Transcript World War I
Aim: Explain the causes of World War I. Take out Roosevelt Paragraph • T.R. upset with Taft’s policies • T.R. runs for president • Ran for Progressive political party • Bull Moose Party • Split for Republicans give Wilson the edge Aim: How did Germany plan to fight WWI and how was the U.S. brought into WWI? Do Now: What are the 5 causes of World War I? • Causes of WWI • Militarism – belief that a nation needs a large military forced countries build up armies • Alliances – Europe is split in two by countries allying with another. Attack on one forced allies into war • Nationalism – pride and loyalty for country. Prove their nation is strongest and best • Imperialism – European powers compete for colonies • Assassination – murder of the prince of AustriaHungary – Franz Ferdinand by Gavrilo Princip – 6/28/1914 • • • • Assassination of Archduke Ferdinand of Austria Killed by Serbian terrorist in Bosnia Austria-Hungary declare war on Serbia Russia to Serbia’s aid • Triple Alliance – Austria-Hungary, Germany, Ottoman Empire, Bulgaria • Triple Entente – Serbia, Russia, Great Britain, France • German plan for two front war (east and west) • Rapid invasion of France • Attack through neutral Belgium • After capture France, full attack on Russia • Britain joins war to protect neutral Belgium • (really to maintain power) • • • • Both sides thought would be quick war Germans attack France – 40 miles from Paris First Battle of the Marne – stop German advance Trench warfare – troops dig in at bottom of trenches • Tanks – British invention – travel over rugged terrain • Machine gun – 600 bullets a minute • Poison gas – burned and blinded soldiers • Suffocation • Airplanes • Submarines with torpedoes – U-boats – Germans Aim: How was the U.S. brought into World War I? Do Now: List the new weapons that will cause a massive amount of death in WWI, without looking at notes. • 1914 – Pres. Woodrow Wilson • Neutrality – refusing to take sides • Stay out of European affairs • GB or Germany? • Unrestricted submarine warfare – U-boats (submarine) sink any ship without warning • 1915 – Lusitania sunk by German submarine • 128 Americans killed • U.S. demands halt to sub. Warfare - agreed • 1916 – Wilson re-elected Yes • Germany attacks neutral ships • Many Americans favor GB and France • U.S. trade with GB is important No • U.S. has tradition of neutrality • Some Americans favor Central Powers • What if we lose? • Food shortages and inflation lead to riots • March 1917 – Bolsheviks – Communists take control • Tsar Nicholas II removed • Vladimir Lenin – leader • Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with Germany • Russia withdraws from war • Advantage tipping to Germany • 1917 – Germany resumes sub. Warfare • Zimmermann telegram – Germans ask for Mexican help • Mexico would receive lands lost in Mexican War • Brings U.S. into the war • Wilson – “make the world safe for democracy.” Aim: How did the U.S. take measures to mobilize the country for wartime? Do Now: What were the causes that led the US to join World War I? • • • • Less than 200,000 soldiers Draft – choosing people for forced military service Shipped to France American Expeditionary Force • Commander John Pershing • War bonds – low-interest loans by civilians to the government to be repaid in later years • War cost US $35.5 billion • War Industries Board – managed buying and distributing war materials • Support war through propaganda – opinions expressed for the purpose of influencing others JOIN THE MILITARY • Labor shortage •Factories in overdrive for war •Men off to war • Great Migration – African Americans leave South for jobs in North • Sedition Act (1918) prohibited people from saying or publishing anything disrespectful to the government of the United States. • Schenck participated in many antiwar activities in violation of the Espionage Act, including the mailing of about 15,000 leaflets urging draftees and soldiers to resist the draft. He was arrested and charged with “causing and attempting to cause insubordination in the military and naval forces of the United States” and with disturbing the draft. He was arrested, tried, convicted, and sentenced to prison for violating the Espionage Act of 1917, and he appealed his case to the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court agreed with the decision of Schenck being sent to prison. • Agree or Disagree? Why? • Espionage and Sedition Acts – 1917 • Heavy fines and prison terms for antiwar activities • Hundreds put in prison • Schenck v. United States • Free speech could be limited in wartime Aim: How did Treaty of Versailles end the war? • • • • German offensive – 50 miles within Paris Full deployment by May 1918 Americans, “doughboys,” win Battle of Cantigny Held their ground • Chateau-Thierry • Belleau Wood • Fresh US troops boosted the Morale of the French and British • Second Battle of the Marne – turning point • Germans forced back from Paris • Battle of Argonne Forest • Allied offensive – final battle • Armistice – agreement to stop fighting • • • • Wilson’s plan for peace War to end all wars Restrictions for all countries to prevent future war League of Nations – association of nations to peacefully settle disputes • Big Four • GB • France • US • Italy • Germany accept full blame for war • Pay $33 billion in reparations – money a defeated nation pays for destruction it caused • A-H and Ottoman Empires divided into independent nations • War Guilt Clause – Germany embarrassed – take full blame for war • Reparations cause German economy to crumble • Germans hate Allies • Charismatic leader of Hitler will use that hatred • Propaganda • Build up army • Republicans against League • Wilson would not budge • US does not accept treaty and doesn’t join the League • Treaty would take away Congress’ right to declare war