanical clock, paper money, and the use of the
magnetic compass
Movable Type
Gunpowder
Porcelain and Compass
Tang Dynasty (618-907 AD)
Song Dynasty(960-1279 AD)
An Era of Chinese
Prosperity
p. 055
Agriculture
1. in about the year 1000, China imported a fast ripening rice that allowed farmers to harvest two rice
crops, rather than one
Tang Dynasty (618-907 AD)
Song Dynasty(960-1279 AD)
An Era of Chinese
Prosperity
Trade and Foreign Contacts
1. Tang imperial armies guarded the Silk Road
2. During the Song period, China developed into the greatest sea power in the world
3. one major cultural export was Buddhism (their religion)
4. the Chinese became avid tea drinkers and producers
p. 055
Tang Dynasty (618-907 AD)
Song Dynasty(960-1279 AD)
An Era of Chinese
Prosperity
The Golden Age of Art
1. the Tang produced great poetry
2. painting of this era shows a Daoist influence
3. artists did not use bright colors; black ink was their favorite paint
p. 055
Closing Activity
Closing Activity
DIRECTIONS: On page 60, in the first row, answer the following
question in complete sentences
Please describe some of the accomplishments, and innovations of the
Gupta empire.
Civil Service System
p. 055
1. the most important avenue for social advancement
2. a new larger upper class emerged, made up scholar officials and their families – called the gentry
3. the exams were open to all men, however only the wealthy could afford the necessary education
4. created a remarkably intelligent and capable governing class in China
Chinese Women
p. 055
1. women had always been subservient to men in Chinese society
2. upper class women’s status especially declined during the Tang and Song periods
3. foot binding was a custom for women that began during this time (Song Dynasty) and lasted into the
1900s; women with bound feet were crippled for life, but reflected the wealth and prestige of her
husband
Foot Binding
Persia
p. 57
Cyrus the Great
p. 057
Location of Cyrus’s Empire
1. Persians were descendents of the Indo-Europeans
2. from 550 to 539 B.C., Cyrus conquered the entire Fertile Crescent(p. 92) and most of Anatolia(p. 92)
Cyrus the Great
p. 057
Method of Governing
1. most known for this
2. he was kind towards conquered people
a. allowed the Jews(p. 92) to return to Jerusalem
3. Honored local customs and traditions - would kneel and pray at local temples instead of destroying
them
4. Conquered peoples enjoyed remarkable freedoms
Darius the Great
p. 057
1. expanded the Persian empire to include everything from Egypt to India (2,500 miles wide)
2. his only failure was he could not conquer Greece
3. Darius’s greatest genius lay in administration
4. divided the empire into 20 provinces, each was governed by a satrap
5. two other tools that helped hold the empire together were
a. an excellent road system; the Royal Road ran from Susa to Sardis (1,677 miles)
b. the use of standard money, which helped promote trade
Darius
Religion – Zoroaster
(Zoroastrianism)
Basic Beliefs
1. the world was divided between good (truth) and evil (darkness)
2. good was led by Ahura Mazda and bad was led by Ahriman
a. followers of Ahura Mazda would be lifted into paradise
b. followers of Ahriman would suffer forever in a fiery pit
p. 057
Religion – Zoroaster
(Zoroastrianism)
Writings
1. the holy writings of Zoroastrianism were collected in books called the Avesta
2. developed the ideas about heaven, hell and a final judgment
a. similar concepts in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam
p. 057