Transcript OVERVIEW - USF College of Engineering

OVERVIEW
The Seven
Technological Ages of
Man
Technological Ages of Man
 Man,
The Hunter, Masters Fire
 The Farmer, The Smith, The Wheel
 The First Machine Age
 Intimations of Automation
 The Expansion of Steam
 The Freedom of Internal Combustion
 Electron Controlled
THE FIRST AGE
Man, The Hunter, Masters Fire
Man, Hunter, Masters Fire
 Material Ages
 Early
Tools
 Fire
 Stone Age
Tools
Material Ages
Eolithic
Dawn Stone Age
< 10,000,000 ybp origins of tool making
Lower Palaeolithic Old Stone Age
< 5,000,000 ybp
Middle Palaeolithic Old Stone Age
< 500,000 ybp
Upper Palaeolithic Old Stone Age
< 35,000 ybp
Mesolithic
Middle Stone Age < 12,000 BC
Neolithic
New Stone Age
< 6,000 BC
Aeneolithic
Bronze Age
< 3,000 BC
Iron Age
< 1,500 BC
Itinerant hunter tribes
hand axes widespread
origins of blade technology
agrarian revolution
beginnings of towns
copper articles in Egypt
Tin in Mesopotamia
Early Tools
 Pre
- Homo erectus / Sapiens
 Ramepithecus
14,000,000 ybp - No Tools
Related to great apes
 Australopithecenes
2,500,000 ybp - Walked upright
Taung Man, Oldurai Gorge, Tanzania
Dr. Louis Leakey (1925)
Basalt Side-Chopper
Fire
 Making
Fire
Homo-erectus (600,000 BC)
Charcoal layers in caves, China
Man’s greatest accomplishment ?
Tasmanian & Andamanese tribes
 Using
Fire
Meteors, volcanoes, spontaneous
combustion, etc.
Early tribal societies tended a fire
Fire (continued)
 Uses
of Fire
Warmth, cooking, protection, curing
Focus of tribal life
Hollowing out logs
Firing pots, bricks, tiles
Extraction of copper & iron
Working of tools, weapons, ornaments
Bases of metallurgical eras
Making of glass
Fire (continued)
 Making
Fire
 Impacting flint and iron or iron pyrites
Occurred by chance ?
Needs addition of fuel
 Generation
of heat from friction
Hard stick (fire drill)
Softwood block (hearth)
Intellectual - addition of weight, string, bow
Fire Drills
 First
elementary machines ?
 Multi-components
 Translation to rotation
 Mechanical advantage with flywheel
 Bow later turned lathes in Iron age
 Bow later used as a weapon in late
Stone age (Tunisia)
 First engineers ?
Fire Drills (continued)
Stone Age Tools
 Properties
Density, hardness, durability
Self-sharpening in some instances
Difficult to manufacture
 First
Industry ?
Tools-to-make-tools (5,000,000 ybp)
Hammer stones & anvil stones (Tanzania)
Stone Age Tools (continued)
 Chronology
Pebble tools (2,600,000 ybp)
Bi-faced hand axes (500,000 ybp)
 Pebbles and quarried natural rock
Blade tools (< 35,000 BC)
 Flakes of flint, chert, or obsidian
 Variants are gravers, shaves, planes, drills
Grinding & polishing (< 12,000 BC)
 Region dependent (basalt & epidiorite)
 Peaked before Bronze age
Stone Age Tools (continued)
 Production
Processes
Basic core and flake tools
 Pressure flaking
 Percussion flaking
 Highly skilled trade (industry ?)
Grinding and polishing
 Wetted sandstone or similar
 Sand was used as abrasive powder
 Final burnishing with a skin/hide
THE SECOND AGE
The Farmer, The Smith,
The Wheel
Farmer, Smith, Wheel
 Social
influences of copper and iron
 The Common ground
 The wheel
 Glass
 Gearing
 Early machines in Egypt
 Greece & Rome
 The Dark ages
Introduction
 Nomadic
hunter to agricultural villager
End of last ice age brought life (10,000 BC)
Wild wheat and goat grass
Wheat, barley, & millet was harvested
 Villages
grew to cities
reed & mud, unbaked clay, baked brick
 Animals
were domesticated
 Copper, tin, & bronze (Mesopotamia)
Social Influences of
Copper & Iron
Cause






Copper and Bronze
were expensive
Skill Craftsman
Metals were used for
ornaments
Society was a hierarchy
Ironmaking & forging
was complex
Iron was inexpensive
Effect






Metal tools expensive
Farmers used wood,
stone, & bone tools
Elitist Society
Small agricultural
surpluses
Democratic metal
IRON AGE
The Common Ground
 Metallurgy
became the common ground
Society needed food
Farming community needed tools
Metal workers became skilled craftsmen
Mining of Ores (Copper, Tin, Iron)
Construction of Furnaces & Crucibles
Bellows (3,000 BC) from skins/hides
Transportation (wheel !) industry grew
Plough
 Not
possible in Copper age
 Improvement of hoe for tilling
 Caschrom - lightweight man-plough
 Animal-drawn plough (3,000 BC)
Egyptian Hand Digging
Instrument (1500 BC)
Tools From Early Metallurgy
 Plough
 Copper
Nails & Rivets (Egypt, 2500 BC)
 Iron nails used in ships
 Woodscrews (Roman, 400 AD)
 Shears (Egypt, 4500 BC)
The Wheel
 Used
for transporting heavy loads
 Evolved from potters wheel
 First was stone ?
 Solid wood
 Spoked
 Axle - Egyptian war chariot
Transporting Heavy Loads
Stretcher
Sledge
Ur (3,500 BC)
Mercurago
Mercurago
Egyptian (1500 BC)
Assyrian (700 BC)
Greek (400 BC)
Etruscan (400 BC)
Roman (300 BC)
Etruscan (300 BC)
Plaustrum (200 BC)
Roman (100 AD)
Leonardo
Pneumatic Studded (1907)
Gearing
 Purposes
 Friction
- no teeth (Aristotle, 384 BC)
 Materials
Wood - large units transmitting power
bronze or brass - timekeeping, astronomy
 Lanthorne
& trundle
 Helical gears (Robert Hooke, 1666 AD)
Early Machines in Egypt
 Hero
of Alexandria (BC/AD)
Lever (3000 BC)
Wheel & Axle (3000 BC)
Wedge (3000 BC)
Pulley (700 BC) - Not used in pyramids
Screw
Chinese
 Cast
iron (350 BC)
13 centuries before the west
 Double-acting
box bellows
 Steel (100 BC)
 Papermaking (100 AD)
 Gunpowder
 Little technology transfer to west despite
“Silk Road”
Greece
 Heavily
dependent on slaves
 Great builders
 Architecture
 Scientists instead of technologists
Mathematics, Astronomy, Philosophy
Not great inventors
Archimedes
 Horizontal
waterwheel (Norse mill)
0.5 horsepower
Architecture - Parthenon
Horizontal Waterwheel
Roman
 Heavily
dependent on slaves
 Vertical waterwheel (Vitruvius, 180 AD)
3.0 horsepower
 Bridges
& roads
 Aqueducts
 Water usage
270 liters per person per day
Lead pipes
Fall of Roman empire
Vertical Waterwheel
Roads & Bridges
Aqueducts
Dark Ages
 Fall
of Roman empire (450 AD)
Contact between Rome and Britain ended
Roman roads, bridges & aqueducts died
 Societies
depended less on slaves
 England (250 people per watermill)
Early applications
 Corn milling, beer making, forge hammers
and bellows
Later applications
 water lifting & irrigation, saw mills, lathe
drives, wire drawing
Dark Ages (continued)
 Wind
Power (1100 AD)
Post Mill (Normandy, 1180 AD)
Tower Mill (1300 AD)
Netherlands (1500 AD)
 Agriculture
Horse collar
Nailed iron horseshoes
heavy wheeled plough and harrow
Dark Ages (continued)
 Textiles
Rope driven spinning wheel
Weaving technologies (1300 AD)
 Universities
founded (Italy, 1200 AD)
Start of a period of higher learning
Beginning of engineering discipline ?
THE THIRD AGE
The First Machine Age
The First Machine Age
 Timekeeping
 Optics
 Crank
 Print
Timekeeping
Chronology
 Gnomon
(Egypt, 1500 BC)
 Obelisk
 Sundial
 Waterclock
 Sandglass
 Mechanical
 Electronic
/ Pendulum
Gnomon
Sundial / Obelisk
 Problems
with Gnomon
Thin short rod
Did not work at different latitudes
 length and direction of shadow varied
Exact position of sun’s center
Placed perpendicular to ground
 needs to be perpendicular with axis of
rotation
Waterclocks & Sandglasses
 Reset
periodically
 Environment dependence
 Variations with age
 Inaccurate
Vitruvius (150 BC)
Schott
Cingalese
Sand-glass
Mechanical Clock
 Regulating
device
Creates oscillations
Needs energy to stop from running down
 weight or spring (watch)
 Distribution
mechanism
Supplies energy in correct amount and at
correct time
Holds energy and allows energy to escape
at the correct time - escapement
 Indexing
& Gearing
Translates time to space
Hero of Alexandria
Verge & Foliot
Anchor Escapement
Standard Weight Clock
Alarm Clock
Pendulum Clock
 Isochronous
motion
 Galileo (1583)
 Vincenzo (1649)
 Huygens (1675) & Robert Hooke
Regulating hair spring
Pendulum Clock
Huygens (1675)
 Regulating
spiral
Giovani di Dondi (1364)
Electronic / Atomic
 pico-second
 Electronic
quartz crystal produces a constant current
when excited
compressed to produce constant frequency
 Atomic
Excitations of electrons in Caesium
molecule
Caesium Atomic clock
Optics
 Telescope
Johannes Lippershey (Middleburg, 1608)
By accident - no knowledge of optics
Manufactured & sold in London (1609)
 Microscope
Inventor unknown
 Zacharius Jansen, Galileo (1614)
 Surveyors
quadrant (1631)
Earliest - Joseph Lusuerg (Rome, 1674)
Crank
 Conversion
of rotary & reciprocating
motions
 Cam - Hero of Alexandria
 Crank & connecting rod (1430)
Crank & Connecting Rod
Print
 Greatest
invention of Middle ages
 Johannes Gutenberg (Germany, 1440)
Invention of paper reached Germany in
about 1320
Cutting of punches from brass, punch
copper plate, pour molten iron
Development of inks
 First
book (Caxton, 1474)
 By 1500, 1050 presses in Europe
Screw Press
THE FOURTH AGE
Intimations of Automation
Intimations of Automation
 Coinage
- first mass production ?
 Factory system
 Interchangeability of components
 A computer too early
Coinage
 As
early as 600 BC
 Coin Blanks (1000)
Sheet of metal, hammered, then cut
 Bramante
(Florence, 1500)
Utilized screw press
Rolling mills
 Boulton
(Soho, 1797)
Utilized power from steam engine
Factory System
 Began
with print shops and mints
 Textile industry (late 1700’s)
Flying shuttle (Kay, 1755)
Water frame (Arkwright, 1790)
Spinning Jenny (Hargreave, 1760)
Mule (Crompton, 1788)
Power Loom (Robert, 1825)
 Primarily
operated by steam
Factory System (continued)
 Industrial
cities
Coal and oil in addition to steam
No need to locate industry by a river
Britain
 Liverpool, Manchester, Glasgow, Leeds,
Nottingham, Birmingham
 Metal-working
industries
Machines create more machines
lathes, boring, milling, shaping, slotting,
planing, grinding, & gear-cutting
James Watt’s Micrometer
(1772)
Henry Maudslay’s Screw
Cutting Lathe (1797)
Interchangeability of
Components
 Beginning
of mass production
 Locks
Joseph Bramah (1790)
Required accuracy in production
Barrel of lock fits casing of another
 Smooth
bore flintlock muskets
Eli Whitney (1798)
Supplied US govt. with 15,000
Required 8 years
A Computer Too Early
 Charles
Babbage
Professor of Mathematics, Cambridge
 Difference
Engine (1833)
Special purpose calculating machine
 Analytical
Engine (>1834)
Universal calculator
 Engine
?
Power by steam (no foresight)
 Purely
mechanical with highly precise
gearing and machining
Difference Engine (1833)
THE FIFTH AGE
The Expansion of Steam
Pre-Steam
 Francesca
della Porta (1606)
Suction caused by condensing steam
Ability to draw up water
 Otto
von Guericke (1654)
Two teams of 8 horses can’t pull apart
copper sphere made of two halves
 Blaise
Pascal (1648)
Weight of column of air is less at elevation
 Robert
Boyle (1660)
Gas laws
Steam Engine
 Hero
of Alexandria
 Newcomen (1712)
21 inch dia. piston (12 strokes per min)
10 gallons of water 51 yards per stroke
Low efficiency
 Watt
Condense steam & create vacuum
Separate condenser (1769)
Double-acting engine (1782)
Rotative Engine (1781)
Newcomen (1712)
Development of Steam
 Trevithick
(1799)
High pressure steam
 Fulton
(1807)
Clermont on Hudson river
 Sirius
crossed Atlantic (1830)
 Intercontinental Railway
THE SIXTH AGE
The Freedom of Internal
Combustion
Chronology
 Huygens
utilized gunpowder in piston
and cylinder
 Etienne Lenoir (1859)
Coal gas as fuel with ignition
 Nikolaus
Otto (1877)
Four-stroke cycle
 Gottlieb
Daimler (1885)
Petrol as fuel
Benz Tricycle (1855)
Chronology (continued)
 Paris-Rouen
race (1894)
 Rudolf Diesel (1892)
 Wright Brothers (1903)
 Ford Model “A” (1903)
THE SEVENTH AGE
Electrons Controlled
Chronology
 Gas
Lines (Late 1700s)
Philippe Lebon (1799)
 Gas From Heating Wood
Frederick Windsor (1807)
 Gas From Coal
 Lit Pall Mall in London (1807)
 26 mile long main (1816)
 Hydraulic
Mains
Joseph Bramah
 Hydraulic Press (1795)
 Hydraulic Mains (1812)
Chronology (continued)
 Electricity
William Gilbert (1600)
Alessandro Volta (1800s)
 Zinc and Silver discs- Voltaic Pile
 First True Battery - Static Source of Power
Michael Faraday (1831)
 First Electric Generator
 Moved Magnet near a Wire
Wheatstone & Cooke (1845)
 Substituted Electromagnets
 First Dynamo
Chronology (continued)
 Telephone
- Bell (1876)
 Incandescent Light Bulb (1879)
Thomas Edison - USA
J.W. Swan - England
 Electronics
J.A. Fleming - Diode (1904)
ASCC/IBM - First computer ? (1944)
 Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator
 Mechanical Switching
ENIAC - First Electronic Computer (1946)
 Electronic Num. Integrator and Calculator