Transcript Chapter 3: Migration

Chapter 3: Migration
By: Katie and Kristin
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4rcf7somU8E
Ravenstein’s Law of
Migration
19th century used data from England to outline a series of
“laws” explaining patterns of migration
• Economic factors are main cause of migration
• Urban residents are less migratory than those from rural
areas
• Factors such as gender, age, and socio-economic level
influence likelihood to migrate
Three categories of Ravenstein’s Law of Migration:
Why migrants move
Distance they typically move
Characteristics of migrants
Push/Pull Factors
A push factor induces people to move out of their present location
A pull factor induces people to move into a new location
Three kinds of push/pull factors:
Economic
Cultural
Environmental
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v
=_bkN3pLD_as
Economic:
-Push factors: Not enough job opportunities
-Pull factors: areas with lots of natural resources and job opportunities
Cultural
-Push Factors: slavery, political instability
Environmental
-Push Factors: Adverse physical conditions
-Pull Factors: attractive locations, climate
Zelinsky Model of
Migration Transition

Change in migration pattern in a society that results from social and economic changes that also produce the
demographic transition.

Stage 1
 High CBR/ High CDR
 Daily or seasonal mobility in search of food
 Searching for local necessities
 Internal migration

Stage 2
 High CBR/ dropping CDR
 High rate of Natural Increase
 Overtaxing resources/ limited opportunities push out immigrants
 International Migration
 Rural areas to cities
Stage 3 & 4
Slowing growth rate
Result of social change
Fewer children
International Migration
Societies in stage 3 & 4 become the destinations of migrations from stage 2 countries
Stage 4: Less emigration, more intraregional migration
From cities to suburbs
Characteristics of Migrants
Gender
Ravenstein’s Laws
Most long-distance migrants are male
Most long-distance migrants are adult individuals
Reality
Reversed in 1990s women now 55% of U.S. immigrants
Mexican Immigration
Up until 1980’s 85% of Mexican immigrants men
Now women majority
Family Status
Most immigrants young adults
40% of U.S. immigrants today between 25-39 years old
Increasing # are children
16% under 15 years old Age
Most influential factor in migration selectivity
Americans are most likely to move between 18 and 30
Education
The more educated people are the more likely they are to make longdistance moves
Undocumented Immigration to the United
States
Legal immigration reached highest level in 20th century
More people want to enter than allowed
Called unauthorized (or undocumented) immigrants
Estimated at 11.9 million in 2008
59 % from Mexico
22% from elsewhere in Latin America
12% from Asia
Children
2008 estimate:
6.3 million adult males
4.1 million adult females
1.5 million children
4 million children born in U.S. to undocumented parents
Creates conflict:
Jobs
8.3 million of undocumented immigrants employed
Construction/ hospitality
Border easy to cross
Some Americans angry at paying more taxes and losing jobs
Some favor work programs
Belief that undocumented immigrants take the jobs no one wants
Dream Act
This bill provided illegal immigrants with a permanent
residency in the United States.
-Had to live in the country for at least five years prior
to the bills enactment
- Must have good moral character to be considered
-Arrive in U.S as a minor
Critics contend that it would reward illegal immigration
and encourage further illegal immigration, inviting fraud
and shielding gang members from deportation.
Migration from Rural to
Urban Areas
Began in 1800s
Industrial Revolution
United States urban pop
1800 – 5%
1920 – 50%
Today 3/4ths of people in U.S. and other MDCs live in cities
Urbanization now diffusing to LDCs
Especially Asia
Most rural to Urban migrants are moving for economic
opportunities
Migration from Urban to
Suburban Areas
Developed countries
migration is from cities to suburbs
Not related to employment but change in lifestyle
yard with fence
Better schools, safer neighborhoods
To accommodate, farms on periphery of cities converted
to neighborhoods
Important Terms
Brain Drain: Large-scale emigration of a large group of individuals with technical skills or
knowledge
Chain Migration: Immigrants from a particular town follow others from that town to another
town
Circulation: Short-term; repetitive movements that recur on a regular basis such as daily,
monthly and annually
Counterurbanization: The net loss of population from cities to smaller towns and rural areas
Emigration: Moving from a particular location (out-migration)
Forced Migration: movement of an individual against his or her own will
Guest Workers: Individuals who migrate temporarily to take up jobs in other countries
Immigration: Moving to a particular location (in-migration)
Internal Migration: Migrating to somewhere in the same country just different town
International migration: migrating to a whole new country
Interregional Migration: travels between 2 or more regions
Intervening Obstacles: things that stand in the way of migrating (language, job
oportunities)
Intraregional migration: travels only within 1 region
Migration: long-distance move to a new location
Mobility: Ability to move from one place to another either permanently or temporarily
Net Migration: gain or loss in the total population of that area as a result of migration
Pull Factor: induces people to move into new locations
Push Factor: Induces people to move out of a current location
Quotas: How many people are in or out of the country (population)
Refugees: Individual who crosses national boundries to seek safety
Unauthorized immigrants: illegal immigrants
Voluntary Immigration: Choose to migrate on their own without anyone telling them to
do so