Transcript The Cold war

The Cold war
Causes of the Cold War
• What was the Cold War?
– Cold: Rifle range is cold when no rounds are
being sent down range, hot when rounds are
being fired
– War: Conflict between two nations, groups or
people. Oftentimes associated with physical
fighting
– Cold War: Time of conflict ranging from 1945
to 1991 between the United States and the
Soviet Union. It was a verbal, and
psychological war between the two nations
Causes of the Cold War
Conflict
United States
Soviet Union
Economic Reasons
Capitalism
Communism
Political Reasons
Democracy
Totalitarianism/Dictatorsh
ips
Political Freedom
State controlled all
aspects of a person’s life
Post War Europe
Desired countries to hold
free elections and
establish democracies
Sought for countries to
become “satellite
nations” under their
control
Atomic Weapons
Possessed weapons but
did not want to share
Desired weapons
Philosophical
Causes of the Cold War
• If it Truly was a Cold War, Then How
Did Each Nation Fight?
– Both nations competed in the Arms Race
and Space Race where each nation tried to
gain more weapons and greater technology
• Mutual Assured Destruction (MAD): “He who
fires first, dies second”
Who Were the Countries Leaders?
Harry Truman
• United States
Joseph Stalin
• Soviet Union
Winston Churchill
• Great Britain
Incompatibility of
Economic and
Political Systems
Cause 1: Ideological Differences
Cause 1: Ideological Differences
• Ideology: the ideas reflecting the social
needs and desires of an individual, group,
class or culture
– Capitalism vs. Communism
– Democracy vs. Totalitarianism
Ideological Differences
Economic Ideologies
Socialism
Capitalism
Laissez Faire
Political Ideology
Totalitarianism
Democracy
Stalin’s Broken Promises
at the Yalta and Potsdam
Conferences
Cause 2: Broken Promises and
Varying Aims
Cause 2: Broken Promises
• Yalta Conference
– Stalin promised
to hold “free and
unfettered”
elections in
Eastern Europe
– He prevented
elections in 1945
Varying Aims
• Potsdam Conference
– Goals included the
establishment of
the post-war order,
ironing peace treaty
issues, and
countering the
effects of the war
– Evident three
countries had
varying aims in
Europe
Varying Aims in Europe
The United States Wanted To
The Soviet Union Wanted To
•Encourage democracy in other countries
to help prevent the rise of new totalitarian
governments
•Encourage communism in other countries
as part of the worldwide struggle between
workers and the wealthy
•Gain access to raw materials and markets
for its booming industries
•Transfer the industrial equipment of
Eastern Europe to the S.U. to help rebuild
its war ravaged economy
•Rebuild European governments to ensure
stability and to create new markets for
American goods
•Control Eastern Europe to balance the
U.S. influence in Western Europe
•Reunite Germany believing that Europe
would be more secure if Germany were
productive and less bitter about defeat
•Keep Germany divided and weak, since
the Germans has waged war against
Russia twice in 30 years and had caused
most of the 20 million Soviet deaths in
WWII
United States Containment
U.S. Containment Efforts
• Long Telegram of 1946 (Mr. “X”)
– Written by George Kennan
• Soviet Ambassador from 1944-1946
– Illustrated American anti-communism and general
suspicion of Soviet aspirations
– Gave the U.S. opportunity to assume leadership of
“free world” and proposed policy of containment
U.S. Containment Efforts
• Soviet “Policy”
– Stalin intent on
maintaining a sphere of
influence in Eastern
Europe—Why?
– Quickly installed proSoviet puppet
governments
throughout Europe
– Soviet controlled
“satellites” established
Soviet Satellites
•
•
•
•
•
•
East Germany
Poland
Czechoslovakia
Hungary
Romania
Bulgaria
U.S. Containment Efforts
• Iron Curtain “Formation”
– Stalin gave belligerent
1946 speech in which he
that capitalism and
communism were
“fundamentally”
incompatible
U.S. Containment Efforts
• Iron Curtain
“Formation” (cont.)
– Speech given by
Churchill
– Iron Curtain
Analogy for divide
between the noncommunist West
and communist
East
– Stalin claimed
speech was a “call
to war”
The “Iron Curtain”
• “From Stettin in the
Baltic to Trieste in the
Adriatic, an iron
curtain has
descended across the
continent.”- Winston
Churchill,
1946
CBS report on iron curtain speech
HOW DOES THE U.S. REACT?
U.S. Containment Efforts
• Truman Doctrine
– A U.S. policy of providing economic and
military aid to free nations threatened by
communism
– Outlined policy of containment
– Based on belief that the Soviet’s sought
world domination
– Directed 1st towards Turkey and Greece
U.S. Containment Efforts
• Marshall Plan
– Program developed
by Secretary of
State George
Marshall
– Supplied economic
aid to war torn
Europe
– Ulterior motive?
U.S. Containment Efforts
Truman
Doctrine
• U.S. sent over $400 million
in aid to Turkey and
Greece—reducing danger of
Communist takeover
Marshall
Plan
•U.S. supplied Europe with
12.5 billion in economic aid
•Great success
Struggles Over Germany
Struggles Over Germany
• Struggles Over Germany
Germany in 1945
– At conclusion of the war, Germany was
divided into 4 occupational zones
– When Cold War broke, U.S., G.B., and
France combined zones TRIZONIA
– Stalin conducted Berlin blockade,
attempting to starve people of Berlin
into submission
– U.S. and G.B. conducted Berlin Airlift
• Largest and most successful humanitarian
aid effort in history
In who’s zone does that
• Result Stalin lifted blockade
capital city, Berlin, fall?
Notable Military Alliances
• N.A.T.O.
– Military alliance formed by U.S., Canada,
Iceland and 9 European nations
– Collective Security—attack one, attack all
– First military alliance during peacetime
• Warsaw Pact
– Military alliance between communist countries
in Eastern Europe
– Communist response to N.A.T.O
Opposing
Cold War
Alliances
Warsaw Pact
NATO
NATO’s Expansion
1949
U.S.
Canada
U.K.
France
Iceland
Belgium
Netherlands
Luxembourg
Italy
Denmark
Norway
1952
Greece
Turkey
1955
West Germany
1982
Spain
1990
East Germany
1999
Poland
Hungary
Czech Republic
2004
Estonia
Latvia
Lithuania
Slovenia
Slovakia
Romania
Bulgaria
2009
Albania
Croatia
NATO Today:
28 total members
Includes 13 former
communist states
All are democracies
today.
Thursday, January 13th
• No bell ringer
• Homework:
– Final Exam Essay Tomorrow!
• Prepare graphic organizer
– Multiple Choice Final Exam Thursday, January 20th
• Need #2 Pencil
• Block #2—Room 122
• Block #3—Room 123
The Nuclear Arms and space
Race
Nuclear Arms and Space Race
• Soviet A-Bomb
Development
– Unexpected 1949 Soviet
A-bomb test shocked the
West
– U.S. depended on
monopoly of A-bomb
to deter Soviet
aggression
– Should U.S. rethink
strategy?
First Soviet A-bomb (top); First Soviet
A-bomb test (bottom)
The H-Bomb Debate
• Debate ensued over whether the U.S. should
build a thermonuclear or “super” bomb (“Hbomb”)
Robert Oppenheimer
Edward Teller
Opposed development of the H-bomb
Pushed for development of the H-bomb
The H-Bomb Decision
• Truman sided with Teller over
Oppenheimer and approved the
development of the hydrogen
bomb.
• “We have to do it – make the bomb – though no
one wants to use it. But… we have got to have it if
only for bargaining purposes with the Russians.”
- President Truman
The H-Bomb Tests
• First U.S. H-bomb
test in Nov. 1952
• Soviets conducted
their first test in Aug.
1953
Soviet Tzar Bomba Test
A-bomb
vs.
H-bomb
Tests
Hiroshima
A- bomb
15-20 kilotons
Largest U.S. test
1954
Largest Soviet test
1961
Bravo test
15 megaton
H-bomb
Tzar Bomba test
5o+ megaton
H-bomb
1,000 x more
powerful than
Hiroshima
bomb
4,000 x more powerful
than Hiroshima
bomb
Nuclear Arms and Space Race
• Massive Retaliation
– New U.S. defense doctrine
of the 1950s
– Implied threat to use
nuclear weapons in
response to ANY act of
communist aggression
– Dramatically increased size
of nuclear arsenal to ensure
threat was credible
Two Nations Living on the Edge
– Space Race
• U.S. and S.U. competed in
science, education and
technology
• In 1957, Soviets obtained
intercontinental ballistic
missiles
• In October of 1957, Soviets
launched SPUTNIK
first satellite into space
• Significance Could issue
a nuclear attack with the
push of a button
U-2 Incident
• U-2 Incident
– U.S. secretly flying
surveillance flights over the
–
–
–
–
–
USSR
Violating closed sky
proposal
Soviets shot down plane
1/5/60 -Francis Gary
Powers captured
IKE claims it was a
weather plane that steered
off course
Significance Any “thaw”
in the Cold War halted
Tensions in Cuba and Berlin
Tensions in Cuba and Berlin
• Fidel Castro
– Led Communist
revolution in 1959
overthrow Cuban
dictator
– Establish strong ties
with Soviet Union
– Transform Cuba into a
communist country with
a planned economy
Tensions in Cuba and Berlin
• Bay of Pigs
– CIA’s clandestine mission to
overthrow Castro’s regime
– Hoped to spark support
against Castro
– Mission highly unsuccessful
• Castro anticipated attack
• Cuban troops were killed
or captured
• Expected “uprising”
never occurred
Tensions in Cuba and Berlin
• Cuban Missile Crisis (Oct.
1962)
– U-2 spy plane photos
showed Soviet nuclear
missile sites in Cuba
– Once operational, these
missiles would be able to
strike U.S
– JFK’s options:
• Diplomacy
• Air strike and invade
(favored by most military
advisors)
• Blockade OPTION
CHOSEN and it was
SUCCESSFUL!
Cuban Missile Crisis
Kennedy’s Response
• In TV address to nation,
Kennedy warned that any
missile attack from Cuba
would trigger an all-out
attack on the Soviet Union.
• Also demanded “the prompt
dismantling and withdrawal”
of all Soviet missiles.
Tensions in Cuba and Berlin
• Tensions in Berlin (1961)
– Borders between Eastern and Western Germany were closed
everywhere except in Berlin
• Thousands of East Berliners fleeing into West Berlin
(approx. 25,000 East German refugees each day)
– To halt refugees, Khrushchev constructs Berlin Wall
• A concrete barrier dividing communist East Berlin from
noncommunist West Berlin
• Became symbolic of deepening Cold War divide and
communist oppression
Berlin Wall
End of the Cold War
End of the Cold War
• Mikhail Gorbachev
– New Soviet leader in
1980
– Under leadership,
Soviet Union suffering
from failing economy
– Implements policies of
• Glasnost—freedom of
speech
• Perestroika—capitalism
– Reforms lead to the
eventual dissolvement
of the U.S.S.R.
Now what for Europe?
• Nations try to be
economically
powerful again.
• Form European
Union (EU)
– Join nations
together to become
strong global
economic power as
a group
– Euro