Transcript Cold
COLD WAR Truman in office COLD WAR Post War Europe devastated in ruins Learned from Treaty of Versailles. COLD WAR State of the world No European country not devastated or least damage by war COLD WAR Agriculture Industry Transportation In ruins COLD WAR What does Europe have in favor for a quicker recovery than a third world nation? COLD WAR United States never bombed emerged as only real power in the world COLD WAR Soviet Union Weak and in disarray COLD WAR United States is in no immediate danger of Soviet Union COLD WAR U. S. is in fear of Communist Aggression Spread of Communist ideology spreading COLD WAR Soviets feared “Capitalist encirclement” COLD WAR Climate of mutual distrust COLD WAR Occupied Germany Divided into 4 sectors France, Great Britain, Russia and the United States Cold War COLD WAR Berlin Capital of country located in Russian sector City divided into the same 4 vectors COLD WAR Truman stance “We must stand up to the Russians” COLD WAR Terms of Germany Post war Disarm country Dismantle military factories COLD WAR Goal was to rebuild German industry not military COLD WAR Unified Germany presents a problem to Soviet Union Traditional enemy of Russia COLD WAR Such concern about rebuilding of Germany Soviets built “buffer countries” COLD WAR Set up puppet governments in Poland, Hungary, Romania, and Bulgaria COLD WAR Soviet influence in Eastern Europe became a serious problem for west COLD WAR Economic devastation in Europe could equal opportunity for communism to spread COLD WAR United States developed policy of Containment COLD WAR George F. Kennan credited with policy Containment 3 points COLD WAR Identify Soviets as an evil expansionist Rallying cry to back the president Peacetime military build up COLD WAR Crisis Greek communist guerillas launched a revolution against elected government of Greece COLD WAR United States feared Communist take over Not aligned with Soviet Union Concerned spread of communism COLD WAR United States provided no military assistance Gave aid to Greek government and threat eased COLD WAR Truman Doctrine Military and economical relief to any country beginnings of “domino theory” COLD WAR To stop the spread of communism National Securities Act Established Department of Defense COLD WAR National Security Council Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) Atomic Energy Commission COLD WAR Development of atomic energy and weapons Executive power and policy making shifted COLD WAR Marshall Plan History was not repeated United States offered massive aid to rebuild Europe COLD WAR By offering aid and assistance Marshall plan attempted to make communism less attractive to western Europe COLD WAR BERLIN AIRLIFT France, Britain and United States fused their sectors of Berlin Deep within Eastern sector of Germany controlled by Soviets COLD WAR Economic recovery was progressing in West Berlin Soviets alarmed blockaded rivers, highways and rails COLD WAR Attempted to starve the city Truman responded with an airlift of supplies to West Berlin COLD WAR Cold War confrontation Situation is resolved militarily without a shot being fired at each other directly COLD WAR NATO In response to Soviet aggression Free nations of Europe and United States COLD WAR Formed military alliance NATO Peacetime military alliance COLD WAR Soviet Union responded with Warsaw Pact Eastern Europe and Soviet Union Military pact COLD WAR Two sides aligned by alliances Different economic and political systems Both wary of each other former allies COLD WAR Will enter into a “war” with no direct shots fired at each other COLD WAR China Revolution by MaoTse Tung COLD WAR Communist revolution deposed United States backed Government of Chaing Kai-shek COLD WAR Revolution led to two Chinas Taiwan (Nationalist Supported by United States) COLD WAR Mainland China Ruled by Mao and Communists COLD WAR Feeling in the United States was containment failed Led to a rise in anticommunists feeling in the government COLD WAR Soviet Expansion Capitalistic Encirclement Buffer Countries Divided Germany Iron Curtain Truman Doctrine Containment MARSHALL PLAN COLD WAR Korea Japan ruled Korea from 1910 until 1945 COLD WAR After World War II Japan surrendered North th Korea above the 38 parallel to the Soviets COLD WAR After World War II Japan surrendered South Korea below th the 38 parallel to the United States COLD WAR North Korea backed by Soviets South Korea backed by the United States ` COLD WAR June 25, 1950 North Korea attacked and invaded South Korea United Nations COLD WAR Became an United Nations “police action” Soviets union boycotted Security Council vote to send troops to Korea COLD WAR 16 nations sent troops Majority of troops were from United States. COLD WAR Douglas MacArthur placed in charge of combined forces Details of fighting in Korea COLD WAR U N forces Counter attacked pushed North back to Yalu river Looked as if the North would be defeated COLD WAR China organized an attack of over 300,000 troops forced United Nations th forced back to 38 parallel COLD WAR Communist forces retook Seoul American forces countered and drove forces back to the th 38 parallel COLD WAR Korean War became a stalemate The alternative would have been an all out war with China COLD WAR Omar Bradley Chairman of the Joint Chief of Staffs Called a war with China COLD WAR “the wrong war at the wrong place at the wrong time with the wrong enemy” COLD WAR MacArthur vs. Truman Asia was more important than Europe according to MacArthur COLD WAR MacArthur tried to have Taiwan revolt against China COLD WAR Sent a letter to Congress urging a complete victory in Korea COLD WAR Complete contradiction of Truman’s policy Republicans tried to undermine Truman to gain in elections COLD WAR Backfired Truman “relieved” MacArthur of his command At stake was civilian control of the military COLD WAR Korea dragged on with no apparent winner Armistice was signed (Cease Fire) No treaty technically we are still at “war” with Korea KOREA YALU RIVER POLICE ACTION SECURITY Council Stalemate COLD WAR AGE OF SUSPICION AGE OF SUSPICION COMMUNISM NOT POPULAR IN UNITED STATES STALIN PURGES ALLIED WITH RUSSIA WWII AGE OF SUSPICION AFTER WWII MEMBERSHIP DROPPED LOYALITY QUESTIONED LOYALITY REVIEW BOARD AGE OF SUSPICION 12,000 FIRED, 5,000 QUIT http://www.gototem.com/Webgifs/ClipArt/Cartoons/Youre_Fired.GIF AGE OF SUSPICION HUAC http://images.search.yahoo.com/search/images?p=HUAC&ei=UTF-8&fr=FP-tab-img-t&x=wrt AGE OF SUSPICION HOUSE COMMITTEE ON UN-AMERICAN ACTIVITES CONCENTRATED ON HOLLYWOOD AGE OF SUSPICION HOLLYWOOD 10 http://www.moderntimes.com/palace/ten.jpg AGE OF SUSPICION Question asked: “are you now or ever been a member of the communist party or fellow traveler” AGE OF SUSPICION Fellow traveler = sympathetic but to communism but not a party member Some refused to answer other accused colleagues or fellow writers or actors of Communists AGE OF SUSPICION Some refused to answer Studios took this as an admission of guilt Careers were ruined AGE OF SUSPICION 1948 Alger Hiss Spy Trial http://www.wilsonsalmanac.com/images1/hiss.jpg Alger Hiss AGE OF SUSPICION Whitaker Chambers accused Hiss of spying for Russia in 1937 Whitaker Chambers http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/hiss/chambersh.jpg AGE OF SUSPICION Statue of limitations had run out on spying charges Convicted Hiss of perjury Perjury= The deliberate, willful giving of false, misleading, or incomplete testimony under oath. AGE OF SUSPICION Led to the suspicion of Communist in government Future president Richard Nixon a 1st year Congressman http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/hiss/nixonfilm.jpg AGE OF SUSPICION Led the hearing in HUAC against Hiss http://digitalcurriculum.com AGE OF SUSPICION Rosenberg Trial 1949 Russia test A-bomb Years before U.S. thought possible AGE OF SUSPICION 1950 Klaus Fuchs confessed to spying and giving nuclear secrets to Russians http://images.search.yahoo.com/search/images?p=Klaus+Fuchs&ei=UTF-8&x=wrt AGE OF SUSPICION Implicated Julius and Ethel Rosenberg •http://www.npr.org/programs/totn/photos/r osenbergs140.jpg AGE OF SUSPICION 1951 Ethel and Julius Rosenberg were tried convicted sentenced and executed for spying First civilians executed for espionage in United States AGE OF SUSPICION Executed prison at Sing Sing AGE OF SUSPICION 1950 McCarthyism Senator Joe McCarthy http://www.english.uiuc.edu/maps/mccarthy/j-mccarthy.jpg AGE OF SUSPICION Undistinguished from Wisconsin Senator AGE OF SUSPICION Speech in West Virginia “in my hand I have a list of 205 Communists in the State Department” No proof AGE OF SUSPICION Blamed victory on Mao in China Communists involvement in State Department AGE OF SUSPICION Hearings went on for 4 years Accused Russia running State Department McCarran – Walker Act Lifted Japanese internment but banned Communist from immigrating to U.S. AGE OF SUSPICION President Eisenhower did not agree but did not speak out against “was not going to get in the gutter with that guy” AGE OF SUSPICION Ruin careers of many in State department AGE OF SUSPICION END OF MCCARTHYISM Took on army and accused George Marshall McCarthy aides was drafted not promoted Claimed army was “Communist” AGE OF SUSPICION AGE OF SUSPICION Army-McCarthy hearings AGE OF SUSPICION Televised hearings AGE OF SUSPICION Nation “bully” saw McCarthy as a AGE OF SUSPICION Senate censored McCarthy “for Tending to bring the Senate into dishonor and disrepute” AGE OF SUSPICION Career over He died three years later from Alcoholism and died a broken man Loyalty oath Hollywood 10 Fellow Traveler Alger Hiss Rosenbergs COLD WAR NSC-68 September 1949 Rise in radioactivity in Soviet Union Soviets now had COLD WAR NSC-68 recommended In response to nuclear armed Soviets COLD WAR 1. Development of hydrogen bomb 2. Increase of ground forces and strong alliances COLD WAR 3. Build up defensive weapons to surpass the Soviets COLD WAR 4.Became the policy of the United States to be in a constant state of mobilization whether at war or not Radio Activity TWO NATIONS LIVE ON THE EDGE TWO NATIONS LIVING ON THE EDGE BRINKMANSHIP WILLINGNESS TO GO TO ALLOUT WAR IN CRISIS BEGAN WITH SOVIETS GETTING A-BOMB TWO NATIONS LIVING ON THE EDGE BRINKMANSHIP Soviets will follow with same policy TWO NATIONS LIVING ON THE EDGE John Foster Dulles TWO NATIONS LIVING ON THE EDGE President Eisenhower TWO NATIONS LIVE ON THE EDGE Policy of Brinkmanship became policy of United States along with containment TWO NATIONS LIVING ON THE EDGE Dulles believed Communism was a moral crusade TWO NATIONS LIVING ON THE EDGE Massive Retaliation MAD Mutually Assured Destruction TWO NATIONS LIVING ON THE EDGE RACE BOMB FOR HYDROGEN TWO NATIONS LIVING ON THE EDGE NOVEMBER 1 1952 UNITED STATES TESTED 1ST H-BOMB TWO NATIONS LIVING ON THE EDGE SOVIETS TESTED 1ST BOMB AUGUST , 1953 TWO NATIONS LIVING ON THE EDGE Hungarian Uprising 1956 Imre Nagy Liberal Communist TWO NATIONS LIVING ON THE EDGE Nagy called for Democratic Government Free elections TWO NATIONS LIVING ON THE EDGE Backed out of Warsaw Pact Demanded Soviet Troops leave TWO NATIONS LIVING ON THE EDGE Soviet Response was quick and brutal November 1956 Tanks rolled into Hungary TWO NATIONS LIVING ON THE EDGE 30,000 Hungarians fought with Pistols and Bottles Put up barricades in streets TWO NATIONS LIVING ON THE EDGE Put up valiant fight TWO NATIONS LIVING ON THE EDGE Soviets easily crushed the revolution Replaced Nagy with ProSoviet Government TWO NATIONS LIVING ON THE EDGE Nagy was executed 700,00 fled Hungary to the west TWO NATIONS LIVING ON THE EDGE Truman and Eisenhower Doctrines both should have given the U S the support to help Hungary Stated U. S. will help any country that wanted to be democratic Hungary was in Soviet Block TWO NATIONS LIVING ON THE EDGE Containment over ruled Truman and Eisenhower Doctrines U. S. did nothing 1950’s Culture Eisenhower Administration made decision to build Interstate Highway system Built primarily for Military TWO NATIONS LIVING ON THE EDGE Space race Russian launched Sputnik First satellite to orbit earth TWO NATIONS LIVING ON THE EDGE TWO NATIONS LIVING ON THE EDGE Caused panic in United States United States attempts to launch satellite unsuccessful TWO NATIONS LIVING ON THE EDGE TWO NATIONS LIVING ON THE EDGE Unites States finally successful Image was U. S. was behind the Soviets in race for space TWO NATIONS LIVING ON THE EDGE U-2 incident TWO NATIONS LIVING ON THE EDGE Soviets rejected “open Skies” CIA Flights over Soviet Union Using U-2 Eisenhower wanted flights stopped TWO NATIONS LIVING ON THE EDGE Afraid it would ruin effectiveness Francis Gary Powers U-2 plane was shot down TWO NATIONS LIVING ON THE EDGE TWO NATIONS LIVING ON THE EDGE Eisenhower and Khrushchev were to meet in another summit Eisenhower at first denied Russia wanted an apology TWO NATIONS LIVING ON THE EDGE Eisenhower agreed to stop flights But refused to apologize Summit was cancelled TWO NATIONS LIVING ON THE EDGE Eisenhower warned the nation about becoming a military industrial complex KENNEDY AND THE COLD WAR Election 1960 of KENNEDY AND THE COLD WAR CANDIDATES RICHARD NIXON REPUBLICAN KENNEDY AND THE COLD WAR DEMOCRAT JOHN F. KENNEDY KENNEDY AND THE COLD WAR SIMILARITIES VETERANS IN WORLD WAR II Both rising in party KENNEDY AND THE COLD WAR Both were Senators Kennedy Massachusetts Nixon California KENNEDY AND THE COLD WAR Nixon however was Vice-President KENNEDY AND THE COLD WAR Kennedy came from a wealthy family Joseph (father) made his fortune in stock market KENNEDY AND THE COLD WAR And bootlegging whiskey during prohibition KENNEDY AND THE COLD WAR Joe Kennedy was oldest son he was the chosen son to run for President. KENNEDY AND THE COLD WAR Killed War II during World KENNEDY AND THE COLD WAR Campaign: Kennedy was Catholic Became an issue KENNEDY AND THE COLD WAR Concern Kennedy would be guided by the Pope KENNEDY AND THE COLD WAR Kennedy calmed fears By openly discussing the issue KENNEDY AND THE COLD WAR Kennedy was 43 years old Too inexperienced KENNEDY AND THE COLD WAR Televised st 1 time Kennedy Debates was well coached by television producers KENNEDY AND THE COLD WAR Nixon looked haggard Just got out of hospital was still sick KENNEDY AND THE COLD WAR Kennedy's youthful appearance served him well KENNEDY AND THE COLD WAR People watching debate on television felt Kennedy won KENNEDY AND THE COLD WAR People listening to debate on the radio felt Nixon won KENNEDY AND THE COLD WAR Election results Kennedy won by 120,000 votes Illinois was key KENNEDY AND THE COLD WAR Kennedy was the first Catholic President Youngest president ever elected 43 years old FIGHTING THE COLD WAR MASSIVE REALITATION EISENHOWER’S POLICY TOWARDS SOVIETS FIGHTING THE COLD WAR Kennedy thought small disagreements or conflicts were not worth going to war over FIGHTING THE COLD WAR Nation had become dependent on Nuclear weapons FIGHTING THE COLD WAR Kennedy proposed a new strategy More troops to fight He did expand nuclear weapons FIGHTING THE COLD WAR Created elite branch of the service Green Berets FIGHTING THE COLD WAR Allow United States to fight limited wars Flexible Response FIGHTING THE COLD WAR Castro has taken over Cuba Communist regime 90 miles from United States FIGHTING THE COLD WAR Cuban émigré’s in the United States invaded Cuba Émigré's were going to incite a revolution and overthrow Castro Castro's forces repelled attack Kennedy refused air support doomed invasion All invaders were captured or killed Major embarrassment for Kennedy Kennedy took full responsibility for failure Russia and Khrushchev thought Kennedy weak and indecisive FIGHTING THE COLD WAR Berlin divided city Thousands leaving East Berlin to West FIGHTING THE COLD WAR Khrushchev and Russia ordered wall to be built FIGHTING THE COLD WAR Although there was a confrontation at Checkpoint Charlie between U.S and Soviet tanks FIGHTING THE COLD WAR Even though Kennedy responded with reservist activation FIGHTING THE COLD WAR And Russia backed down at Checkpoint Charlie It was perceived by the Russians Kennedy did nothing about the FIGHTING THE COLD WAR Khrushchev believed Kennedy to be inexperienced FIGHTING THE COLD WAR Appeared again to Russia and Khrushchev Kennedy was weak and not willing to respond to events CUBAN MISSLE CRISIS October 14-October 28 1962 CUBAN MISSLE CRISIS Kennedy, Khrushchev, Castro FIGHTING THE COLD WAR Missiles discovered by U-2 Surveillance planes FIGHTING THE COLD WAR 90 miles from United States Missiles now 5 minutes away from united States FIGHTING THE COLD WAR Kennedy and ex-com proposed responses 4 options FIGHTING THE COLD WAR OPTION 1 Surgical strikes air FIGHTING THE COLD WAR OPTION 2 Tactical strikes air FIGHTING THE COLD WAR OPTION 2 Followed by invasion of Cuba FIGHTING THE COLD WAR OPTION 3 Blockade of Cuba FIGHTING THE COLD WAR OPTION 4 Negotiations X-COMM Robert F Kennedy –Attorney General X-COMM Robert McNamara Secretary of Defense Dean Rusk Secretary of State McGEORGE BUNDY National Security Advisor Adlai Stevenson Ambassador to the United States Air Force Curtis LeMay Chief of Staff United Dean Acheson Advisor to Ex-Com Republican Advisor to President Eisenhower Advisor and Speech writer for JFK Ted Sorenson FIGHTING THE COLD WAR Blockade was chosen as solution Kennedy addressed Nation FIGHTING THE COLD WAR Brinkmanship Ships stopped “looks like someone blinked” FIGHTING THE COLD WAR U S received a telegram from Russia stating the Russian would withdraw weapons FIGHTING THE COLD WAR If United States agreed not to invade Cuba FIGHTING THE COLD WAR Next day the U S received another message this one stronger called for removing missiles from Turkey FIGHTING THE COLD WAR Kennedy ignored second message agreed to first FIGHTING THE COLD WAR Crisis eased but not before the two Super Powers were so close to World War III FIGHTING THE COLD WAR Kennedy did agree secretly to remove obsolete missiles from Turkey six months later VIETNAM November 22,1963 Kennedy is assassinated in Dallas Texas http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=8598236943704944166 VIETNAM VIETNAM Lyndon B Johnson is now President LX Election of 1960 Richard Nixon John Kennedy OF Bay of Pigs Fidel Castro Nikita Khrushchev Berlin Wall Cuban Crisis Missile VIETNAM VIETNAM From 1800’s till 1940 France ruled Indochina Became known as French Indochina Vietnam Cambodia Laos VIETNAM Opposition fled to China Regrouped under leadership of Ho Chi Minh VIETNAM 1940 Japan took control of Indochina After war France and Ho Chi Minh fought for control of Vietnam VIETNAM 1950 United States entered conflict in Vietnam Monetary aid 15 million dollars VIETNAM Domino Theory VIETNAM If one falls the rest will fall Relate to Cold War If Vietnam fell next Cambodia Thailand Laos Indonesia ??Australia?? VIETNAM France was not successful in fighting guerilla war Final battle at Dien Bien Phu VIETNAM VIETNAM Geneva Accord VIETNAM Divided Vietnam th 17 parallel Communist North Ho Chi Minh Anti-Communist South Ngo Dinh Diem VIETNAM VIETNAM In 2 years National Elections were to be held United States believed that 80% would vote for Ho Chi Minh VIETNAM United States supported cancellation of elections Supported Diem VIETNAM Diem was corrupt and abusive leader Devout Catholic minority in a largely Buddhist country Persecuted any of the old Vietminh VIETNAM 1957 communist opposition to Diem formed National Liberation Front Became known as Vietcong VIETNAM Ho Chi Minh supported the Vietcong with supplies Used the Ho Chi Minh Trail VIETNAM Kennedy and Vietnam Democrats were accused of being “soft on Communism” VIETNAM Kennedy supported Diem’s government with money and 16,000 “advisors” Problem for Kennedy Diem was oppressive to majority religion of Buddhism VIETNAM Buddhist monks protested by public suicides VIETNAM VIETNAM VIETNAM Setting themselves on fire to protest imprisonment of Monks and destruction of Temples by Diem VIETNAM 1963 Vietnam was becoming very unstable Diem refused to listen to United States to ease up on persecutions Diem had to go Military coup Kennedy approved VIETNAM Coup was successful Diem refused to leave He was killed against Kennedy’s wishes VIETNAM November 1, 1963 VIETNAM WAR EXPANDS Some say Kennedy was going to get out of Vietnam Debatable as to whether he could have left He thought it was “their war” VIETNAM Johnson Appeasement not an option in Vietnam Johnson view if Vietnam fell United States would be ineffective elsewhere VIETNAM August 2, 1964 VIETNAM North Vietnamese patrol boat Fired a torpedo on American Destroyer Maddox VIETNAM VIETNAM August 4, 1964 Maddox reported to being fired on again Bad weather and low visibility Crew reported not seeing or hearing gunfire VIETNAM Johnson retaliated by Bombing North Vietnam VIETNAM Johnson went to Congress for additional powers VIETNAM RESOLUTION STATED “President will be able to use all measures to repel any armed attack against the United States” VIETNAM August 7, 1964 Gulf of Tonkin Resolution passed Gave Johnson and future presidents the ability to escalate VIETNAM Conflict in Vietnam without a formal Declaration of War VIETNAM Johnson had wanted to be able to escalate war just waiting for an event to push the resolution through VIETNAM February 1965 Johnson initiated “Operation Rolling Thunder” VIETNAM 1st sustained bombing Of North Vietnam VIETNAM By June of 1965 troop strength in Vietnam was 50,000 troops The war was now Americanized VIETNAM AND AMERICA ESCALATION IN THE WAR VIETNAM AND AMERICA ESCALATION IN THE WAR Initially war was popular 61% of American people supported the war Johnson was reluctant to send additional troops to Vietnam VIETNAM AND AMERICA ESCALATION IN THE WAR Containment and Domino Theory was still number 1 Foreign Policy of the United States VIETNAM AND AMERICA ESCALATION IN THE WAR Robert McNamara Secretary of Defense VIETNAM AND AMERICA ESCALATION IN THE WAR Dean State Rusk Secretary of VIETNAM AND AMERICA ESCALATION IN THE WAR Argued to sent more troops to Vietnam Not unanimous VIETNAM AND AMERICA ESCALATION IN THE WAR George Ball Was against military build up VIETNAM AND AMERICA ESCALATION IN THE WAR McNamara and Rusk along with commander of the Vietnam troops General William Westmoreland VIETNAM AND AMERICA ESCALATION IN THE WAR VIETNAM AND AMERICA ESCALATION IN THE WAR Convinced Johnson to escalate troop strength By end of 1965 American troop strength was 180,000 troops VIETNAM AND AMERICA ESCALATION IN THE WAR Westmoreland believed that South Vietnam Army could not stand up to Vietcong As escalation continued it became an American War VIETNAM AND AMERICA ESCALATION IN THE WAR By 1967 500,000 American troops were in Vietnam VIETNAM AND AMERICA ESCALATION IN THE WAR THE WAR Not a conventional war Guerilla warfare Jungle fighting VIETNAM AND AMERICA ESCALATION IN THE WAR Tactics of Vietcong Hit and Run tactics Mines Booby traps VIETNAM AND AMERICA ESCALATION IN THE WAR Friends by day enemy by night Vietcong had a sophisticated tunnel systems VIETNAM AND AMERICA ESCALATION IN THE WAR VIETNAM AND AMERICA ESCALATION IN THE WAR Tunnels included Kitchens Sleep quarters Medical facilities False tunnels VIETNAM AND AMERICA ESCALATION IN THE WAR Able to hide and limited the effects of American bombing VIETNAM AND AMERICA ESCALATION IN THE WAR Provided easy escape Tunnels were sustainable and hard to locate Distinct advantage to Vietcong VIETNAM AND AMERICA ESCALATION IN THE WAR World War I and World War II Both had major battles Vietnam had some but majority were Quick strikes hit and run VIETNAM AND AMERICA ESCALATION IN THE WAR United States military and government believed that U.S. military forces could wear down the North Vietnamese and they would quit VIETNAM AND AMERICA ESCALATION IN THE WAR Just the opposite as Vietcong or North Vietnamese casualties rose Their will became stronger VIETNAM AND AMERICA ESCALATION IN THE WAR McNamara was astonished that the North Vietnamese could withstand the onslaught of the American military VIETNAM AND AMERICA ESCALATION IN THE WAR Westmoreland stated U S was winning the military battles For the United States it was a military conflict to the Vietnamese it was a battle for survival VIETNAM AND AMERICA ESCALATION IN THE WAR North Vietnam would pay any price for victory VIETNAM AND AMERICA ESCALATION IN THE WAR Battle for Hearts and Minds of Vietnam people Get the South Vietnamese villagers to side with U.S. Guerillas would have no place to hide VIETNAM AND AMERICA ESCALATION IN THE WAR Military struggle vs. fight for survival Also united States step up bombing VIETNAM AND AMERICA ESCALATION IN THE WAR Napalm gasoline based bomb that set fire to jungle To expose Tunnels and reduce foliage Agent Orange VIETNAM AND AMERICA ESCALATION IN THE WAR VIETNAM AND AMERICA ESCALATION IN THE WAR Agent Orange was used to destroy the jungle and expose troops It was effective but later soldiers developed cancer VIETNAM AND AMERICA ESCALATION IN THE WAR VIETNAM AND AMERICA ESCALATION IN THE WAR Quagmire Despite military victories Search and destroy missions War waged on with no end in sight VIETNAM AND AMERICA ESCALATION IN THE WAR Morale in ranks of soldiers became evident Frustration of fighting for in a war that some thought had no cause for America VIETNAM AND AMERICA ESCALATION IN THE WAR Alcohol, drugs, became a problem Some soldiers would shoot their own officers rather than follow orders VIETNAM AND AMERICA ESCALATION IN THE WAR The effects of fighting a conventional war against a non conventional enemy VIETNAM AND AMERICA ESCALATION IN THE WAR North Vietnam was receiving aid from Russia and China VIETNAM AND AMERICA ESCALATION IN THE WAR Vietnam was the Cold War philosophy United States and Russia fighting a war against each other but not firing a shot directly at each other VIETNAM AND AMERICA ESCALATION IN THE WAR Ho Chi Minh believed that they could outlast the United States once the American people got fed up with casualties on the U.S. side VIETNAM AND AMERICA ESCALATION IN THE WAR Crossroads for Vietnam 1968 1968 McNamara resigned in 1967 Confused Infiltration reduced Casualties high But no progress 1968 Johnson caught in the middle Doves = Withdraw Hawks = Not doing enough VIETNAM AND AMERICA ESCALATION IN THE WAR TET OFFENISIVE JANUARY 31. 1968 First day of the Vietnamese New Year VIETNAM AND AMERICA ESCALATION IN THE WAR North Vietnam launched a massive and coordinated attack on South Vietnam major cities Attacks were brutal and quick VIETNAM AND AMERICA ESCALATION IN THE WAR Hue (South Vietnam city) was overrun by Vietcong North Vietnamese were relentless rounded up supporters of South Vietnam were murdered by the Vietcong VIETNAM AND AMERICA ESCALATION IN THE WAR Saigon was attacked Initial victories by North Vietnamese including American Embassy VIETNAM AND AMERICA ESCALATION IN THE WAR United States forces repelled attack regain Embassy North Vietnamese casualties were astronomical VIETNAM AND AMERICA ESCALATION IN THE WAR A major factor in the Tet offensive was TELEVISION The battle and the war was brought home to America’s living room VIETNAM AND AMERICA ESCALATION IN THE WAR Instant results of war to America Casualties mounted VIETNAM AND AMERICA ESCALATION IN THE WAR One event stood out A South Vietnam officer took a North Vietnamese solider into the street put a pistol to his head and shot him It was caught by a photographer VIETNAM AND AMERICA ESCALATION IN THE WAR South Vietnamese sources state that Lém commanded a Viet Cong death squad, which on that day had murdered South Vietnamese National Police officers, or in their stead, the police officers' families; these sources said that Lém was captured near the site of a ditch holding as many as thirtyfour bound and shot bodies of police and their relatives, some of whom were the families of General Nguyễn's deputy and close friend, and six of whom were Nguyễn's godchildren. Photographer Adams confirmed the South Vietnamese account, although he was only present for the execution. Lém's widow confirmed that her husband was a member of the Viet Cong and she did not see him after the Tet Offensive began. Shortly after the execution, a South Vietnamese official who had not been present said that Lém was only a political operative. [6] VIETNAM AND AMERICA ESCALATION IN THE WAR Also North Vietnamese were brutal Tortured American POWS VIETNAM AND AMERICA ESCALATION IN THE WAR The Tet offensive was a military victory for the United States A psychological victory for the North Vietnamese VIETNAM AND AMERICA ESCALATION IN THE WAR BUT VIETNAM AND AMERICA ESCALATION IN THE WAR The brutality of the war and the beginning of the feeling there was no way out of the war from the Tet offensive VIETNAM AND AMERICA ESCALATION IN THE WAR It was a political defeat for Johnson It became the political turning point of the war VIETNAM AND AMERICA ESCALATION IN THE WAR Fighting the war became a two front war for Johnson The war in Vietnam was a quagmire with no victory in sight VIETNAM AND AMERICA ESCALATION IN THE WAR And the war or protests against the war at home Protest and turmoil will boil over in 1968 1968 HIPPIES - ANTI WAR 1968 Hawks Doves 1968 Hawks not war mongers but supported all out military victory in Vietnam Doves supported ending the war and getting out of Vietnam quickly 1968 New Left Demanded Changes Old Left 1930’s pushed towards Communism 1968 Students for a Democratic Society Tom Hayden Corporations and Government Institutions 1968 Taken over the society 1968 Campus Activism Protested dress code mandatory ROTC 1968 1965 first organized march on Washington 20,000 Johnson changed deferment policy 1968 Students must be good academic standards to continue deferment 1968 SDS preached disobedience Disrupting Selective Service System 1968 Four reasons students felt the war was unjust 1. Civil War 2. South Vietnam government was just as oppressive as the North 1968 3. United States could not police the entire world 4. Morally unjust 1968 Protests songs became popular Phil Ochs Peter Paul Mary Bob Dylan Joan Baez Barry McGuire 1968 Protest to resistance Options Refuse to serve Flee to Canada 1968 1967 another peace demonstration 75,000 in Washington Compare and Contrast the differences between protest in Vietnam and Iraq 1968 Pro Vietnam war America Love it or leave it 1968 Eugene McCarthy 1968 McCarthy defeated President Johnson in the New Hampshire primary Johnson told the nation 1968 1968 “I will not seek I will not accept the nomination of my party for another term as your president” 1968 Democratic Party looked for another candidate Robert F Kennedy declined to run 1968 1968 1968 George McGovern 1968 “On to Chicago” 1968 1968 RFK Funeral Train 1968 Some truly believe that the Nations hopes were again ended by an assassins bullet 1968 My brother need not be idealized, or enlarged in death beyond what he was in life, to be remembered simply as a good and decent man, who saw wrong and tried to right it, saw suffering and tried to heal it, saw war As he said many times, in many parts of this nation, to those he touched and who sought to touch him: “Some men see things as they are and say why. I dream things that never were and say why not.” 1968 1968 1968 1968 Democratic Convention 1968 1968 1968 " 1968 Gestapo tactics." Photo by Gary Settle, August 28, 1968. Mayor Richard J. Daley and son Richard M. Daley jeer Sen. Abraham Ribicoff at the Democratic National Convention as he criticizes Chicago "Gestapo" tactics. Images © Chicago Sun-Times 1968 Election of 1968 1968 1968 NEW PRESIDENT Richard M. Nixon End of War and Legacy End of War and Legacy Vietnamization of war Withdrawal of American forces / Escalation End of War and Legacy Talks began with North Vietnamese Requirement of withdrawal All North Vietnamese troops must leave South End of War and Legacy August 1969 first reduction of troops 25,000 Over next three years troop strength will be down to 25,000 End of War and Legacy Goal of Nixon’s Peace “Peace with Honor” Maintain U.S. dignity Henry Kissinger National Security Advisor End of War and Legacy End of War and Legacy Peace talks continued Massive bombing on the North continued Major targets were supply routes End of War and Legacy Frustrations and emotions build up Village of My Lai March 16,1968 End of War and Legacy Lt William Calley End of War and Legacy 200 to 300 civilians killed by Charlie Company Vietcong stronghold Frustration build up End of War and Legacy Unable to find enemy End of War and Legacy Numerous members of Charlie Company were killed or wounded in the area Again frustrations build up End of War and Legacy Company was on a search and destroy mission Came upon village Calley ordered to enter village firing End of War and Legacy Ron Ridenhour Vietnam Veteran End of War and Legacy Spoke to Congress about the massacre He received first hand details from members of Charlie Company End of War and Legacy American public knew of massacre by Seymour Hersh End of War and Legacy Military investigation charged Lt Calley charged with murder in September 1969 Two months before the story by Hersh was published End of War and Legacy Military commission investigated the incident Findings lack of leadership discipline and moral End of War and Legacy More and more seasoned veterans rotated out of Vietnam or retired Many were killed in action Questioned the draft End of War and Legacy Epilogue Calley was convicted claimed he was only following orders from Captain Ernest Melinda End of War and Legacy Another damaging event Pentagon Papers Released Stating that Johnson always was in favor of escalating war End of War and Legacy He had no intention of ever leaving Vietnam until victory Congress was angry Repelled the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution End of War and Legacy Nixon disregarded and continued to escalate the war March 1972 Vietcong launched the Easter End of War and Legacy Invasion of Cambodia Secret invasion Nixon never asked Congress End of War and Legacy Nixon wanted to wipe out Vietcong bases in Cambodia End of War and Legacy Plan did not work Vietcong went deeper into Cambodia End of War and Legacy Reaction to invasion Congress repealed Gulf of Tonkin Resolution Demonstrations on College Campuses End of War and Legacy Kent State and Jackson State two violent protests End of War and Legacy Kent State Protested the invasion of Cambodia National Guard Troops fired on Students End of War and Legacy 4 students were killed Jackson State 2 students were killed protesting Kent State 1968 End Of War End Of War End Of War End Of War End Of War End Of War End Of War End Of War End of War and Legacy 1972 peace talks began They were not successful President Thieu of South Vietnam wanted U S to do more End of War and Legacy January 27, 1973 final treaty signed 500 prisoners of U S were released from POW camps “Hanoi Hilton” End of War and Legacy Fighting still in Vietnam 1975 Congress refused funding to war North Vietnamese launched attack on South Vietnam End of War and Legacy Without U S support the South fell April 30, 1975 Saigon fell to the Communists War was now over Gerald Ford is president End of War and Legacy Aftermath Congress passed the War Powers Act President must inform Congress 2 days of using U S troops End of War and Legacy Troops must withdraw 60 days after Congress refuses funding End of War and Legacy Veterans returning home No hero welcome 500,000 veterans suffered from psychological problems End of War and Legacy It took until 1982 for the war memorial to be built End of War and Legacy End of War and Legacy End of War and Legacy End of War and Legacy End of War and Legacy End of War and Legacy End of War and Legacy End of War and Legacy End of War and Legacy End of War and Legacy United States Causalities of Vietnam 58,193 KIA 153,303 WIA 1,948 MIA End of War and Legacy South Vietnamese Army casualties 250,000 KIA/MIA 1,169,763 WIA End of War and Legacy 2,000,000 to 4,000,000 killed civilians killed in North and South End of War and Legacy North Vietnamese Army 1.1 million according to History Channel End of War and Legacy Cambodia fell to a communist group Khmer Rouge Pol Pot End of War and Legacy End of War and Legacy Pol Pot eliminated over one million Cambodians to rid country of Western influence End of War and Legacy This concludes the study on the war in Vietnam 1970-1990 COLD WAR Henry Kissinger 1970-1990 COLD WAR Change in Cold War Philosophy Containment and Brinkmanship will change 1970-1990 COLD WAR Realpolitiks Consideration of power of countries and realize that thy must work together to survive 1970-1990 COLD WAR Détente China and Russia at odds U.S. jumped on opportunity 1970-1990 COLD WAR Nixon visited Communist China 1970-1990 COLD WAR 1970-1990 COLD WAR Taiwan was still recognized as the diplomatic China 1970-1990 COLD WAR Nixon’s previous hard line on Communism gave him the reputation to negotiate with China 1970-1990 COLD WAR Nixon wanted to take advantage of the decade long fight between Soviets and Communist China 1970-1990 COLD WAR Normalized relations with Mainland China Still U S will protect Taiwan from China 1970-1990 COLD WAR Nixon then visited Russia Agreed to reduce nuclear weapons SALT I treaty 1970-1990 COLD WAR Limited the number of ICBM’s and Submarine launched missiles to 1972 levels Ronald Regan 1980 Election Ronald Reagan Ronald Reagan 1985 Mikhail Gorbachev General Secretary of Communist Party Ronald Reagan New policy of Glasnost = Openness Perestroika = reform Ronald Reagan Openness beginning of giving some freedoms o Russia Perestroika Allowed a little Capitalism Ronald Reagan Private ownership vs. state ownership Ronald Regan Beginning USSR of the end for Ronald Reagan SDI Strategic Defense Initiative Defense in space against Soviet Missile Attack Ronald Reagan Became known as Star Wars Ronald Reagan Back to USSR As a result of the new policies in Ussr Satellite nations declared their independence from Russia Ronald Reagan Russia defense was too stretch out to defend or stop satellites from independence Ronald Reagan Satellite nations began to overthrow government without any repercussions from USSR