Transcript Cold

COLD WAR
Truman in office
COLD WAR
Post War
Europe devastated in
ruins
Learned from Treaty
of Versailles.
COLD WAR
State of the world
No European country
not devastated or
least damage by war
COLD WAR
Agriculture
Industry
Transportation
In ruins
COLD WAR
What
does Europe
have in favor for a
quicker recovery than
a third world nation?
COLD WAR
United States never
bombed emerged as
only real power in
the world
COLD WAR
Soviet Union
Weak and in disarray
COLD WAR
United States is in
no immediate danger
of Soviet Union
COLD WAR
U. S. is in
fear of Communist
Aggression
Spread of Communist
ideology spreading
COLD WAR
Soviets feared
“Capitalist
encirclement”
COLD WAR
Climate of mutual
distrust
COLD WAR
Occupied Germany
Divided into 4 sectors
France, Great Britain,
Russia and the
United States
Cold War
COLD WAR
Berlin
Capital of country
located in Russian
sector
City divided into the
same 4 vectors
COLD WAR
Truman stance
“We must stand up
to the Russians”
COLD WAR
Terms of Germany
Post war
Disarm country
Dismantle military
factories
COLD WAR
Goal was to rebuild
German industry not
military
COLD WAR
Unified Germany
presents a problem
to Soviet Union
Traditional enemy of
Russia
COLD WAR
Such concern about
rebuilding of
Germany
Soviets built “buffer
countries”
COLD WAR
Set up puppet
governments in
Poland,
Hungary, Romania,
and Bulgaria
COLD WAR
Soviet influence in
Eastern Europe
became a serious
problem for west
COLD WAR
Economic devastation
in Europe could equal
opportunity for
communism to
spread
COLD WAR
United States
developed policy of
Containment
COLD WAR
George F. Kennan
credited with policy
Containment
3 points
COLD WAR
Identify Soviets as
an evil expansionist
Rallying cry to back
the president
Peacetime military
build up
COLD WAR
Crisis
Greek communist
guerillas launched a
revolution against
elected government
of Greece
COLD WAR
United States feared
Communist take over
Not aligned with
Soviet Union
Concerned spread of
communism
COLD WAR
United States provided no
military assistance
Gave aid to Greek
government and threat
eased
COLD WAR
Truman Doctrine
Military and
economical relief to
any country
beginnings of
“domino theory”
COLD WAR
To stop the spread of
communism
National Securities Act
Established Department
of Defense
COLD WAR
National Security
Council
Central Intelligence
Agency (CIA)
Atomic Energy
Commission
COLD WAR
Development of
atomic energy and
weapons
Executive power and
policy making shifted
COLD WAR
Marshall Plan
History was not
repeated
United States offered
massive aid to
rebuild Europe
COLD WAR
By offering aid and
assistance Marshall
plan attempted to
make communism
less attractive to
western Europe
COLD WAR
BERLIN AIRLIFT
France, Britain and
United States fused
their sectors of Berlin
Deep within Eastern sector
of Germany controlled by
Soviets
COLD WAR
Economic recovery
was progressing in
West Berlin
Soviets alarmed
blockaded rivers,
highways and rails
COLD WAR
Attempted to starve
the city
Truman responded
with an airlift of
supplies to West
Berlin
COLD WAR
Cold War
confrontation
Situation is resolved
militarily without a
shot being fired at
each other directly
COLD WAR
NATO
In response to Soviet
aggression
Free nations of
Europe and United
States
COLD WAR
Formed military
alliance
NATO
Peacetime military
alliance
COLD WAR
Soviet Union
responded with
Warsaw Pact Eastern
Europe and Soviet
Union
Military pact
COLD WAR
Two sides aligned by
alliances
Different economic
and political systems
Both wary of each
other former allies
COLD WAR
Will enter into a
“war” with no direct
shots fired at each
other
COLD WAR
China
Revolution by MaoTse Tung
COLD WAR
Communist
revolution deposed
United States backed
Government of
Chaing Kai-shek
COLD WAR
Revolution led to two
Chinas
Taiwan (Nationalist
Supported by United
States)
COLD WAR
Mainland China
Ruled by Mao and
Communists
COLD WAR
Feeling in the United
States was
containment failed
Led to a rise in anticommunists feeling
in the government
COLD
WAR
Soviet
Expansion
Capitalistic
Encirclement
Buffer
Countries
Divided
Germany
Iron
Curtain
Truman
Doctrine
Containment
MARSHALL
PLAN
COLD WAR
Korea
Japan ruled Korea
from 1910 until 1945
COLD WAR
After World War II
Japan surrendered North
th
Korea above the 38
parallel to the Soviets
COLD WAR
After World War II
Japan surrendered
South Korea below
th
the 38 parallel to
the United States
COLD WAR
North Korea backed
by Soviets
South Korea backed
by the United States
`
COLD WAR
June 25, 1950 North
Korea attacked and
invaded South Korea
United Nations
COLD WAR
Became an
United Nations
“police action”
Soviets union boycotted
Security Council vote to
send troops to Korea
COLD WAR
16 nations sent
troops
Majority of troops
were from United
States.
COLD WAR
Douglas MacArthur
placed in charge of
combined forces
Details
of fighting
in Korea
COLD WAR
U N forces
Counter attacked
pushed North back to
Yalu river
Looked
as if the North
would be defeated
COLD WAR
China organized an
attack of over
300,000 troops
forced United Nations
th
forced back to 38
parallel
COLD WAR
Communist forces
retook Seoul
American forces
countered and drove
forces back to the
th
38 parallel
COLD WAR
Korean War
became a stalemate
The alternative would
have been an all out
war with China
COLD WAR
Omar Bradley
Chairman of the Joint
Chief of Staffs
Called a war with
China
COLD WAR
“the wrong war at
the wrong place at
the wrong time with
the wrong enemy”
COLD WAR
MacArthur vs.
Truman
Asia was more
important than
Europe according to
MacArthur
COLD WAR
MacArthur
tried to have
Taiwan revolt against
China
COLD WAR
Sent a letter to
Congress urging a
complete victory in
Korea
COLD WAR
Complete
contradiction of
Truman’s policy
Republicans tried to
undermine Truman
to gain in elections
COLD WAR
Backfired Truman
“relieved” MacArthur
of his command
At stake was civilian
control of the military
COLD WAR
Korea dragged on with
no apparent winner
Armistice was signed
(Cease Fire) No treaty
technically we are still
at “war” with Korea
KOREA
YALU RIVER
POLICE ACTION
SECURITY Council
Stalemate
COLD WAR
AGE OF SUSPICION
AGE OF SUSPICION
COMMUNISM
NOT
POPULAR IN UNITED
STATES
STALIN PURGES
ALLIED WITH RUSSIA
WWII
AGE OF SUSPICION
AFTER
WWII MEMBERSHIP
DROPPED
LOYALITY QUESTIONED
LOYALITY REVIEW BOARD
AGE OF SUSPICION
12,000
FIRED, 5,000 QUIT
http://www.gototem.com/Webgifs/ClipArt/Cartoons/Youre_Fired.GIF
AGE OF SUSPICION
HUAC
http://images.search.yahoo.com/search/images?p=HUAC&ei=UTF-8&fr=FP-tab-img-t&x=wrt
AGE OF SUSPICION
HOUSE
COMMITTEE ON
UN-AMERICAN ACTIVITES
CONCENTRATED ON
HOLLYWOOD
AGE OF SUSPICION
HOLLYWOOD
10
http://www.moderntimes.com/palace/ten.jpg
AGE OF SUSPICION
Question
asked:
“are you now or ever been
a member of the
communist party or fellow
traveler”
AGE OF SUSPICION
Fellow
traveler =
sympathetic but to
communism but not a
party member
Some refused to answer
other accused colleagues
or fellow writers or actors
of Communists
AGE OF SUSPICION
Some
refused to answer
Studios took this as an
admission of guilt
Careers were ruined
AGE OF SUSPICION
1948
Alger Hiss Spy Trial
http://www.wilsonsalmanac.com/images1/hiss.jpg
Alger Hiss
AGE OF SUSPICION
Whitaker Chambers accused
Hiss of spying for Russia in
1937
Whitaker Chambers
http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/hiss/chambersh.jpg
AGE OF SUSPICION
Statue
of limitations had
run out on spying charges
Convicted Hiss of perjury
Perjury= The deliberate, willful
giving of false, misleading, or
incomplete testimony under oath.
AGE OF SUSPICION
Led
to the suspicion of
Communist in government
Future president Richard
Nixon a 1st year
Congressman

http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/hiss/nixonfilm.jpg
AGE OF SUSPICION
Led
the hearing in HUAC
against Hiss

http://digitalcurriculum.com
AGE OF SUSPICION
Rosenberg
Trial
1949 Russia test A-bomb
Years before U.S. thought
possible
AGE OF SUSPICION
1950
Klaus Fuchs
confessed to spying and
giving nuclear secrets to
Russians
http://images.search.yahoo.com/search/images?p=Klaus+Fuchs&ei=UTF-8&x=wrt
AGE OF SUSPICION
Implicated Julius and Ethel
Rosenberg
•http://www.npr.org/programs/totn/photos/r
osenbergs140.jpg
AGE OF SUSPICION
1951
Ethel and Julius
Rosenberg were tried
convicted sentenced and
executed for spying
First civilians executed for
espionage in United States
AGE OF SUSPICION
Executed
prison
at Sing Sing
AGE OF SUSPICION
1950
McCarthyism
Senator
Joe McCarthy
http://www.english.uiuc.edu/maps/mccarthy/j-mccarthy.jpg
AGE OF SUSPICION
Undistinguished
from Wisconsin
Senator
AGE OF SUSPICION
Speech
in West Virginia
“in my hand I have a list
of 205 Communists in the
State Department”
No proof
AGE OF SUSPICION
Blamed
victory on Mao in
China Communists
involvement in State
Department
AGE OF SUSPICION
Hearings
went on for 4 years
Accused Russia running State
Department
McCarran – Walker Act
Lifted Japanese internment
but banned Communist from
immigrating to U.S.
AGE OF SUSPICION
President
Eisenhower did
not agree but did not
speak out against
“was not going to get in
the gutter with that guy”
AGE OF SUSPICION
Ruin
careers of many in
State department
AGE OF SUSPICION
END OF MCCARTHYISM
Took on army and accused
George Marshall
McCarthy aides was drafted
not promoted
Claimed army was
“Communist”
AGE OF SUSPICION
AGE OF SUSPICION
Army-McCarthy
hearings
AGE OF SUSPICION
Televised
hearings
AGE OF SUSPICION
Nation
“bully”
saw McCarthy as a
AGE OF SUSPICION
Senate
censored McCarthy
“for Tending to bring the
Senate into dishonor and
disrepute”
AGE OF SUSPICION
Career
over
He died three years later
from Alcoholism and died a
broken man
Loyalty
oath
Hollywood
10
Fellow
Traveler
Alger
Hiss
Rosenbergs
COLD WAR
NSC-68
September 1949
Rise in radioactivity
in Soviet Union
Soviets now had
COLD WAR
NSC-68
recommended
In response to
nuclear armed
Soviets
COLD WAR
1. Development of
hydrogen bomb
2. Increase of ground
forces and strong
alliances
COLD WAR
3. Build up defensive
weapons to surpass
the Soviets
COLD WAR
4.Became the policy
of the United States
to be in a constant
state of mobilization
whether at war or
not
Radio Activity
TWO NATIONS
LIVE ON THE
EDGE
TWO NATIONS LIVING ON THE
EDGE
BRINKMANSHIP
WILLINGNESS
TO GO TO
ALLOUT WAR IN CRISIS
BEGAN WITH SOVIETS
GETTING A-BOMB
TWO NATIONS LIVING ON THE
EDGE
BRINKMANSHIP
Soviets
will follow with
same policy
TWO NATIONS LIVING ON THE
EDGE
John
Foster Dulles
TWO NATIONS LIVING ON THE
EDGE
President
Eisenhower
TWO NATIONS LIVE ON
THE EDGE
Policy
of Brinkmanship became
policy of United States along
with containment
TWO NATIONS LIVING ON THE
EDGE
Dulles
believed Communism
was a moral crusade
TWO NATIONS LIVING ON THE
EDGE
Massive
Retaliation
MAD
Mutually
Assured
Destruction
TWO NATIONS LIVING ON THE
EDGE
RACE
BOMB
FOR HYDROGEN
TWO NATIONS LIVING ON THE
EDGE
NOVEMBER
1 1952
UNITED STATES TESTED
1ST H-BOMB
TWO NATIONS LIVING ON THE
EDGE
SOVIETS
TESTED 1ST
BOMB
AUGUST , 1953
TWO NATIONS LIVING ON THE
EDGE
Hungarian
Uprising
1956
Imre

Nagy
Liberal Communist
TWO NATIONS LIVING ON THE
EDGE
Nagy
called for Democratic
Government
Free elections
TWO NATIONS LIVING ON THE
EDGE
Backed out of Warsaw Pact
Demanded Soviet Troops
leave
TWO NATIONS LIVING ON THE
EDGE
Soviet
Response was quick
and brutal
November 1956
Tanks rolled into Hungary
TWO NATIONS LIVING ON THE
EDGE
30,000
Hungarians fought
with Pistols and Bottles
Put up barricades in
streets
TWO NATIONS LIVING ON THE
EDGE
Put
up valiant fight
TWO NATIONS LIVING ON THE
EDGE
Soviets
easily crushed the
revolution
Replaced Nagy with ProSoviet Government
TWO NATIONS LIVING ON THE
EDGE
Nagy
was executed
700,00 fled Hungary to the
west
TWO NATIONS LIVING ON THE
EDGE
Truman and Eisenhower
Doctrines both should have
given the U S the support to
help Hungary
Stated U. S. will help any
country that wanted to be
democratic
Hungary was in Soviet Block
TWO NATIONS LIVING ON THE
EDGE
Containment
over ruled
Truman and Eisenhower
Doctrines
U. S. did nothing
1950’s Culture
Eisenhower
Administration made
decision to build
Interstate Highway
system
Built primarily for
Military
TWO NATIONS LIVING ON THE
EDGE
Space
race
Russian launched Sputnik
First satellite to orbit earth
TWO NATIONS LIVING ON THE
EDGE
TWO NATIONS LIVING ON THE
EDGE
Caused
panic in United
States
United States attempts to
launch satellite
unsuccessful
TWO NATIONS LIVING ON THE
EDGE
TWO NATIONS LIVING ON THE
EDGE
Unites
States finally
successful
Image was U. S. was
behind the Soviets in race
for space
TWO NATIONS LIVING ON THE
EDGE
U-2
incident
TWO NATIONS LIVING ON THE
EDGE
Soviets
rejected “open
Skies”
CIA
Flights over Soviet Union
Using U-2
Eisenhower wanted flights
stopped
TWO NATIONS LIVING ON THE
EDGE
Afraid
it would ruin
effectiveness
Francis Gary Powers U-2
plane was shot down
TWO NATIONS LIVING ON THE
EDGE
TWO NATIONS LIVING ON THE
EDGE
Eisenhower
and
Khrushchev were to meet
in another summit
Eisenhower at first denied
Russia wanted an apology
TWO NATIONS LIVING ON THE
EDGE
Eisenhower
agreed to stop
flights
But refused to apologize
Summit was cancelled
TWO NATIONS LIVING ON THE
EDGE
Eisenhower warned the
nation about becoming a
military industrial complex
KENNEDY AND THE COLD WAR
Election
1960
of
KENNEDY AND THE COLD WAR
CANDIDATES
RICHARD
NIXON
REPUBLICAN
KENNEDY AND THE COLD WAR
DEMOCRAT
JOHN
F. KENNEDY
KENNEDY AND THE COLD WAR
SIMILARITIES
VETERANS
IN WORLD
WAR II
Both rising in party
KENNEDY AND THE COLD WAR
Both
were
Senators
Kennedy
Massachusetts
Nixon California
KENNEDY AND THE COLD WAR
Nixon
however was
Vice-President
KENNEDY AND THE COLD WAR
Kennedy
came
from a wealthy
family
Joseph (father)
made his fortune in
stock market
KENNEDY AND THE COLD WAR
And
bootlegging
whiskey during
prohibition
KENNEDY AND THE COLD WAR
Joe
Kennedy was
oldest son he was
the chosen son to
run for President.
KENNEDY AND THE COLD WAR
Killed
War II
during World
KENNEDY AND THE COLD WAR
Campaign:
Kennedy
was
Catholic
Became an issue
KENNEDY AND THE COLD WAR
Concern
Kennedy
would be guided by
the Pope
KENNEDY AND THE COLD WAR
Kennedy
calmed
fears
By openly
discussing the issue
KENNEDY AND THE COLD WAR
Kennedy
was 43
years old
Too inexperienced
KENNEDY AND THE COLD WAR
Televised
st
1 time
Kennedy
Debates
was well
coached by television
producers
KENNEDY AND THE COLD WAR
Nixon
looked
haggard
Just got out of
hospital was still
sick
KENNEDY AND THE COLD WAR
Kennedy's
youthful
appearance served
him well
KENNEDY AND THE COLD WAR
People
watching
debate on
television felt
Kennedy won
KENNEDY AND THE COLD WAR
People
listening to
debate on the radio
felt Nixon won
KENNEDY AND THE COLD WAR
Election
results
Kennedy won by
120,000 votes
Illinois was key
KENNEDY AND THE COLD WAR
Kennedy
was the first
Catholic President
Youngest president
ever elected
43 years old
FIGHTING THE COLD WAR
MASSIVE
REALITATION
EISENHOWER’S
POLICY TOWARDS
SOVIETS
FIGHTING THE COLD WAR
Kennedy
thought
small
disagreements or
conflicts were not
worth going to war
over
FIGHTING THE COLD WAR
Nation
had become
dependent on
Nuclear weapons
FIGHTING THE COLD WAR
Kennedy proposed a
new strategy
More troops to fight
He did expand nuclear
weapons
FIGHTING THE COLD WAR
Created elite branch
of the service
Green Berets
FIGHTING THE COLD WAR
Allow United States
to fight limited
wars
Flexible Response
FIGHTING THE COLD WAR
Castro has taken
over Cuba
Communist regime
90 miles from
United States
FIGHTING THE COLD WAR
Cuban émigré’s in the
United States invaded
Cuba
Émigré's were going to
incite a revolution
and overthrow Castro
Castro's forces
repelled attack
Kennedy refused air
support
doomed invasion
All invaders were
captured or killed
Major
embarrassment for
Kennedy
Kennedy took full
responsibility for
failure
Russia and Khrushchev
thought Kennedy weak
and indecisive
FIGHTING THE COLD WAR
Berlin divided city
Thousands leaving
East Berlin to West
FIGHTING THE COLD WAR
Khrushchev and
Russia ordered wall
to be built
FIGHTING THE COLD WAR
Although there was a
confrontation at
Checkpoint Charlie
between U.S and
Soviet tanks
FIGHTING THE COLD WAR
Even though
Kennedy responded
with reservist
activation
FIGHTING THE COLD WAR
And Russia backed
down at Checkpoint
Charlie
It was perceived by
the Russians Kennedy
did nothing about the
FIGHTING THE COLD WAR
Khrushchev
believed Kennedy
to be inexperienced
FIGHTING THE COLD WAR
Appeared again to
Russia and
Khrushchev Kennedy
was weak and not
willing to respond to
events
CUBAN MISSLE CRISIS
October 14-October
28
1962
CUBAN MISSLE CRISIS
Kennedy,
Khrushchev,
Castro
FIGHTING THE COLD WAR
Missiles discovered by
U-2 Surveillance
planes
FIGHTING THE COLD WAR
90
miles from United
States
Missiles now 5 minutes
away from united States
FIGHTING THE COLD WAR
Kennedy
and ex-com
proposed responses
4 options
FIGHTING THE COLD WAR
OPTION
1
Surgical
strikes
air
FIGHTING THE COLD WAR
OPTION
2
Tactical
strikes
air
FIGHTING THE COLD WAR
OPTION
2
Followed
by
invasion of
Cuba
FIGHTING THE COLD WAR
OPTION
3
Blockade of Cuba
FIGHTING THE COLD WAR
OPTION
4
Negotiations
X-COMM
Robert
F Kennedy
–Attorney General
X-COMM
Robert McNamara
Secretary of Defense
Dean Rusk
Secretary of State
McGEORGE BUNDY
National Security
Advisor
Adlai Stevenson
Ambassador to the United
States Air Force Curtis
LeMay
Chief of Staff United
Dean Acheson
Advisor to Ex-Com
Republican Advisor to
President Eisenhower
Advisor and
Speech writer
for JFK
Ted Sorenson
FIGHTING THE COLD WAR
Blockade was
chosen as solution
Kennedy addressed
Nation
FIGHTING THE COLD WAR
Brinkmanship
Ships stopped
“looks like someone
blinked”
FIGHTING THE COLD WAR
U S received a
telegram from
Russia stating the
Russian would
withdraw weapons
FIGHTING THE COLD WAR
If United States
agreed not to
invade Cuba
FIGHTING THE COLD WAR
Next day the U S
received another
message this one
stronger called for
removing missiles
from Turkey
FIGHTING THE COLD WAR
Kennedy ignored
second message
agreed to first
FIGHTING THE COLD WAR
Crisis eased but not
before the two
Super Powers were
so close to World
War III
FIGHTING THE COLD WAR
Kennedy
did agree
secretly to remove
obsolete missiles from
Turkey six months later
VIETNAM
November
22,1963
Kennedy is
assassinated
in Dallas
Texas
http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=8598236943704944166
VIETNAM
VIETNAM
Lyndon B Johnson is now
President
LX
Election
of 1960
Richard
Nixon
John
Kennedy
OF
Bay of Pigs
Fidel
Castro
Nikita
Khrushchev
Berlin
Wall
Cuban
Crisis
Missile
VIETNAM
VIETNAM
From 1800’s till 1940 France
ruled Indochina
Became known as French
Indochina
Vietnam
Cambodia
Laos
VIETNAM
Opposition fled to China
Regrouped under leadership
of Ho Chi Minh
VIETNAM
1940 Japan took control of
Indochina
After war France and Ho Chi
Minh fought for control of
Vietnam
VIETNAM
1950 United States entered
conflict in Vietnam
Monetary aid 15 million
dollars
VIETNAM
Domino Theory
VIETNAM
If one falls the rest will fall
Relate to Cold War
If Vietnam fell next
Cambodia
Thailand
Laos
Indonesia
??Australia??
VIETNAM
France was not successful in
fighting guerilla war
Final battle at Dien Bien Phu
VIETNAM
VIETNAM
Geneva Accord
VIETNAM
Divided Vietnam
th
17 parallel
Communist
North Ho Chi Minh
Anti-Communist South
Ngo Dinh
Diem
VIETNAM
VIETNAM
In 2 years National
Elections were to be held
United States believed that
80% would vote for Ho Chi
Minh
VIETNAM
United States supported
cancellation of elections
Supported Diem
VIETNAM
Diem was corrupt and abusive
leader
Devout Catholic minority in a
largely Buddhist country
Persecuted any of the old
Vietminh
VIETNAM
1957 communist opposition
to Diem formed
National Liberation Front
Became known as Vietcong
VIETNAM
Ho Chi Minh supported the
Vietcong with supplies
Used the Ho Chi Minh Trail
VIETNAM
Kennedy and Vietnam
Democrats were accused of
being “soft on
Communism”
VIETNAM
Kennedy supported Diem’s
government with money
and 16,000 “advisors”
Problem for Kennedy
Diem was oppressive to
majority religion of
Buddhism
VIETNAM
Buddhist monks protested
by public suicides
VIETNAM
VIETNAM
VIETNAM
Setting themselves on fire
to protest imprisonment of
Monks and destruction of
Temples by Diem
VIETNAM
1963 Vietnam was becoming
very unstable Diem refused
to listen to United States to
ease up on persecutions
Diem had to go
Military coup
Kennedy approved
VIETNAM
Coup was successful
Diem refused to leave
He was killed against
Kennedy’s wishes
VIETNAM
November 1, 1963
VIETNAM WAR EXPANDS
Some say Kennedy was
going to get out of
Vietnam
Debatable as to whether he
could have left
He thought it was “their
war”
VIETNAM
Johnson
Appeasement not an option
in Vietnam
Johnson view if Vietnam fell
United States would be
ineffective elsewhere
VIETNAM
August 2, 1964
VIETNAM
North Vietnamese patrol
boat
Fired a torpedo on American
Destroyer Maddox
VIETNAM
VIETNAM
August 4, 1964
Maddox reported to being
fired on again
Bad weather and low
visibility
Crew reported not seeing or
hearing gunfire
VIETNAM
Johnson retaliated by
Bombing North Vietnam
VIETNAM
Johnson went to Congress
for additional powers
VIETNAM
RESOLUTION STATED
“President will be able to
use all measures to repel
any armed attack against
the United States”
VIETNAM
August 7, 1964
Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
passed
Gave Johnson and future
presidents the ability to
escalate
VIETNAM
Conflict in Vietnam without
a formal Declaration of
War
VIETNAM
Johnson had wanted to be
able to escalate war just
waiting for an event to
push the resolution
through
VIETNAM
February 1965
Johnson initiated
“Operation Rolling Thunder”
VIETNAM
1st sustained bombing
Of North Vietnam
VIETNAM
By June of 1965 troop
strength in Vietnam was
50,000 troops
The war was now
Americanized
VIETNAM AND AMERICA
ESCALATION IN THE WAR
VIETNAM AND AMERICA
ESCALATION IN THE WAR
Initially
war was popular
61% of American people
supported the war
Johnson was reluctant to
send additional troops to
Vietnam
VIETNAM AND AMERICA
ESCALATION IN THE WAR
Containment
and Domino
Theory was still number 1
Foreign Policy of the
United States
VIETNAM AND AMERICA
ESCALATION IN THE WAR
Robert
McNamara
Secretary of Defense
VIETNAM AND AMERICA
ESCALATION IN THE WAR
Dean
State
Rusk Secretary of
VIETNAM AND AMERICA
ESCALATION IN THE WAR
Argued
to sent more
troops to Vietnam
Not unanimous
VIETNAM AND AMERICA
ESCALATION IN THE WAR
George
Ball
Was against military build
up
VIETNAM AND AMERICA
ESCALATION IN THE WAR
McNamara
and Rusk along
with commander of the
Vietnam troops General
William Westmoreland
VIETNAM AND AMERICA
ESCALATION IN THE WAR
VIETNAM AND AMERICA
ESCALATION IN THE WAR
Convinced
Johnson to
escalate troop strength
By end of 1965
American troop strength
was
180,000 troops
VIETNAM AND AMERICA
ESCALATION IN THE WAR
Westmoreland
believed
that South Vietnam Army
could not stand up to
Vietcong
As escalation continued it
became an American War
VIETNAM AND AMERICA
ESCALATION IN THE WAR
By
1967 500,000
American troops were in
Vietnam
VIETNAM AND AMERICA
ESCALATION IN THE WAR
THE
WAR
Not a conventional war
Guerilla warfare
Jungle fighting
VIETNAM AND AMERICA
ESCALATION IN THE WAR
Tactics
of Vietcong
Hit and Run tactics
Mines
Booby traps
VIETNAM AND AMERICA
ESCALATION IN THE WAR
Friends
by day enemy by
night
Vietcong had a
sophisticated tunnel
systems
VIETNAM AND AMERICA
ESCALATION IN THE WAR
VIETNAM AND AMERICA
ESCALATION IN THE WAR
Tunnels
included
Kitchens
Sleep quarters
Medical facilities
False tunnels
VIETNAM AND AMERICA
ESCALATION IN THE WAR
Able
to hide and limited
the effects of American
bombing
VIETNAM AND AMERICA
ESCALATION IN THE WAR
Provided
easy escape
Tunnels were sustainable
and hard to locate
Distinct advantage to
Vietcong
VIETNAM AND AMERICA
ESCALATION IN THE WAR
World
War I and World
War II
Both had major battles
Vietnam had some but
majority were
Quick strikes hit and run
VIETNAM AND AMERICA
ESCALATION IN THE WAR
United
States military and
government believed that
U.S. military forces could
wear down the North
Vietnamese and they
would quit
VIETNAM AND AMERICA
ESCALATION IN THE WAR
Just
the opposite as
Vietcong or North
Vietnamese casualties rose
Their will became stronger
VIETNAM AND AMERICA
ESCALATION IN THE WAR
McNamara
was astonished
that the North Vietnamese
could withstand the
onslaught of the American
military
VIETNAM AND AMERICA
ESCALATION IN THE WAR
Westmoreland
stated U S
was winning the military
battles
For the United States it
was a military conflict to
the Vietnamese it was a
battle for survival
VIETNAM AND AMERICA
ESCALATION IN THE WAR
North
Vietnam would pay
any price for victory
VIETNAM AND AMERICA
ESCALATION IN THE WAR
Battle
for Hearts and
Minds of Vietnam people
Get the South Vietnamese
villagers to side with U.S.
Guerillas would have no
place to hide
VIETNAM AND AMERICA
ESCALATION IN THE WAR
Military
struggle vs. fight
for survival
Also united States step up
bombing
VIETNAM AND AMERICA
ESCALATION IN THE WAR
Napalm
gasoline based
bomb that set fire to
jungle
To expose Tunnels and
reduce foliage
Agent Orange
VIETNAM AND AMERICA
ESCALATION IN THE WAR
VIETNAM AND AMERICA
ESCALATION IN THE WAR
Agent
Orange was used to
destroy the jungle and
expose troops
It was effective but later
soldiers developed cancer
VIETNAM AND AMERICA
ESCALATION IN THE WAR
VIETNAM AND AMERICA
ESCALATION IN THE WAR
Quagmire
Despite
military victories
Search and destroy
missions
War waged on with no end
in sight
VIETNAM AND AMERICA
ESCALATION IN THE WAR
Morale
in ranks of soldiers
became evident
Frustration of fighting for
in a war that some thought
had no cause for America
VIETNAM AND AMERICA
ESCALATION IN THE WAR
Alcohol,
drugs, became a
problem
Some soldiers would shoot
their own officers rather
than follow orders
VIETNAM AND AMERICA
ESCALATION IN THE WAR
The
effects of fighting a
conventional war against a
non conventional enemy
VIETNAM AND AMERICA
ESCALATION IN THE WAR
North
Vietnam was
receiving aid from Russia
and China
VIETNAM AND AMERICA
ESCALATION IN THE WAR
Vietnam
was the Cold War
philosophy
United States and Russia
fighting a war against each
other but not firing a shot
directly at each other
VIETNAM AND AMERICA
ESCALATION IN THE WAR
Ho
Chi Minh believed that
they could outlast the
United States once the
American people got fed
up with casualties on the
U.S. side
VIETNAM AND AMERICA
ESCALATION IN THE WAR
Crossroads for Vietnam
1968
1968
McNamara
resigned in
1967
Confused
Infiltration reduced
Casualties high
But no progress
1968
Johnson
caught in the
middle
Doves = Withdraw
Hawks = Not doing
enough
VIETNAM AND AMERICA
ESCALATION IN THE WAR
TET
OFFENISIVE
JANUARY 31. 1968
First day of the
Vietnamese New Year
VIETNAM AND AMERICA
ESCALATION IN THE WAR
North
Vietnam launched a
massive and coordinated
attack on South Vietnam
major cities
Attacks were brutal and
quick
VIETNAM AND AMERICA
ESCALATION IN THE WAR
Hue
(South Vietnam city)
was overrun by Vietcong
North Vietnamese were
relentless rounded up
supporters of South
Vietnam were murdered by
the Vietcong
VIETNAM AND AMERICA
ESCALATION IN THE WAR
Saigon
was attacked
Initial victories by North
Vietnamese including
American Embassy
VIETNAM AND AMERICA
ESCALATION IN THE WAR
United
States forces
repelled attack regain
Embassy
North Vietnamese
casualties were
astronomical
VIETNAM AND AMERICA
ESCALATION IN THE WAR
A
major factor in the Tet
offensive was
TELEVISION
The battle and the war
was brought home to
America’s living room
VIETNAM AND AMERICA
ESCALATION IN THE WAR
Instant
results of war to
America
Casualties mounted
VIETNAM AND AMERICA
ESCALATION IN THE WAR
One
event stood out
A South Vietnam officer took
a North Vietnamese solider
into the street put a pistol to
his head and shot him
It was caught by a
photographer
VIETNAM AND AMERICA
ESCALATION IN THE WAR
South Vietnamese sources state that Lém commanded a Viet Cong death
squad, which on that day had murdered South Vietnamese National Police
officers, or in their stead, the police officers' families; these sources said
that Lém was captured near the site of a ditch holding as many as thirtyfour bound and shot bodies of police and their relatives, some of whom
were the families of General Nguyễn's deputy and close friend, and six of
whom were Nguyễn's godchildren. Photographer Adams confirmed the
South Vietnamese account, although he was only present for the
execution. Lém's widow confirmed that her husband was a member of the
Viet Cong and she did not see him after the Tet Offensive began. Shortly
after the execution, a South Vietnamese official who had not been present
said that Lém was only a political operative. [6]
VIETNAM AND AMERICA
ESCALATION IN THE WAR
Also
North Vietnamese
were brutal
Tortured American POWS
VIETNAM AND AMERICA
ESCALATION IN THE WAR
The
Tet offensive was a
military victory for the
United States
A psychological victory for
the North Vietnamese
VIETNAM AND AMERICA
ESCALATION IN THE WAR
BUT
VIETNAM AND AMERICA
ESCALATION IN THE WAR
The
brutality of the war
and the beginning of the
feeling there was no way
out of the war from the Tet
offensive
VIETNAM AND AMERICA
ESCALATION IN THE WAR
It
was a political defeat for
Johnson
It became the political
turning point of the war
VIETNAM AND AMERICA
ESCALATION IN THE WAR
Fighting
the war became a
two front war for Johnson
The war in Vietnam was a
quagmire with no victory
in sight
VIETNAM AND AMERICA
ESCALATION IN THE WAR
And
the war or protests
against the war at home
Protest and turmoil will
boil over in 1968
1968
HIPPIES
- ANTI WAR
1968
Hawks
Doves
1968
Hawks
not war mongers but
supported all out military
victory in Vietnam
Doves supported ending the
war and getting out of
Vietnam quickly
1968
New
Left
Demanded Changes
Old Left 1930’s pushed
towards Communism
1968
Students
for a
Democratic Society
Tom Hayden
Corporations and
Government
Institutions
1968
Taken
over the
society
1968
Campus
Activism
Protested dress code
mandatory ROTC
1968
1965
first organized
march on Washington
20,000
Johnson changed
deferment policy
1968
Students
must be good
academic standards to
continue deferment
1968
SDS
preached
disobedience
Disrupting Selective
Service System
1968
Four
reasons students
felt the war was unjust
1. Civil War
2. South Vietnam
government was just as
oppressive as the North
1968
3.
United States could
not police the entire
world
4. Morally unjust
1968
Protests
songs became
popular
Phil Ochs Peter Paul
Mary
 Bob Dylan
Joan Baez Barry McGuire
1968
Protest
to resistance
Options
Refuse
to serve
Flee to Canada
1968
1967
another peace
demonstration
75,000 in Washington
Compare and Contrast the
differences between protest
in Vietnam and Iraq
1968
Pro
Vietnam war
America Love it or leave
it
1968
 Eugene
McCarthy
1968
McCarthy
defeated
President Johnson in the
New Hampshire primary
Johnson told the nation
1968
1968
“I
will not seek I will not
accept the nomination of
my party for another
term as your president”
1968
Democratic
Party looked
for another candidate
Robert F Kennedy
declined to run
1968
1968
1968
George
McGovern
1968
“On
to Chicago”
1968
1968
RFK Funeral Train
1968
Some truly believe that
the Nations hopes were
again ended by an
assassins bullet
1968
My
brother need not be
idealized, or enlarged in
death beyond what he was in
life, to be remembered
simply as a good and decent
man, who saw wrong and
tried to right it, saw suffering
and tried to heal it, saw war
As
he said many times, in
many parts of this nation, to
those he touched and who
sought to touch him:
“Some men see things as
they are and say why. I
dream things that never were
and say why not.”
1968
1968
1968
1968 Democratic Convention
1968
1968
1968
"
1968
 Gestapo
tactics." Photo by
Gary Settle, August 28, 1968.
Mayor Richard J. Daley and son
Richard M. Daley jeer Sen.
Abraham Ribicoff at the
Democratic National Convention
as he criticizes Chicago
"Gestapo" tactics.
Images © Chicago Sun-Times
1968
Election
of 1968
1968
1968
NEW
PRESIDENT
Richard M. Nixon
End of War and Legacy
End of War and Legacy
Vietnamization
of war
Withdrawal of American
forces / Escalation
End of War and Legacy
Talks
began with North
Vietnamese
Requirement of
withdrawal
All North Vietnamese
troops must leave South
End of War and Legacy
August
1969 first
reduction of troops
25,000
Over next three years
troop strength will be
down to 25,000
End of War and Legacy
Goal
of Nixon’s Peace
“Peace with Honor”
Maintain U.S. dignity
Henry Kissinger National
Security Advisor
End of War and Legacy
End of War and Legacy
Peace
talks continued
Massive bombing on the
North continued
Major targets were
supply routes
End of War and Legacy
Frustrations
and
emotions build up
Village of My Lai
March 16,1968
End of War and Legacy
Lt
William Calley
End of War and Legacy
200
to 300 civilians
killed by Charlie
Company
Vietcong stronghold
Frustration build up
End of War and Legacy
Unable
to find enemy
End of War and Legacy
Numerous
members of
Charlie Company were
killed or wounded in the
area
Again frustrations build
up
End of War and Legacy
Company
was on a
search and destroy
mission
Came upon village
Calley ordered to enter
village firing
End of War and Legacy
Ron
Ridenhour Vietnam
Veteran
End of War and Legacy
Spoke
to Congress
about the massacre
He received first hand
details from members of
Charlie Company
End of War and Legacy
American public knew
of massacre by Seymour
Hersh

End of War and Legacy
Military
investigation
charged Lt Calley charged
with murder in September
1969
Two months before the
story by Hersh was
published
End of War and Legacy
Military
commission
investigated the incident
Findings lack of
leadership discipline and
moral
End of War and Legacy
More
and more
seasoned veterans
rotated out of Vietnam
or retired
Many were killed in
action
Questioned the draft
End of War and Legacy
Epilogue
Calley
was convicted
claimed he was only
following orders from
Captain Ernest Melinda
End of War and Legacy
Another
damaging event
Pentagon Papers
Released
Stating that Johnson
always was in favor of
escalating war
End of War and Legacy
He
had no intention of
ever leaving Vietnam
until victory
Congress was angry
Repelled the Gulf of
Tonkin Resolution
End of War and Legacy
Nixon
disregarded and
continued to escalate
the war
March 1972
Vietcong launched the
Easter
End of War and Legacy
Invasion
of Cambodia
Secret invasion
Nixon never asked
Congress
End of War and Legacy
Nixon
wanted to wipe
out Vietcong bases in
Cambodia
End of War and Legacy
Plan
did not work
Vietcong went deeper
into Cambodia
End of War and Legacy
Reaction
to invasion
Congress repealed Gulf
of Tonkin Resolution
Demonstrations on
College Campuses
End of War and Legacy
Kent
State and Jackson
State
 two violent protests
End of War and Legacy
Kent
State
Protested the invasion
of Cambodia
National Guard Troops
fired on Students
End of War and Legacy
4
students were killed
Jackson State 2
students were killed
protesting Kent State
1968
End Of War
End Of War
End Of War
End Of War
End Of War
End Of War
End Of War
End Of War
End of War and Legacy
1972
peace talks began
They were not
successful
President Thieu of South
Vietnam wanted U S to
do more
End of War and Legacy
January
27, 1973 final
treaty signed
500 prisoners of U S
were released from POW
camps
“Hanoi Hilton”
End of War and Legacy
Fighting
still in Vietnam
1975 Congress refused
funding to war
North Vietnamese
launched attack on
South Vietnam
End of War and Legacy
Without
U S support the
South fell
April 30, 1975 Saigon
fell to the Communists
War was now over
Gerald Ford is president
End of War and Legacy
Aftermath
Congress
passed the
War Powers Act
President must inform
Congress 2 days of
using
U S troops
End of War and Legacy
Troops
must withdraw
60 days after Congress
refuses funding
End of War and Legacy
Veterans
returning
home
No hero welcome
500,000 veterans
suffered from
psychological problems
End of War and Legacy
It
took until 1982 for
the war memorial to be
built
End of War and Legacy
End of War and Legacy
End of War and Legacy
End of War and Legacy
End of War and Legacy
End of War and Legacy
End of War and Legacy
End of War and Legacy
End of War and Legacy
End of War and Legacy
United
States
Causalities of Vietnam
58,193
KIA
153,303 WIA
1,948 MIA
End of War and Legacy
South
Vietnamese
Army casualties
250,000 KIA/MIA
 1,169,763 WIA
End of War and Legacy
2,000,000
to 4,000,000
killed civilians killed in
North and South
End of War and Legacy
North
Vietnamese Army
1.1 million according to
History Channel
End of War and Legacy
Cambodia
fell to a
communist group Khmer
Rouge
Pol Pot
End of War and Legacy
End of War and Legacy
Pol
Pot eliminated over
one million Cambodians
to rid country of
Western influence
End of War and Legacy
This
concludes the study
on the war in Vietnam
1970-1990 COLD WAR
Henry
Kissinger
1970-1990 COLD WAR
Change
in Cold War
Philosophy
Containment and
Brinkmanship will
change
1970-1990 COLD WAR
Realpolitiks
Consideration of power
of countries and realize
that thy must work
together to survive

1970-1990 COLD WAR
Détente
China
and Russia at
odds
U.S. jumped on
opportunity
1970-1990 COLD WAR
Nixon
visited
Communist China
1970-1990 COLD WAR
1970-1990 COLD WAR
Taiwan
was still
recognized as the
diplomatic China
1970-1990 COLD WAR
Nixon’s
previous hard
line on Communism
gave him the reputation
to negotiate with China
1970-1990 COLD WAR
Nixon wanted to take
advantage of the decade
long fight between
Soviets and Communist
China

1970-1990 COLD WAR
Normalized
relations
with Mainland China
Still U S will protect
Taiwan from China
1970-1990 COLD WAR
Nixon
then visited
Russia
Agreed to reduce
nuclear weapons SALT I
treaty
1970-1990 COLD WAR
Limited
the number of
ICBM’s and Submarine
launched missiles to
1972 levels
Ronald Regan
1980 Election
Ronald Reagan

Ronald Reagan
1985
Mikhail
Gorbachev
General Secretary of
Communist Party
Ronald Reagan
New
policy of
Glasnost
= Openness
Perestroika
= reform
Ronald Reagan
Openness
beginning of
giving some freedoms o
Russia
Perestroika
Allowed a little
Capitalism
Ronald Reagan
Private
ownership vs.
state ownership
Ronald Regan
Beginning
USSR
of the end for
Ronald Reagan
SDI
Strategic
Defense
Initiative
Defense in space
against Soviet Missile
Attack
Ronald Reagan
Became
known as
Star Wars
Ronald Reagan
Back
to USSR
As a result of the new
policies in Ussr
Satellite nations
declared their
independence from
Russia
Ronald Reagan
Russia
defense was
too stretch out to
defend or stop
satellites from
independence
Ronald Reagan
Satellite
nations began
to overthrow
government without any
repercussions from
USSR