Transcript Chapter 18 section 1 and 2 ppt

THE COLD WAR
AND THE 1950’s
What was it?
How did it develop?
Why is it important?
THE COLD WAR DEVELOPS
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The Cold War is a phrase used to describe
the era of strong tension between the
democratic United States of America and
the communist Soviet Union.
The Cold War began in the late 1940s as
the two superpowers debated over how to
rebuild Europe after World War II.
U.S. Aims versus Soviet Aims in
Europe
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Create a new world order in which
all nations had the right of selfdetermination
Gain access to raw materials and
markets for its industries
Rebuild European governments to
ensure stability and to create new
markets for American goods
Reunite Germany, believing that
Europe would be more secure if
Germany were productive
Source: The Americans, McDougal-Littell, Chapter 18, p.604
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Encourage communism in other
countries as part of the worldwide
struggle between workers and the
wealthy
Rebuild its war-ravaged economy
using Eastern Europe’s industrial
equipment and raw materials
Control Eastern Europe to
balance the U.S. influence in
Western Europe
Keep Germany divided and weak
so that it would never again
threaten the Soviet Union
LEADERS AT THE START OF THE
COLD WAR
Harry S. Truman – President of
the United States
Joseph Stalin – leader of
the Soviet Union
U.S. POLICY: CONTAINMENT
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Containment became the official policy of the United States under the
Truman Doctrine. This doctrine provided economic and military aid to
countries that were struggling to prevent communist takeovers.
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In 1947, President Truman asked Congress for and received 400 million
dollars for supporting the nations of Turkey and Greece. This policy worked
because it prevented these two countries from becoming communist.
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In 1948, the Berlin blockade happened when the Soviets choked off
supplies to West Berlin. The Soviets were trying to force the former allies
out of the city. The United States was forced to air lift supplies in the city to
keep it alive until the blockade was lifted. This was known as the Berlin
Airlift.
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Containment was the idea of keeping communism from spreading
beyond its current borders.
The Marshall Plan 1947-1952
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The goal of it was to revise the post-war economic
devastation in Europe after the war.
Secretary of State George Marshall said the goal
behind the plan was “not against any country or
doctrine but against hunger, poverty, desperation,
and chaos (606).”
Over 4 years, some 16 European countries
received 13 billion dollars in aid. By 1952, western
Europe was flourishing and the communist party no
longer appealed to the citizens of these countries.
COLLECTIVE SECURITY
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The U.S. tried to help
control the spread of
communism through
collective security.
Collective security is the
idea that a group of
nations agree to treat an
attack on one nation as an
attack on all.
The U.S., along with 12
other nations formed
NATO in 1949 as a means
of collective security.
Ron Burgundy and the Channel 4 News Team
provided collective security against the threats they
faced from Wes Mantooth.
Ideological boundaries of the world
THE COLD WAR: OTHER PARTS
OF THE WORLD
CHINA
KOREA
CHINA TURNS TO COMMUNISM
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Towards the end of World War II, civil war
broke out in China between the nationalists
and communists.
The United States supported the
nationalists with $3 billion in aid from 19451949.
The U.S. supported the nationalists
because of…CONTAINMENT.
LEADERS ON EACH SIDE
Chiang Kai-shek,
leader of the
nationalists
Mao Zedong, leader
of the communists
U.S. INVOLVEMENT
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The U.S. did support the nationalists with money
but did not send U.S. troops to China to help the
nationalists.
In 1949, Chiang Kai-shek and the nationalists
would flee China to the island of Taiwan. Mao
Zedong set up the People’s Republic of China,
which the U.S. did not recognize as a country at
that time.
The American public was unhappy that the U.S.
did not get more involved. Containment had
appeared to fail.
THE KOREAN WAR
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After World War II, Korea was split into two parts
– and the 38th parallel line was the dividing line.
Japanese troops to the north of the 38th parallel
had surrendered to the Soviet Union, so North
Korea became communist under Kim il Sung.
Japanese troops to the south of the 38th parallel
had surrendered to U.S. troops, so South Korea
became a democracy.
THE KOREAN WAR
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On June 25, 1950, North
Korean troops crossed the
border and attacked South
Korea. They made great
progress into South Korea.
The U.S. decided to send
troops to South Korea to
defend the democracy and
to follow our policy of
CONTAINMENT.
THE KOREAN WAR BATTLES
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The Korean War really went back and forth.
(See the chart on page 613)
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By September 1950, North Korea controlled
nearly all of the peninsula.
With the assistance of the U.S., South Korea will
push North Korea back beyond the 38th parallel.
The U.S. will eventually help South Korea control
nearly the entire peninsula by November 1950.
CHINA GETS INVOLVED
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In November 1950, China
sent troops across the
Yalu River and into North
Korea in order to help
North Korea protect
themselves from U.N.
forces
By January 1951, China
had pushed the U.S. and
South Korea back beyond
the 38th parallel line.
Kim il Sung and Mao
Zedong
CIVILIAN CONTROL OF THE MILITARY (a
core democratic value)
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In early 1951, General
Douglas MacArthur, who was
in charge of the Korean War,
recommended that the U.S.
invade China.
President Truman rejected this
recommendation, and with the
help of the U.N., established
the 38th parallel as a dividing
line.
MacArthur publicly criticized
President Truman for his
decision, making Truman
seem weak to the American
public.
Gen. Douglas MacArthur
CIVILIAN CONTROL OF THE MILITARY (a
core democratic value)
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Truman responded by firing Douglas
MacArthur from his position for trying
to go above the President’s head in
making decisions.
MacArthur would return to the U.S. as
a hero, and even addressed Congress
upon his return.
Ultimately, Truman was vindicated by
his decision, as evidence of
MacArthur’s statements were made
public challenging Truman.
This is a great example of civilian
control of the military, because we
elect a civilian, the President, to make
final military decisions, not our
generals.
MacArthur and Truman, during
friendlier times
A CEASE FIRE: NO VICTORY
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The 38th parallel line was suggested by the Soviet Union as a
formal dividing line, allowing for two countries to exist in
Korea.
This set up a cease fire agreement, signed by North and
South Korea in July 1953.
There was really no victor here. The U.S. did prevent
communism from spreading to South Korea, but was not able
to get rid of communism in North Korea.
The Korean War also cost the U.S. about $67 billion dollars,
and the loss of 54,000 American soldiers.