Transcript Introduction to Greek and Roman History

Introduction to Greek and Roman History
Lecture 16
Pompey, Caesar and the first triumvirate
Pompey in Spain, 76-72 B.C.
Spain presenting a palm to Pompey
28-29 September 61, Pompey’s third triumph
Financial effects of Pompey’s campaigns in
Asia
-Regular state revenues rose from 50 to 135 million denarii.
-Pompey gave 120 million denarii to the treasury
Public Munificence: The Pons Fabricius’ (62 BC)
’the best preserved bridge in Rome, practically the original structure
L.FABRICIUS C.F. CUR. VIAR.
FACIUNDUM COERAVIT
L. Fabricius, son of Gaius, Curator
Viarum had (the bridge) made
The Theatre of Pompey area now
The Theatre of Pompey, 61 B.C.
59 B.C.:
Caesar’s consulship and
the triumvirate
- Agrarian law to benefit Pompey’s
veterans, Crassus and Pompey in
the agrarian commission.
- Caesar is granted a five-year
command in Cisalpine Gaul, Illyria
and Translapine Gaul.
-Tax-farmers are granted a waiver of
a portion of their leasing payment.
The Aquileia
legions
(Caesar, De bello
gallico I.10)
Caesar in Gaul,
58-51 B.C.
Caesar’s Conquered Gaul
OB: Captured Gaul (not Vercingetorix)
Wearing a torque.
REV: Same (similar) man on tropaion)
Inscription of Julius Caesar in Arles ???
The empire before Caesar’s conquests
The empire after Caesar’s conquests
Denarius of Julius
Caesar, 48-47 B.C.
R/ Head of a goddess wearing an
oak leaf wreath on obverse
(Clementia? Pietas?)
V/: Gallic military trophy holding
an oval shield, Gallic trumpet
(carnyx); there is an axe topped
with an animal head on the right.
Berlin, Pergamon Museum.
The triumvirate
according to Cato Jr.
A conspiracy for the division of
the supreme power and the
abolition of the constitution
Plutarch, Life of Cato the
Younger, 41.2
52 BC: Epitaph of a Grain Merchant in Rome CIL. IV. 2965
Pompey in Syria
53: Battle of
Carrhae
Crassus’disaster at Carrhae 53 BC
Augustan Coin depicting the return of the standards lost by Crassus
52: Pompey’s consulship
-Lex pompeia de iure magistratuum:
candidates for magistracies had to be
present in Rome.
-Pompey’s command is extend for further
five years
December 50 B.C.
-The Senate vote that both proconsuls, Caesar
and Pompey should give up their provinces.
-The consul Caius Marcellus grants Pompey
power for the military defence of the state.
January 49
Corfinium,
February 49
Civil War, 49-44 B.C.
Caesar conquers the East
Caesar in carved in Basanite
KLEOPATRA BASILISSH
KLEOPATRA
QUEEN(Cornucopia)
Cleopatra
48 BC intoEgypt
Trying
throw your arms around the world: Caesar after Pharsalus
Plutarch, Caesar, 48-9 Caesar gave the Thessalians their freedom, to commemorate
his victory, and then pursued Pompey; when he reached Asia he made the Cnidians flee,
to please Theopompus the collector of fables, and for all the inhabitants of Asia remitted
a third of their taxes. Arriving at Alexandria after Pompey’s death, he turned in horror from
Theodotus as he presented the head of Pompey, but accepted Pompey's seal-ring and
shed tears. Moreover, the companions & intimates of Pompey who had been captured by
the king, he treated with kindness & attached them to himself. To his friends in Rome he
wrote that this was the greatest and sweetest pleasure that he derived from his victory,
namely, from time to time to save the lives of fellow citizens who had fought against him.
47/46: in Africa
Plutarch, Caesar, 52 After Pharsalus, Cato & Scipio made their escape to Africa, and
with the aid of King Juba, collected considerable forces. Caesar therefore resolved to
make an expedition against them. On learning that the enemy were emboldened by an
ancient oracle to the effect that it was always the prerogative of the family of the Scipios,
he promoted a man, who otherwise was a contemptible nobody but belonged to the gens
Africani, called Scipio Sallustio. This man Caesar put in the forefront of his battles as if
commander of the army, being compelled to attack the enemy frequently and to force the
fighting. For there was neither sufficient food for his men nor fodder for his beasts of
burden.. And if Caesar with Asinius Pollio had not come from the ramparts to their aid
and checked their flight, the war would have been at an end. On one occasion.. it is said
that Caesar seized by the neck the fugitive standard-bearer, faced him about, and said:
"Yonder is the enemy."
Dedication to Caesar CIL 1. 797 ca. 44 BC