Transcript File - Vagabond Geology

“That light we see is burning in my hall.
How far that little candle throws his beams!”
Portia, The Merchant of Venice, Act V, Scene 1
Those who can, do
Those who don’t do, teach
Those who don’t teach, think.
Dbeau, 2007
Mountain Ranges caused by Plate Collisions:
Ancient (blue)
Modern (orange)
From Blakey
South Africa
Colored Lines (Mountains) on Continents
locate areas of possible Metallic Ores
60 to 90 Miles
Continental Crust
up to 50 miles thick
Next: Iron Ores around Lake Superior
Oldest Rocks of North America
Iron
Ore
Oldest
Eroded
Grenville
Mountains
At the surface
Llano “window”, TX
Adirondacks, NY
Two Pre-Cambrian
Mountain Ranges
Iron Ore: Minnesota and Upper Michigan
Lake Superior
What moves the Continents?
Mantle Convection Cells
Moving Crustal Plates
Heated
Complex Shape of Mantle Convection Cells
Crustal Plates
Oceanic Crust
What did “moon” rock did Stephen
buy one dark night in Calgary?
Geology in the News
Tight Gas
Rocks
Geology
in the
News
USA
Haynesville gas shale:
Barnett gas shale: USGS est. 30 Trillion
Drill depth 13 to17,000 ft
Current est. 6 Trillion
Well cost $6.5 to $8.5 million
$24,000 pdeb = $15.00/gal
And now to Session 4
Senior University Fall 2008
Session 4
Last Week: The Iron Age: 1,400 to 750 BC
The “Roman” Age: 750 BC to 750 AD
Out of the Flood Plains
and into the Hills
Division of Historic Time
Silicon Age
Modern Age
Steam Age
1950 to Present
1900 to 1950
1830 to 1950
Industrial Age
Renaissance
Middle Ages
1700 to 1830
1450 to 1700
470 to 1450
Roman Age
750 BC to 470 AD
Iron Age
Bronze Age
1400 to 750 BC
3300 to 1400
Copper Age
3300 to 3000
Stone Age (end of Ice Age)10,000 to 3000
Historic Geologic Time
21st Century: Russian Iron Coal & Oil vs USA Coal
USA Iron Coal & Oil Silicon Age
1950 to Present
Europe Iron
& Coal
Modern Age
Steam Age
1900 to 1950
1830 to 1950
European Metals
vs Asian Metals
& Hordes
Industrial Age
Renaissance
Middle Ages
1700 to 1830
1450 to 1700
470 to 1450
Now a Quick Review
Iron Empires
Roman Age
Farms vs Iron (hills) Iron Age
Bronze Age
Six Farm Empires
750 BC to 470 AD
1400 to 750
3300 to 1400
Hills vs Plains Tribes Stone Age (end of Ice Age)10,000 to 3000
Review:
Humanid Sites: 1 million to 10,000 ybp
Yellow
Yangtze
Remember the Stone Age?
From: Ron Redfern, 2000, Origins
Favorable Rivers:
Near but not too near the Melting Glacier
The Stone Age: A Review
Stone Age: Review:
Topography & Soils = Tribal Areas
Stone Age and Different Stories
BC
AD
Stone Age: Review:
Stone Tools and Weapons
Clay building bricks & pottery
Stone building blocks
First Geologists: No Record
A Summary of the Bronze Age
The Bronze Age: 3300 to 1400 BC
Stone Age
Bronze Age:
BC
AD
Bronze Hinduism
Weapons=Copper
& Tin mixture
Tools and
Confucianism
Territorial Conquests=Powerful
Nations
The Bronze
Age of 3 Major Religions
Judaism
Advent
3300 to 1300 BC
International Trade Routes Christianity
Islam
Where did Bronze Age Nations
Flourish?
Buddhism
Six Early Major Civilizations:
In the Six Major River Flood Plains
Tigris
Euphrates
Yellow
Yangtze
Indus
Nile Nile
Ganges
From: Hammond Atlas, 1972
Egypt a Classic Example
Nile
From: Hammond Atlas, 1972
The Bronze Age 3300 to 1300 BC: Egypt
Bronze Age
Iron
Egypt
Bronze = Copper and Tin or Arsenic
Where did Egypt get Copper and Tin?
From: Halley’s Bible Handbook, 1991
Possible sources for
Copper and Tin
Tin
Tin
Phoenician Empire:
800 to 270 BC
Copper
a Trading Nation
Egypt
Tin
Phoenician Empire: 800 to 270 BC
Southern
Spain
Let’s look at southern Spain
National Geographic, Dec. 2007
Southern Spain: Mineral Resources
Copper
And lead, silver,
zinc, mercury, etc
Phoenicians in northwest Africa
Phoenician Empire: Northwest Africa
National Geographic, Dec. 2007
Phoenician Empire: Northwest Africa
Copper, Iron, Lead & Zinc!
Now a detail map of northwest Africa
Phoenician Empire: Northwest Africa
Copper,
Iron, Lead
Zinc!
Now back
to Egypt
in the&Iron
Age
Bronze Age 3300 to 1400 BC
Iron Age 1400 to 750
Egypt
Iron
Iron
Observation:
Ready
sourse
of
Iron
Iron
Iron
equips armies for conquest!!
Iron Age
Egypt
had a domestic
source ofin
Iron:
Let’s
see
what
happened
the Iron Age
Egypt:
A
Major
Bronze
Age
Civilization
Iron=better tools and weapons than Bronze
in inArabian
Gulf
river
plain
the Flood
plain
ofConquers
theflood
Nile
River
Iron=Superior
Weapons:
Egypt
nearby
Lands
From: Halley’s Bible Handbook, 1991
From: Hammond Atlas, 1972
Early Civilization Arabian Gulf
The Tigris & Euphrates Flood Plain
Tigris
Euphrates
Yellow
Yangtze
Indus
Nile Nile
Ganges
From: Hammond Atlas, 1972
The Fertile Crescent &
Ancient Trade Routes
Tigris
Euphrates
From: Aramco Handbook, 1968
Tigris-Euphrates Flood Plain: (Iraq)
Site of Bronze Age Sumarian Nation
From: Hammond Atlas, 1972
Note: No metals in Iraq or Iran!
But look here in Turkey
What’s going to happen as we go into
Who
hasAge?
the iron weapons?
the Iron
Either
Sumeria
will
move
into
Turkey
Sumerian Empire, 1700BC
or theinTurks
will move south
Earliest
Arabian(Hittites)
Gulf
and conquer Sumeria.
From: Hammond Atlas, 1972
Arabian Gulf Nations
Bronze and Early Iron Ages
Iron Age in the Middle East:
Time of constant competition
between iron rich nations:
Egypt, Turkey, and Arabia
Assyria
Example: Assyrian Empire
Late Iron Age 700 BC
Out of the Floodplain
to acquire the Iron
of Turkey & Egypt
The Middle East and Egypt
Late Iron Age
Bronze Age
Iron Roman
Assyrian Empire 700 BC
Incorporating River Floodplains
with nearby “hills” where there are metals
Median & Chaldean Empire
6th Century BC (Late “Iron Age”)
Iron!!!
Flood
Plains
Next: The Persian Empire:
Greece to India: 5th Century
Greece
Egypt
Persia
India
Persian Empire: 5th Century
From the hills of Iran to Greece
Egypt and to India!
Later Conquered by the Greeks
Summary: Tigris-Euphrates Flood Plain
Stone Age
Bronze Age
Iron Roman
Assyrian Empire 700 BC
Median & Chaldean Empire 600 BC
Persian Empire 500 BC
Remember India? Hill country Iron
floodplain Empire
With Iron; Small eastern “State”
Conquers all of India and Beyond!!!
Earliest
Finally, back to China
Latest
Where were the early Chinese Civilizations?
From: Hammond Atlas, 1972
In the flood plains
Flood Plains of China
Topography
From: Hammond Atlas, 1972
Natural Resources
From: Hammond Atlas, 1972
Remember the Map of the Metallic Ores
Ores immediately adjacent to flood plains
Major Rivers of China
Natural Resources Map
China Dynasty: 1027 to 771 BC
Mid-Iron Age
From: Hammond Atlas, 1972
China Dynasty: 1027 to 771 BC
Mid-Iron Age
Note: The Great Wall
Mongolia
China: late Iron (Roman) Age
A Yellow and Yangtze river Dynasty
China 220 to 206 BC
Late Iron (Roman) Age
What can we surmise about the state of
Geology in the civilized world during the
Bronze and Iron ages?
State of Geology in the
Bronze and Iron Ages
1. Worldwide use in mined metal ores
2. Worldwide use in stone quarrying
and pottery clay digging
3. Knowledge
craftsmen
Back to developed
Europe inbythe
everywhere!!!
mid & late Iron (Roman) Age
4. No significant written records!!
It’sthe
outhistorical
of the flood
plains
and and
Only
record
of armies
into
hillsweapons
where the iron is located
theirthe
metal
Division of Historic Time
Silicon Age
Modern Age
Steam Age
1950 to Present
1900 to 1950
1830 to 1950
Greece is the first major
Industrial Age
1700 to
1830
“Hill”
Country
Empire
Renaissance
1450 to 1700
Middle Ages
Iron Age
dbeau
470 to 1450
Two Hill Country Empires
Roman Age
Iron AgeFlood Plains vs
Bronze Age
750 BC to 470 AD
Hills1400
to 750 BC
3300 to 1400
Copper Age
3300 to 3000
Stone Age (end of Ice Age)10,000 to 3000
The Greek Empire: 330 to 146 BC
Iron Age 1400 to 750 BC
Stone Age
Bronze
Greek Empire
330 to 146 BC
Greek Empire created with Iron
Greek Empire: 600 BC
Geologic Observations by
Greek Thinkers
National Geographic, Dec. 2007
Geologic Observations by
Greek Thinkers
Aristotle: 384 to 322 BC
Fossil fish on mountains
Erosion and Deposition
Empedocles and Pliny:
Volcanic eruptions
Earthquakes
“Scientific Method”:
Deductive and Inductive Reasoning
Theophrastus:
First Geology Textbook?, “On Stones”
Geologic Observations by
Greek Thinkers
Theophrastus: Text, “On Stones”
Workman’s Views on
Origin of Stones and Minerals
Identification of Minerals:
Same physical properties
we use today
Greek Empire: 300 to 146 BC
From the Danube to the Nile, to the Indus rivers
Danube
A small “hill-country” nation conquers
Indus River
three ancient river flood plain empires
And
all the metallic ores
Nileacquires
River
in the Nearby Hills
Greek Empire: 300 to 146 BC
From the Danube to the Nile, to the Indus rivers
Three river flood plains of ancient Civilizations!!
Greece
How & Where did it all start?
Ancient Greece:
Natural Resources & Topography
Let’s focus on
The natural
Metallic ores
of Greece
Greece of the
Greek Empire
Greek Empire: 300 to 146 BC
Greek
Now to the Roman Empire
146
BCinto
476 Greece
AD
Metals
Ancient
Roman Empire: 146 BC to 478 AD
Iron Age 1400 to 750 BC
Stone Age
Bronze
Greek Empire
330 to 146 BC
Dbeau
Iron Age
Roman Empire
146 BC to 476 AD
Where was the Roman Empire?
Roman Empire
Where did it all start?
Extended from England & Spain
through Egypt to Iraq
Controlled vast mineral resources
as well as huge populations
National Geographic, Dec. 2007
Roman Empire: Getting Started
Iron
Iron
Po River
Flood plain
First Roman Expansion
The Growth of the Roman Empire
218 BC
Detail Map of Sardinia
Why did Rome annex Sardinia?
Roman Iron
Sardinia:
Natural
Metallic
Resources
Next Expansion: Greece Defeated
The Growth of the Roman Empire
100 BC
(end Greek Empire 146 BC)
Detail Map of Southern Spain
Acquiring Metals in Spain, North Africa, and Turkey
for Tools and Weapons of War
Spain inIronthe Roman Empire
Iron
Copper
Lead &
Zinc
Iron
More Expansion: France
Defeated the Greeks
Acquired Metals in Spain & in France
All the way to the Rhine!
What next?
Roman Empire: Caesar BC
Acquiring Metals in Egypt
Agustus BC
And
Roman Empire: Claudius BC
Acquired England, Wales, Turkey & Egypt
with their natural resources
Now, Let’s assemble today’s Europe &
see how Natural Resources of
Iron, Coal & Oil were created
Last Week: 300 Million Years Ago
No America Colliding with So America & Africa
Texas “Appalachian”
Mountains
30 Million Years Later
Last Week:
Creation of Super Continent Pangaea
Greenland
270 million years ago (MYA)
West Texas
Permian Basin
Northern
Europe
Africa
Southern
Europe
And on the Flanks of the Mountains
South
America
Origin of the Coals of Pennsylvania,
England, & Germany
A Closer Look at Early Europe
Northern Europe: 270 Million Years Ago
Appalachian Furnace
European
Furnace
40 Million Years Later
Detail of Previous Map
Can you find prototype Europe?
England
Spain
Italy
40 Million Years Later: 230 Million Years Ago
60 Million Years Later: 170 Million Years Ago
Spain
Early Atlantic
Ocean
Italy &
Greece
20 Million Years Later: 150 Million Years Ago
Spain
Italy &
Greece
Alps
Italy &
Greece
60 Million Years Later: 90 Million Years Ago
Atlantic Ocean
70 Million Years Later: 20 MYA
Next Week
Fall of the Roman Empire to Columbus
What a ride!
The 1000 Year Struggle for the
Iron and Coal of Europe