Transcript LA AMAZONÍA EN LA GEOPOLÍTICA GLOBAL

HOW THE
ANDES AND THE
AMAZONIA
CHANGE THE
WORLD
Cecilia Mendiola Vargas
[email protected]
Consorcio Agroecológico
The andes and Amazonia have
contributed to change the world
WITHOUT THEM, THE WORLD WILL BE MORE SICK AND
MORE HUNGRY
The Andes and the Amazon are centers
of origin of crops and livestock
DOMESTICATION
• In the Andes and the
Amazon there are 10 000
years of experience in
traditional biotechnology is
one of the world centers of
origin of agriculture and
livestock.
• In this region have been
domesticated at least 182
species of plants and 5
animals, and know the
properties of 4500 plants.
• Native genetic resources
are preserved largely by
traditional farming
communities
Tocosh o bitter potato
Dried potato (crystals)
Techonologies to
conserve food
Tunta – Dried potato
Chuño - Dried potato
THE QUINA AND
QUININA TREE
• In 1638 the cinchona bark for malaria
cure the wife of the Viceroy of Peru in
Lima.
• Cinchona bark was traded from Peru
to the world to cure malaria.
• With the discovery of quinine was
possible to improve the cure of the
disease.
• From quinine numerous synthetic
derivatives were obtained to cure
malaria.
• Each year in the world is 380 million
human sick with malaria and 2 million
die.
• Quinine and its derivatives saving tens
of millions of people each year from
malaria or malaria.
LA PAPA
Potato
• The potato originated in the Andes
and was domesticated in the
highlands of Lake Titicaca.
• In Peru there are 91 wild species, 9
domesticated and 2321 varieties.
• The potato is one of the four basic
food of mankind and each year are
harvested at least 350 MM / t.
• Without the contribution of the
world Peruvian potato would have a
huge food deficit.
• Today the power of Europe, North
America and Russia can not be
conceived without the potato.
Maize or sara (quechua)
• Mexico and Peru have the
greatest diversity of species
and varieties of corn.
• Peru has contributed genetic
material to the world corn.
• Every year we harvested 850
MM / t of corn for human and
animal food.
• It is the most important food
crop along with rice, wheat
and potatoes.
• Peru exports to the world the
purple and white corn of
Cusco.
Peruvian Cotton
• In the world there are four
cotton species domesticated:
African, Pakistani, American and
Peruvian.
• Peruvian cotton fiber is long and
very thin, and there are seven
colors of fiber.
• Current cottons are grown
cotton
genetic
material
Peruvian.
• The Peruvian varieties most
important are pima and tangüis.
• Peru is the world center of
genetic diversity of colored
cottons
Tomato
• From the 13 wild tomato
species, 11 are Peruvian.
• Although the word tomato
comes from the Aztec
(tomatl), the origin of this
crop is undoubtedly Peru.
• Today the tomato is grown
throughout the world and
is consumed in a huge
variety of preparations,
such as ketchup.
• Designing global cuisine
without the tomato is now
unthinkable.
AJÍES OR CHILIS
• The peppers (Capsicum) are of
South American origin and
hence came to Central
America.
• 5
species
have
been
domesticated in the Andes and
on the Peruvian Coast.
• The hot pepper is of Andean
origin.
• The peppers are one of the
most widely used spices in the
world (paprika and chutneys).
• The peppers are of enormous
importance in Asian cuisine
CACAO
• The cacaos are from the
Amazon.
• In Peru there are 9 species of
which 4 are domesticated.
• The common or criollo cacao
is now a growing demand for
its aroma and quality.
• Cacao farming is of increasing
importance
as
coca
substitution.
• The chocolate industry is of
enormous gravity in the world
economy.
Sweet potato (camote)
• The sweet potato is originally
from Peru and its cultivation has
spread throughout the world's
tropics.
• In Peru there are dozens of
varieties of sweet potato.
• The yellow sweet potato is
helping to save Peru from
malnutrition
and
blindness
millions of African children due to
their nutritional value and
carotene content.
• It is a very important food for
food security worldwide.
• From the sweet potato are
produced various derivatives and
biodegradable plastics.
Cassava
• The cassava comes from the
Amazonian.
• In Peru there are more than 200
varieties.
• People consumes roots and leaves,
which are high in proteins and
minerals.
• Amazonian natives get from it
masato, farina, tapioca and
cassava.
• It is an important food in the world
and is industrialized for starch and
dry cassava chips for feeding
chickens and pigs.
• The industrial cultivation of
cassava is important in Vietnam,
Thailand and Cameroon.
LA SHIRINGA O CAUCHO
• The shiringa is a tree from the Amazonian
forest, the latex is used in Hispanic cultures
to waterproof fabrics and make various
objects.
• The seeds were eaten as toast.
• The rubber came to have an enormous
economic importance when Goodyear
discovered vulcanization and began to be
used for car tires.
• The huge demand brought a boom to the
Amazon between 1870 and 1914.
• The English stole seeds from Brazil and
began farming the rubber in Malaysia,
which ended the Amazon rubber boom.
• Although today nearly 50% of the tires used
synthetic rubber, the rubber of the shiringa
still has great importance for the
manufacture of surgical gloves, condoms
and other products, as well as tires.
Beans
• Independently domesticated
species in Central America and
in the Andes of Peru, where it
is cultivated for millennia.
• The name "bean" comes from
the Quechua "Purutu". It has
other names such as aluvias,
caraotas, etc.
• Mature and green seeds are
consumed in various forms.
• It
is
widely
cultivated
throughout the world, and is
one of the most important
beans in feeding the world with
soy.
• There are dozens of varieties
EL ACHIOTE
• The achiote, annatto or
urucum is native to the
Amazon, where it was
domesticated and used by
native peoples for millennia.
• Today the seeds are the raw
material for bixin dye, used
for coloring various dishes
and foods, such as cheese,
sausages and other.
• Its cultivation has spread to
Africa and Asia.
• It is one of the permitted
colors in food by being
natural.
Lima bean
• In English it is known as Lima
Bean.
• It was domesticated in two
centers: Mexico (small seed)
and Peru (large seeds and
different colors).
• Its culture is very suitable for
arid by low water demand.
• Today it is grown in many parts
of the world to use as green
and ripe.
• It is highly valued for its high
protein and fiber and low in
fat.
• It also has positive health
effects on cholesterol.
Pepper tree or Molle or
pink pepper
• The pepper tree is native to
arid areas of Peru.
• The seeds, surrounded by a
fleshy sugar, are used to make
chicha and vinegar in
traditional.
• The pink pepper seeds are
used in French cooking and as
a substitute for white pepper
in many parts.
• It has been introduced to
Africa and Southern Europe
In English it is known as
Peruvian Pepper Tree.
PUMPKIN
Zapallo macre
• It was domesticated in
the Andes and cultivated
for thousands of years.
• It is the world's largest
fruit and can weigh more
than 70 kg.
• Its cultivation has spread
throughout the tropics
and subtropics.
• It consumes pulp, seeds
and flowers.
LA QUÍNOA
• Quinoa is a grain native to the Andes of
Peru and Bolivia, and cultivated for
millennia.
• In the traditional kitchen the leaves are
eaten as vegetables and grains used to
make drinks, desserts, main dishes,
breads, among other forms.
• Today it is cultivated in North America,
Africa, Arabic countries and India.
• Grain demand in world markets is
growing due to not contain gluten and
do not affect people who are allergic to
wheat.
• There are many varieties that are
adapted to frost, saline soils, , drought.
There are more than 50 colors.
CHIRIMOYA
• A bush domesticated in the
Sierra and North Coast of Peru,
where there is still the wild
species (Piura).
• It is grown for millennia and
there are numerous pre-Hispanic
ceramics
very
artistic
representations.
• It has been introduced to other
regions of the world and is grown
successfully in Spain and North
Africa.
• The chirimoya is one of the most
delicious and fine fruits.
• The most prominent range is the
CUMBE, Rimac River valley in the
Department of Lima, Peru
LA PAPAYA
• The papaya was domesticated
in the Amazon and its
cultivation spread to Central
America in ancient times.
• Today it is cultivated in all
tropical regions of the world
and is one of the most
cultivated and consumed fruit.
• Fruit is consumed in fresh, in
juices, jams and canned in.
• The latex is obtained papain to
soften the meat.
• Researchers have developed
many varieties not only as fruit
but for resistance to virus
disease of papaya.
Avocado or Palta
•
•
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•
•
•
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During the prehispanic the avocado was
cultivated from Central America to South
America in several varieties.
Its cultivation has spread to Africa, Asia and
other tropical.
It consumes the flesh of the ripe fruit when it
gets soft, in many ways.
It also removes a very fine edible oil and
excellent qualities for health (Omega 3).
From the seed is obtained indelible dye,
suitable for dyeing fibers.
Numerous varieties have been developed.
The top producing countries are Mexico, Chile,
South Africa and Peru.
The Peruvian avocado has entered a very
competitive world markets Hass and Fuerte
varieties
LA COCA
• Coca is a shrub native to the Amazon
high and domesticated during the
prehispanic.
• For the Incas was considered a sacred
leaf and used in religious rites, and to
chew as a stimulant and medicinal.
• Coca cocaine alkaloid is obtained, long
used in medicine as an analgesic.
• Cocaine has become an illicit drug
worldwide and is now prohibited, and
has given rise to an intense drug for use
in developed countries.
• The coca leaf contains up to 14
alkaloids, minerals, vitamins and other
substances, which makes it an excellent
food and a stimulant to resist altitude
sickness or mountain sickness of
Andean heights with little oxygen
Camu camu
• Camu camu is a recentily domesticated
amazonic fruit that grows along the riverside of
the amazonic rivers, in northern Peru and Brasil.
• It contains the most highly IU of vitamin C per
mg (the order of 2–3% of fresh weigh).
• Processed powder from the fruit pulp is
beginning to be sold in the west as a health
food in loose powder or capsule form. In
addition to the high vitamin C content, it
contains the amino acids valine, leucine, and
serine.
• It is also rich in flavonoids, such as
anthocyanins, flavonols and flavanols,
catechins, delphinidin 3-glucoside, cyanidin 3glucoside, ellagic acid, and rutin; other analysis
revealed the presence of gallic and ellagic acids,
suggesting the fruit possesses hydrolyzed
tannins
The guinea pig or cuy
or cobayo
• The cuy or guinea pig is a
rodent
of
the
Andes,
domesticated and raised for at
least 6000 years as a source of
meat.
• In the Andes the wild species
still exists, which is called
poronccoy.
• Today the guinea pig is used as
a source of meat in the Andean
countries as medicinal.
• It
has
been
introduced
worldwide as a pet and as a
laboratory animal for scientific
study.
Muscovy duck or
joque
• It was domesticated in northern
Peru from a wild species that still
exists throughout the Amazon.
• He was raised intensively on the
North Coast of Peru as evidenced by
the Moche ceramics, which still
retains the original name joque.
• Today is grown worldwide for meat
and to get down, and has become
wild in the United States of America
where it is considered a pest.
• It is very prolific and has the
advantage of having up to three
clutches per year.
• In Peru is part of the traditional
cuisine and renowned prepares rice
with duck
Cochineal or cochinilla
• Cochineal is an insect parasite of
the prickly pear or nopal, and
feeds on the sap of this plant.
• The females are bulky and contain
a deep red dye called carmine or
carminic acid.
• Carmine is a natural product used
to color foods and beverages,
such as lipsticks input and also for
dyeing fibers.
• Cochineal farming has spread to
many arid areas of the world.
• The Peru produces 85% carmine.
• It also occurs in Mexico, in the
Canary Islands and in parts of
Africa.
Peru Culture (Huacos representing food)
Thank you
THE CONTRIBUTION OF PERU
TO THE WORLD FOOD SAFETY
AND HEALTH OF MANKIND.
[email protected]
Www.aspec.org.pe