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Republic of Estonia
History
PREHISTORIC ESTONIA
(9000 BC–1200)
Stone Age (9000–1800 BC)
• Mesolithic Era
(9000–4200 BC)
– First settlements
9000 BC
• Pulli settlement (Pulli
asula)
– Near water
• Võrtsjärv, Lake
Peipus, Emajõgi,
Pärnu River,
Saaremaa etc.
Pulli settlement
Stone Age (9000–1800 BC)
• Mesolithic Era (9000–4200 BC)
– Hunting, fishing, gathering
– Hunting wide range of animals
• Elk, beaver etc.
Stone Age (9000–1800 BC)
• Mesolithic Era (9000–4200 BC)
– Small communities
– Relocating according to the season
– Tools made out of stone, horn, bone and
wood
– Earthenware (5500 BC)
Stone Age (9000–1800 BC)
• Neolithic Era (4200–1800 BC)
– Grain growing
• Barley and wheat
– Hunting aurochs, elk, wild boar, beaver, wild
horse, seal etc.
– Fishing on the sea
Stone Age (9000–1800 BC)
• Neolithic Era (4200–1800 BC)
– Villages
– Settlements growing
– Contacts with Latvia, Lithuania, Russia,
southern Scandinavia
– On the second half of the period
breeding livestock began
• Oxen, goats, sheep and pigs
Bronze Age 1800–500 BC
• Early Bronze Age (1800–1000 BC)
– Luxury items
– Rare import material
• Oldest bronze item found on Muhu island is an
arrowhead from southern Urals
– Slash-and-burn agriculture, hunting and
fishing
Bronze Age 1800–500 BC
• Late Bronze Age (1000–500 BC)
– Radical changes in the western and northern
coastal areas
• Permanent fields
• Cattle-breeding became increasingly important
– Trading, making handicrafts
– Province of southern Scandinavia
• Seal blubber, fur and honey from Estonia´s
territory
• Metal and luxury items from the west
Iron Age (500 BC–1200)
• Pre-Roman Iron Age (500 BC–50 AD)
– Small isolated farms
– Private land ownership
– Cultivating land and raising cattle
• Roman Iron Age (50–450 AD)
– Farms expanded and population increased
– Contacts with Baltic tribes
– Iron production
Bog ore
Iron Age (500 BC–1200)
• Migration Period (450–600 AD)
– The collapse of the Roman Empire
– Re-established relations with Scandinavians
– Many findings
• Weapons, tools and jewellery
– First strongholds
Iron Age (500 BC–1200)
• Pre-Viking Era (600–800 AD)
– Building strongholds
– Large villages
• Viking Period (800–1050 AD)
– Closer relations with Scandinavians
– Silver jewellery
Iron Age (500 BC–1200)
• Late Iron Age (1050–1200 AD)
– Radical changes in the settlement pattern
• Stronghold-settlement system collapsed
• New strongholds, farmsteads and villages
• Number of inhabitants increased
– Changes in the agriculture
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New land cultivation tools
Number of fields increased
Winter rye
Pig farming
Iron Age (500 BC–1200)
• Late Iron Age (1050–1200 AD)
– Iron making on an almost industrial scale
– Coastal inhabitants took part in Baltic Sea
trade and even went on pillaging raids
– Elements of material and spiritual culture took
root
– Administrative divisions similar to present day
developed
ESTONIAN MIDDLE AGES
(1200–1558)
Sources
• The Chronicle of Henry of Livonia (Heinrici
Chronicon Livoniae)
• Administrative records of foreign
conquerors
Arrival of Christianity
• Attempts to conquer Estonia by
– Papal curia, the archbishop of HamburgBremen, Teutonic order, Danish and Swedish
crowns
Arrival of Christianity
• Christianity arrived relatively late
– Estonia was not economically attractive
– Political problems in neighbouring countries
– Estonians were reluctant
• More for economical reasons
• Less for ethnical reasons
Arrival of Christianity
• Ancient fight for freedom (muistne
vabadusvõitlus) (1206–1227)
– German, Danish and Swedish conquerors vs
inhabitants of Estonia
– 1206 Danish army tried to settle in Saaremaa but did
not succeed
– 1219 Danish army conquered most of the North
Estonia
– 1224 Germans conquered continental Estonia
– 1227 Germans conquered also Saaremaa
Under the foreign rule
• Livonia (Liivimaa)
• Estonians were baptised by German and
Danish priests
• Estonians were forced to follow the
conquerors´ rules
Under the foreign rule
• Estonians remained peasants
• Their rights were gradually restricted
during the 15th century
– They were not allowed to move
– They had to pay rent to the local landlords
– They had to build churches and strongholds
– Peasants were sold apart from their families
Towns
• The towns were established on 13th
century
– By Lübeck Law (Tallinn, Rakvere, Narva etc.)
– By Riga Law (Tartu, Haapsalu, Paide etc.)
• Tallinn, Tartu, Pärnu and Viljandi belonged
to the Hansaetic League
Towns
• Representatives of church, political
figures, merchants, handicraftsmen and
lower class
• The upper class consisted of Germans
• The official language was Middle Low
German
• Estonians were called non-Germans
Towns
• Most of the merchants and handicraftsmen
were Germans
• Imported goods were salt, herring,
humulus, different metals and wine
• Exported goods were grain, vax, flax and
fur
• Estonians had less-prestigious and simple
jobs
Towns
• On the 13.–14th century the natural growth in
towns was small
– Therefore peasants moved to the towns
– Arguments between local landlords and towns´
authorities
• On the 15.–16th the upper class started to set
obstacles to peasants moving to towns
– Estonians getting higher on the social ladder
– Reducing the number of Estonians by raising the
citizen tax
Religious life
• After turning Estonians into Christianity the
Livonia became a Catholic area
• The reformation on 16th century
– Lutheranism in towns
– Catholicism in rest of the Livonia
Religious life
• Even on 16th century Estonians were still
called neophytes
– Some of the old beliefs remained and melted
together with Catholic traditions
– Estonians started to prefer Christian names
SWEDISH RULE
1558–1710
Livonian War (1558–1583)
• Reasons
– Russia´s interest in land
– Entrance to the Baltic Sea
• Results
– North and West Estonia to Sweden
– South and East Estonia to Poland
– Saaremaa to Denmark
Life under Swedish rule
• In 1617–1645 the Estonian territory
gradually went back to Swedes
• „Good Swedish time“
– Reduction
– Right to sue the tenants
– Schools
• Witch-hunt
The Great Northern War (1700–1721)
• Poland, Denmark, Russia and others
attacked to grant the power over the Baltic
Sea
• Sweden lost the war
• Russia gained power over Estonia
THE RUSSIAN RULE
1710–1917
The Baltic Landesstaat (1710–1850)
• Territory was separated in
– Governorate of Estonia
– Governorate of Livonia
• Baltic Germans maintained their rights
• Lutheranism was also maintained
Peasants
• End of slavery
– Governorate of Estonia in 1816
– Governorate of Livonia in 1819
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Right to own property
Renting land from landlords
Family names
Obligation to serve in the army
National awakening (1850–1880)
• Reasons
– French Revolution
– Romanticism
– German national consciousness
– Educated Estonians
– Economical development
– National associations
National awakening (1850–1880)
• Against social and national pressure of the
Russian-German upper class
• Pro ethnic survival and Estonian-language
based high culture
National awakening (1850–1880)
• Johann Voldemar Jannsen
established first Estonianlanguage newspaper
„Perno Postimees“ in 1857
– „Estonians“ (eestlased)
instead of „country people“
(maarahvas)
National awakening (1850–1880)
• Jakob Hurt
– National identity is more important than
becoming an independent state
National awakening (1850–1880)
• Carl Robert Jakobson, founder of
newspaper „Sakala“, saw Russian
government as the anti-German ally
National awakening (1850–1880)
• Estonian societies
– Choirs and orchestras
– Folklore gatherings
– Theatre (Vanemuine)
– Estonian Students' Society (Eesti Üliõpilaste
Selts)
– First song festival in 1869
• 1000 participants
• Audience of 12 000
Russification (1880–1890)
• In 1870´s the national movement
weakened
– Misunderstandings between Jannsen, Hurt
and Jakobson
– Death of Jakobson
• The Russian government intervened
– Reduced the rights of Baltic Germans
– Russian court system was established
– Education in Russian
World War I (1914–1918)
• Estonia´s importance as a support point
– Military objects
– Harbour
– Warship factories
• 30 000 foot soldiers and 20 000 sailors
stationed in Estonia
World War I (1914–1918)
• Russian government´s new orders closed
down German schools and newspapers
• German language was forbidden
• Some Baltic Germans were sent to Siberia
• 100 000 Estonian men were taken to the
army, 8000–10 000 died
ESTONIA GAINS INDEPENDENCE
1918
Independence
• In February 1917 the revolution took place
in Russia and the tsar was killed
• Decision to declare independence at the
first opportunity
• Russians were retreating and Germans
hadn´t yet conquered the whole territory
Independence
• The independence was declared 23th of
February 1918 in Pärnu
– Manifesto to the Peoples of Estonia
• The next day Estonian Provisional
Government was formed in Tallinn
• The Independence Day is celebrated on
24th of February
Independence
• Germans did not recognise Republic of
Estonia
• Baltic Duchy
• Defeat of the Central Powers in November
• Agreement between Estonia and Germany
about handing over the power to Estonia
War of Independence (1918–1920)
• The Red Army attacked Narva in
November
• Estonia was not ready
– Forming administration and army in process
– Very little experience
– Lack of money, food, weapons
– Faith in surviving as a country was low
War of Independence (1918–1920)
• Help from other countries
• New Estonian army units
– The Commander in Chief
Johan Laidoner
– WWI Estonian Officers
– Volunteers
– Finns
– Local Baltic Germans and
Russians
Johan Laidoner
War of Independence (1918–1920)
• Bolsheviks offered peace
to Estonia in August 1919
• Peace talks started in
December
• Tartu Peace Treaty was
signed in February 1920
Signing the peace treaty
FIRST REPUBLIC OF ESTONIA
1918–1940
First Republic of Estonia (1918–1940)
• Constitution adopted in 1920
• Parliamentary democracy
– Supreme power belonged to the people
– 100 member parliament had the legislative
power
– Government led by the State Elder had the
executive power
First Republic of Estonia (1918–1940)
• Multinational country
– Estonians, Russians, Germans, Swedes,
Jews etc.
• Minorities had cultural autonomy and were
able to acquire education in their native
language
• Many Estonians lived outside the republic
First Republic of Estonia (1918–1940)
• Land reform
• Concentrating more on agriculture
• Close economic relations with Russia and
Western countries
First Republic of Estonia (1918–1940)
• Developing national culture
– Language
– Education
University of Tartu