Transcript Cold War

p. 127
WHII.13 The student will demonstrate knowledge of major events in the second half of the
twentieth century by
a) explaining key events of the Cold War, including the competition between the American and
Soviet
economic and political systems and the causes of the collapse of communism in the
Soviet Union and Eastern Europe;
b) assessing the impact of nuclear weaponry on patterns of conflict and cooperation since 1945;
c) describing conflicts and revolutionary movements in eastern Asia, including those in China and
Vietnam, and their major leaders, i.e., Mao Tse-tung (Zedong), Chiang Kai-shek, and Ho Chi
Minh;
d) describing major contributions of selected world leaders in the second half of the twentieth
century, including Indira Gandhi, Margaret Thatcher, Mikhail Gorbachev, and Deng Xiaoping.
p. 128
13a Competition between the United States and the U.S.S.R. laid the foundation for the Cold
War.
13a The Cold War influenced the policies of the United States and the U.S.S.R. towards other
nations and
conflicts around the world.
13b The presence of nuclear weapons has influenced patterns of conflict and cooperation since
1945.
13b Communism failed as an economic system in the Soviet Union and elsewhere.
13c Japanese occupation of European colonies in Asia heightened demands for independence
after World
War II.
13c After World War II, the United States pursued a policy of containment against communism.
This policy
included the development of regional alliances against Soviet and
Chinese aggression. The Cold War
led to armed conflict in Korea and Vietnam.
13d World leaders made major contributions to events in the second half of the twentieth
century.
p. 128
13a
What events led to the Cold War?
13a
What were the causes and consequences of the collapse of the Soviet Union?
13b
What was the impact of nuclear weapons?
13c
How did the Cold War influence conflicts in Eastern Asia after World War II?
13c
What was the policy of containment?
13d
play in
What roles did Indira Gandhi, Margaret Thatcher, Mikhail Gorbachev, and Deng Xiaoping
major events in the second half of the twentieth century?
p. 128
1.
The conflicts between the two superpowers played a major role in reshaping the
modern world.
2.
China remains a Communist country and a major player on the world stage.
3.
Today, Vietnam is a Communist country and Korea is split into Communist and
non-Communist nations.
The

First World
friends of the United States
The
Second World
 friends
The
of the Soviet Union
Third World
 those
that support both world
powers
1.
intense rivalry developed between the
United States and the USSR
2. symbolic struggle between the free
enterprise system and communism
1. Tehran Conference
a. 1943– meeting of Stalin, Churchill, and Roosevelt
b. U.S. and Great Britain opened a front in France (D-Day) while
USSR focused on pushing Germany back and occupying
EasternEurope
c. Britain negotiated with Soviets over influence in Greece,
Yugoslavia and Hungry, while U.S. supported selfdetermination for these nations
2.Yalta Conference
a. Feb. 1945 – meeting of Stalin, Churchill, and Roosevelt
b. Churchill and Roosevelt wanted to limit Stalin’s influence in
Eastern Europe, but Stalin wanted a communist government
set up in Poland
c. decision to divide up Germany into four occupation zones
3. Potsdam Conference
a. July 1945 – meeting of Stalin, Churchill, and Truman.
b. War in Europe over, but still going on in the Pacific
c. Stalin had set up communist regimes in Romania, Bulgaria,
Poland, Hungary and Yugoslavia
d. Stalin made it clear that he had no intention of following
regulations set by Yalta conference
4. United Nations General Assembly
a. Met in Paris on December 10, 1948
b. Created the Universal Declaration of Human Rights
c. first global expression of rights to which all human
beings are inherently entitled
1. the Iron Curtain
2. Soviet Union feared invasion
3. established pro-Soviet governments in
Eastern Europe – they were puppets
of the USSR
4. Stalin refused to allow free elections
1. holding back the spread of communism – US becomes protector
2. Truman Doctrine – made American military and financial aid
available to any nation threatened by communism
“ I believe that it must be the policy of the United States to
support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation
by armed minorities or by outside pressures”
1. economic plan to help European countries regain
prosperity through loans (to rebulid)
a. U.S. supports Greece, Turkey, Iran who are under
Soviet pressure
2. European countries had to give control of their
economy to the US
3. USSR refused and made its satellites refuse
4. those who participated experienced great success
1.April 1949 – North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) was formed
by the US and western Europe
a. military alliance in which countries vowed to back each other
up and halt the spread of Soviet Communism
2. 1955 – Soviet Union and its allies signed the Warsaw Pact –
military alliance to counter NATO
1. Britain, France and the US occupied West Germany;
USSR occupied East Germany
a. same with Berlin
2. 1947 – Soviet Union blockaded the city of Berlin
3. June 1948 – USSR blocked all land access from the West into
East Berlin – BERLIN WALL
a. 2 million Berliners depended on the West for aid
3. Allies airlifted supplies for 11 months (Berlin Airlifts)
a. planes landed every 3 minutes
b. USSR lifted its blockade
4. 1953-1961 – more than 3 million East Germans
fled into West Berlin
a. Nikita Khrushchev ordered a wall to be
built – August 13, 1961
b. Berlin Wall – 26 miles long and 15 feet high
c. The wall stopped all emigration
Speech
 Winston
Churchill Iron Curtain speech
1. the Soviet Union detonated their first atomic bomb in 1949
2. Soviets began a mass build up of nuclear weapons believing that a
nuclear war could be fought and won
3. the US began a mass build up in response based on the idea of nuclear
deterrence – each country will have so many nuclear weapons that
neither would risk a war with the other
4. today there are 9 countries
that either have or
are suspected of having
nuclear weapons
a.Russia has 11,000
b.the US has 8,500
 By
the end of 19th century – resistance to the
Qing Dynasty because of territorial losses to
other nations
 Gentry
and Merchants begin joining secret
societies to overthrow the government
 In
defiance many cut off their top knots to
express disgust for their leadership
 Last
 Sun




emperor of China was overthrown
Yat-sen – leader of revolution
Political party – Guomindang or Kuo·min·tang
(National People’s Party)
Tries to establish a republican form of
government
Local warlords continue struggled for power
Welcomes Soviet advisors to organize the
country and members of the newly formed
Chinese Communist Party
 1925
 Party
leadership falls to Jiang Jieshi – better
known as Chiang Kai-shek

Ruled as dictator and wanted to crush all
opponents



Soviets
Communists
Local warlords
 Rival
and leader of the Communist Party –
Mao Zedong arose

Pursued Mao’s army across china and forced him
to go into hiding
1.
civil war after World War II
2.
Communists (led by Mao Zedong)
v.
Nationalists (led by Chiang Kai-shek)
3.
Communists won and renamed China the People’s Republic of China
4. Nationalists fled to Taiwan (still there today)
a. there are two Chinese Countries – China and Taiwan
b. still a lot of conflict between the two today
5. communism appealed to the people of China
1.
Soviet Model ( 1949-1957)
a. supported by money from USSR
b. Reforms:
1. Land Reform = redistribution of
property from rich to poor and
increasing productivity
2. Civil Reform = free ppl from Opium
addiction, enhance women’s rights
(free from arranged marriages)
3. Five Year Plans = soviet style plans to
nationalize industry and
collectivize agriculture
2. The Great Leap Forward (1958-1966)
a. changed directions to free self from USSR
b. Utopian effort to transform China into a more equal
society
c. Reforms:
1. All around development = emphases
industry and agriculture
2. Mass mobilization = get population to be
productive – harder work, less
unemployment
3. Political zeal =party workers run
government, not bureaucrats. Job of
party workers to motivate people
4. Decentralization = stronger governments at
local level, less central government
control
3. Cultural Revolution
a. reform for political and social change
b. Purify country through radical change
c. Reforms:
1. Get rid of Old China= bureaucracy and
inequality
- scholars sent to field to work
- libraries and universities
destroyed
- emphasis on literacy
- RIGHTS FOR WOMEN = ban of foot
binding, equal education and
career opportunities
* Mao’s wife = Jiang Qing led changes
Death leaves three factions of society:
- Radicals = Led by Jiang Qing (wife) supports
radical goals of Cultural Revolution
- Military = Led by Lin Biao, strong because of
continued conflict and need for military
force during 20th century struggles
- Moderates = led by Zhou Enlai, emphasized
economic modernization with limited
contact with other countries
1.
2.
1978 – takes over from Moderate faction
Policies:
a. “Open door” trade = trade encouraged with
everyone to boost China’s economy
b. Education reforms = higher academic
standards and expansion of higher
education (opposite of Cultural
Revolution)
c. Institutionalization = legal system and
bureaucracy of Old China are restored,
government decentralized , elections
modified, capitalism infused
1. was freed from Japan after WWII
2. “limited war” - war that was regionalized
3. China with support from USSR (communist) occupied top
half to 38th Parallel; US, France and Britain (democratic)
occupied bottom half
4. North Korea – capital at Pyongyang
5. South Korea – capital at Seoul
1. North declared war on the South in order to unite all of
Korea
2. UN supported the South (led mostly by the US)
a. US was trying to stop the spread of communism
3. China and USSR supported the North
a. China became involved when it thought the North
would lose
4. 1953 – Korean War ended with no one winning
(still split at the 38th parallel)
38th
Parallel
1. Japanese withdrew and France tried to reestablish
control
2. Ho Chi Minh led the Vietminh (communists) in a struggle
against the French
3. communists won in the north and established a
communist government – French left Vietnam
4. U.S. supported free elections in South Eisenhower
helped fund government in the south
5. Vietnam divided along 17th Parallel – North was
Communist, South was pro- Western
China
Laos
Thailand
Cambodia
Vietnam
1. Ho Chi Minh was popular in north and south
2. Ngo Dinh Diem (south’s leader) was unpopular
a. Viet Cong (communist revolutionaries in the South) politically fought
Diem
b. the US backed Diem and his government and sent in troops
(Kennedy)
3. Diem is killed and Minh wanted to unite all of Vietnam
4. US opposed unification according to a domino theory
a. domino theory – if Vietnam fell to communism, then other countries
in South East Asia would fall to communism
5. early 1960 – US sent 16,000 advisors to help the South (JFK)
a. March 1965 – 500,000 US troops in the South (LBJ)
6. China and USSR sent aid and weapons to communists, but no
troops
7. US suffered heavily at the hands of the North Vietnamese and
anti-war movements began taking place in U.S.
8. a ceasefire was called and the US withdrew all forces in 1973
9.1975 – North attacked the South again and united Vietnam
into one communist country
1. 1956 – Fidel Castro began attacking the Cuban government
2. took control of Cuba on January 1, 1959
3. kicked out American businesses
4. US stopped buying Cuban sugar so they sold it to the USSR
5. USSR and Cuba create partnership
Less than 100 miles
Castro
1.Bay of Pigs -- April 17, 1961
2.US trained 1,500 Cuban exiles to return to Cuba and
overthrow Castro
3.Castro was ready and invasion failed
1. Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev began building missile bases on Cuba
2. US President John F. Kennedy ordered 200+ US warships to blockade Cuba
3. US placed missile in Turkey aimed at Soviet Union
4. the closest the world came to all-out nuclear war
5. Khrushchev agreed to dismantle the missiles if US never attack Cuba again
JFK Speech
May Day Parade
1. no longer supported by Russia
2. still tense relations between the US and Cuba
1. 1963 Britain, U.S. and Soviet Union ban testing
of nuclear weapons on land, under water and
in space.
2. Treaty limits further development of nuclear
weapons
a. Signed by 137 countries in 1968
1.
Both USSR and US competed to in
launching space satellites
1.
USSR successful – Sputnik in 1957
2.
Race continued through the 1960s
3.
US lands on the moon 1969
1. NATO v. the Warsaw Pact
2. Germany and Berlin Airlifts
3. Korean Conflict
4. Vietnam War
5. Cuban Missile Crisis
6.Nuclear weapons and the theory of deterrence