Transcript Cold
COLD WAR
Truman in office
COLD WAR
Post War
Europe devastated in
ruins
Learned from Treaty
of Versailles.
COLD WAR
State of the world
No European country
not devastated or
least damage by war
COLD WAR
Agriculture
Industry
Transportation
In ruins
COLD WAR
What
does Europe
have in favor for a
quicker recovery than
a third world nation?
COLD WAR
United States never
bombed emerged as
only real power in
the world
COLD WAR
Soviet Union
Weak and in disarray
COLD WAR
United States is in
no immediate danger
of Soviet Union
COLD WAR
U. S. is in
fear of Communist
Aggression
Spread of Communist
ideology spreading
COLD WAR
Soviets feared
“Capitalist
encirclement”
COLD WAR
Climate of mutual
distrust
COLD WAR
Occupied Germany
Divided into 4 sectors
France, Great Britain,
Russia and the
United States
Cold War
COLD WAR
Berlin
Capital of country
located in Russian
sector
City divided into the
same 4 vectors
COLD WAR
Truman stance
“We must stand up
to the Russians”
COLD WAR
Terms of Germany
Post war
Disarm country
Dismantle military
factories
COLD WAR
Goal was to rebuild
German industry not
military
COLD WAR
Unified Germany
presents a problem
to Soviet Union
Traditional enemy of
Russia
COLD WAR
Such concern about
rebuilding of
Germany
Soviets built “buffer
countries”
COLD WAR
Set up puppet
governments in
Poland,
Hungary, Romania,
and Bulgaria
COLD WAR
Soviet influence in
Eastern Europe
became a serious
problem for west
COLD WAR
Economic devastation
in Europe could equal
opportunity for
communism to
spread
COLD WAR
United States
developed policy of
Containment
COLD WAR
George F. Kennan
credited with policy
Containment
3 points
COLD WAR
Identify Soviets as
an evil expansionist
Rallying cry to back
the president
Peacetime military
build up
COLD WAR
Crisis
Greek communist
guerillas launched a
revolution against
elected government
of Greece
COLD WAR
United States feared
Communist take over
Not aligned with
Soviet Union
Concerned spread of
communism
COLD WAR
United States provided no
military assistance
Gave aid to Greek
government and threat
eased
COLD WAR
Truman Doctrine
Military and
economical relief to
any country
beginnings of
“domino theory”
COLD WAR
To stop the spread of
communism
National Securities Act
Established Department
of Defense
COLD WAR
National Security
Council
Central Intelligence
Agency (CIA)
Atomic Energy
Commission
COLD WAR
Development of
atomic energy and
weapons
Executive power and
policy making shifted
COLD WAR
Marshall Plan
History was not
repeated
United States offered
massive aid to
rebuild Europe
COLD WAR
By offering aid and
assistance Marshall
plan attempted to
make communism
less attractive to
western Europe
COLD WAR
BERLIN AIRLIFT
France, Britain and
United States fused
their sectors of Berlin
Deep within Eastern sector
of Germany controlled by
Soviets
COLD WAR
Economic recovery
was progressing in
West Berlin
Soviets alarmed
blockaded rivers,
highways and rails
COLD WAR
Attempted to starve
the city
Truman responded
with an airlift of
supplies to West
Berlin
COLD WAR
Cold War
confrontation
Situation is resolved
militarily without a
shot being fired at
each other directly
COLD WAR
NATO
In response to Soviet
aggression
Free nations of
Europe and United
States
COLD WAR
Formed military
alliance
NATO
Peacetime military
alliance
COLD WAR
Soviet Union
responded with
Warsaw Pact Eastern
Europe and Soviet
Union
Military pact
COLD WAR
Two sides aligned by
alliances
Different economic
and political systems
Both wary of each
other former allies
COLD WAR
Will enter into a
“war” with no direct
shots fired at each
other
COLD WAR
China
Revolution by MaoTse Tung
COLD WAR
Communist
revolution deposed
United States backed
Government of
Chaing Kai-shek
COLD WAR
Revolution led to two
Chinas
Taiwan (Nationalist
Supported by United
States)
COLD WAR
Mainland China
Ruled by Mao and
Communists
COLD WAR
Feeling in the United
States was
containment failed
Led to a rise in anticommunists feeling
in the government
COLD
WAR
Soviet
Expansion
Capitalistic
Encirclement
Buffer
Countries
Divided
Germany
Iron
Curtain
Truman
Doctrine
Containment
MARSHALL
PLAN
COLD WAR
Korea
Japan ruled Korea
from 1910 until 1945
COLD WAR
After World War II
Japan surrendered North
th
Korea above the 38
parallel to the Soviets
COLD WAR
After World War II
Japan surrendered
South Korea below
th
the 38 parallel to
the United States
COLD WAR
North Korea backed
by Soviets
South Korea backed
by the United States
`
COLD WAR
June 25, 1950 North
Korea attacked and
invaded South Korea
United Nations
COLD WAR
Became an
United Nations
“police action”
Soviets union boycotted
Security Council vote to
send troops to Korea
COLD WAR
16 nations sent
troops
Majority of troops
were from United
States.
COLD WAR
Douglas MacArthur
placed in charge of
combined forces
Details
of fighting
in Korea
COLD WAR
U N forces
Counter attacked
pushed North back to
Yalu river
Looked
as if the North
would be defeated
COLD WAR
China organized an
attack of over
300,000 troops
forced United Nations
th
forced back to 38
parallel
COLD WAR
Communist forces
retook Seoul
American forces
countered and drove
forces back to the
th
38 parallel
COLD WAR
Korean War
became a stalemate
The alternative would
have been an all out
war with China
COLD WAR
Omar Bradley
Chairman of the Joint
Chief of Staffs
Called a war with
China
COLD WAR
“the wrong war at
the wrong place at
the wrong time with
the wrong enemy”
COLD WAR
MacArthur vs.
Truman
Asia was more
important than
Europe according to
MacArthur
COLD WAR
MacArthur
tried to have
Taiwan revolt against
China
COLD WAR
Sent a letter to
Congress urging a
complete victory in
Korea
COLD WAR
Complete
contradiction of
Truman’s policy
Republicans tried to
undermine Truman
to gain in elections
COLD WAR
Backfired Truman
“relieved” MacArthur
of his command
At stake was civilian
control of the military
COLD WAR
Korea dragged on with
no apparent winner
Armistice was signed
(Cease Fire) No treaty
technically we are still
at “war” with Korea
KOREA
YALU RIVER
POLICE ACTION
SECURITY Council
Stalemate
COLD WAR
AGE OF SUSPICION
AGE OF SUSPICION
COMMUNISM
NOT
POPULAR IN UNITED
STATES
STALIN PURGES
ALLIED WITH RUSSIA
WWII
AGE OF SUSPICION
AFTER
WWII MEMBERSHIP
DROPPED
LOYALITY QUESTIONED
LOYALITY REVIEW BOARD
AGE OF SUSPICION
12,000
FIRED, 5,000 QUIT
http://www.gototem.com/Webgifs/ClipArt/Cartoons/Youre_Fired.GIF
AGE OF SUSPICION
HUAC
http://images.search.yahoo.com/search/images?p=HUAC&ei=UTF-8&fr=FP-tab-img-t&x=wrt
AGE OF SUSPICION
HOUSE
COMMITTEE ON
UN-AMERICAN ACTIVITES
CONCENTRATED ON
HOLLYWOOD
AGE OF SUSPICION
HOLLYWOOD
10
http://www.moderntimes.com/palace/ten.jpg
AGE OF SUSPICION
Question
asked:
“are you now or ever been
a member of the
communist party or fellow
traveler”
AGE OF SUSPICION
Fellow
traveler =
sympathetic but to
communism but not a
party member
Some refused to answer
other accused colleagues
or fellow writers or actors
of Communists
AGE OF SUSPICION
Some
refused to answer
Studios took this as an
admission of guilt
Careers were ruined
AGE OF SUSPICION
1948
Alger Hiss Spy Trial
http://www.wilsonsalmanac.com/images1/hiss.jpg
Alger Hiss
AGE OF SUSPICION
Whitaker Chambers accused
Hiss of spying for Russia in
1937
Whitaker Chambers
http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/hiss/chambersh.jpg
AGE OF SUSPICION
Statue
of limitations had
run out on spying charges
Convicted Hiss of perjury
Perjury= The deliberate, willful
giving of false, misleading, or
incomplete testimony under oath.
AGE OF SUSPICION
Led
to the suspicion of
Communist in government
Future president Richard
Nixon a 1st year
Congressman
http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/hiss/nixonfilm.jpg
AGE OF SUSPICION
Led
the hearing in HUAC
against Hiss
http://digitalcurriculum.com
AGE OF SUSPICION
Rosenberg
Trial
1949 Russia test A-bomb
Years before U.S. thought
possible
AGE OF SUSPICION
1950
Klaus Fuchs
confessed to spying and
giving nuclear secrets to
Russians
http://images.search.yahoo.com/search/images?p=Klaus+Fuchs&ei=UTF-8&x=wrt
AGE OF SUSPICION
Implicated Julius and Ethel
Rosenberg
•http://www.npr.org/programs/totn/photos/r
osenbergs140.jpg
AGE OF SUSPICION
1951
Ethel and Julius
Rosenberg were tried
convicted sentenced and
executed for spying
First civilians executed for
espionage in United States
AGE OF SUSPICION
Executed
prison
at Sing Sing
AGE OF SUSPICION
1950
McCarthyism
Senator
Joe McCarthy
http://www.english.uiuc.edu/maps/mccarthy/j-mccarthy.jpg
AGE OF SUSPICION
Undistinguished
from Wisconsin
Senator
AGE OF SUSPICION
Speech
in West Virginia
“in my hand I have a list
of 205 Communists in the
State Department”
No proof
AGE OF SUSPICION
Blamed
victory on Mao in
China Communists
involvement in State
Department
AGE OF SUSPICION
Hearings
went on for 4 years
Accused Russia running State
Department
McCarran – Walker Act
Lifted Japanese internment
but banned Communist from
immigrating to U.S.
AGE OF SUSPICION
President
Eisenhower did
not agree but did not
speak out against
“was not going to get in
the gutter with that guy”
AGE OF SUSPICION
Ruin
careers of many in
State department
AGE OF SUSPICION
END OF MCCARTHYISM
Took on army and accused
George Marshall
McCarthy aides was drafted
not promoted
Claimed army was
“Communist”
AGE OF SUSPICION
AGE OF SUSPICION
Army-McCarthy
hearings
AGE OF SUSPICION
Televised
hearings
AGE OF SUSPICION
Nation
“bully”
saw McCarthy as a
AGE OF SUSPICION
Senate
censored McCarthy
“for Tending to bring the
Senate into dishonor and
disrepute”
AGE OF SUSPICION
Career
over
He died three years later
from Alcoholism and died a
broken man
Loyalty
oath
Hollywood
10
Fellow
Traveler
Alger
Hiss
Rosenbergs
COLD WAR
NSC-68
September 1949
Rise in radioactivity
in Soviet Union
Soviets now had
COLD WAR
NSC-68
recommended
In response to
nuclear armed
Soviets
COLD WAR
1. Development of
hydrogen bomb
2. Increase of ground
forces and strong
alliances
COLD WAR
3. Build up defensive
weapons to surpass
the Soviets
COLD WAR
4.Became the policy
of the United States
to be in a constant
state of mobilization
whether at war or
not
Radio Activity
TWO NATIONS
LIVE ON THE
EDGE
TWO NATIONS LIVING ON THE
EDGE
BRINKMANSHIP
WILLINGNESS
TO GO TO
ALLOUT WAR IN CRISIS
BEGAN WITH SOVIETS
GETTING A-BOMB
TWO NATIONS LIVING ON THE
EDGE
BRINKMANSHIP
Soviets
will follow with
same policy
TWO NATIONS LIVING ON THE
EDGE
John
Foster Dulles
TWO NATIONS LIVING ON THE
EDGE
President
Eisenhower
TWO NATIONS LIVE ON
THE EDGE
Policy
of Brinkmanship became
policy of United States along
with containment
TWO NATIONS LIVING ON THE
EDGE
Dulles
believed Communism
was a moral crusade
TWO NATIONS LIVING ON THE
EDGE
Massive
Retaliation
MAD
Mutually
Assured
Destruction
TWO NATIONS LIVING ON THE
EDGE
RACE
BOMB
FOR HYDROGEN
TWO NATIONS LIVING ON THE
EDGE
NOVEMBER
1 1952
UNITED STATES TESTED
1ST H-BOMB
TWO NATIONS LIVING ON THE
EDGE
SOVIETS
TESTED 1ST
BOMB
AUGUST , 1953
TWO NATIONS LIVING ON THE
EDGE
Hungarian
Uprising
1956
Imre
Nagy
Liberal Communist
TWO NATIONS LIVING ON THE
EDGE
Nagy
called for Democratic
Government
Free elections
TWO NATIONS LIVING ON THE
EDGE
Backed out of Warsaw Pact
Demanded Soviet Troops
leave
TWO NATIONS LIVING ON THE
EDGE
Soviet
Response was quick
and brutal
November 1956
Tanks rolled into Hungary
TWO NATIONS LIVING ON THE
EDGE
30,000
Hungarians fought
with Pistols and Bottles
Put up barricades in
streets
TWO NATIONS LIVING ON THE
EDGE
Put
up valiant fight
TWO NATIONS LIVING ON THE
EDGE
Soviets
easily crushed the
revolution
Replaced Nagy with ProSoviet Government
TWO NATIONS LIVING ON THE
EDGE
Nagy
was executed
700,00 fled Hungary to the
west
TWO NATIONS LIVING ON THE
EDGE
Truman and Eisenhower
Doctrines both should have
given the U S the support to
help Hungary
Stated U. S. will help any
country that wanted to be
democratic
Hungary was in Soviet Block
TWO NATIONS LIVING ON THE
EDGE
Containment
over ruled
Truman and Eisenhower
Doctrines
U. S. did nothing
1950’s Culture
Eisenhower
Administration made
decision to build
Interstate Highway
system
Built primarily for
Military
TWO NATIONS LIVING ON THE
EDGE
Space
race
Russian launched Sputnik
First satellite to orbit earth
TWO NATIONS LIVING ON THE
EDGE
TWO NATIONS LIVING ON THE
EDGE
Caused
panic in United
States
United States attempts to
launch satellite
unsuccessful
TWO NATIONS LIVING ON THE
EDGE
TWO NATIONS LIVING ON THE
EDGE
Unites
States finally
successful
Image was U. S. was
behind the Soviets in race
for space
TWO NATIONS LIVING ON THE
EDGE
U-2
incident
TWO NATIONS LIVING ON THE
EDGE
Soviets
rejected “open
Skies”
CIA
Flights over Soviet Union
Using U-2
Eisenhower wanted flights
stopped
TWO NATIONS LIVING ON THE
EDGE
Afraid
it would ruin
effectiveness
Francis Gary Powers U-2
plane was shot down
TWO NATIONS LIVING ON THE
EDGE
TWO NATIONS LIVING ON THE
EDGE
Eisenhower
and
Khrushchev were to meet
in another summit
Eisenhower at first denied
Russia wanted an apology
TWO NATIONS LIVING ON THE
EDGE
Eisenhower
agreed to stop
flights
But refused to apologize
Summit was cancelled
TWO NATIONS LIVING ON THE
EDGE
Eisenhower warned the
nation about becoming a
military industrial complex
KENNEDY AND THE COLD WAR
Election
1960
of
KENNEDY AND THE COLD WAR
CANDIDATES
RICHARD
NIXON
REPUBLICAN
KENNEDY AND THE COLD WAR
DEMOCRAT
JOHN
F. KENNEDY
KENNEDY AND THE COLD WAR
SIMILARITIES
VETERANS
IN WORLD
WAR II
Both rising in party
KENNEDY AND THE COLD WAR
Both
were
Senators
Kennedy
Massachusetts
Nixon California
KENNEDY AND THE COLD WAR
Nixon
however was
Vice-President
KENNEDY AND THE COLD WAR
Kennedy
came
from a wealthy
family
Joseph (father)
made his fortune in
stock market
KENNEDY AND THE COLD WAR
And
bootlegging
whiskey during
prohibition
KENNEDY AND THE COLD WAR
Joe
Kennedy was
oldest son he was
the chosen son to
run for President.
KENNEDY AND THE COLD WAR
Killed
War II
during World
KENNEDY AND THE COLD WAR
Campaign:
Kennedy
was
Catholic
Became an issue
KENNEDY AND THE COLD WAR
Concern
Kennedy
would be guided by
the Pope
KENNEDY AND THE COLD WAR
Kennedy
calmed
fears
By openly
discussing the issue
KENNEDY AND THE COLD WAR
Kennedy
was 43
years old
Too inexperienced
KENNEDY AND THE COLD WAR
Televised
st
1 time
Kennedy
Debates
was well
coached by television
producers
KENNEDY AND THE COLD WAR
Nixon
looked
haggard
Just got out of
hospital was still
sick
KENNEDY AND THE COLD WAR
Kennedy's
youthful
appearance served
him well
KENNEDY AND THE COLD WAR
People
watching
debate on
television felt
Kennedy won
KENNEDY AND THE COLD WAR
People
listening to
debate on the radio
felt Nixon won
KENNEDY AND THE COLD WAR
Election
results
Kennedy won by
120,000 votes
Illinois was key
KENNEDY AND THE COLD WAR
Kennedy
was the first
Catholic President
Youngest president
ever elected
43 years old
FIGHTING THE COLD WAR
MASSIVE
REALITATION
EISENHOWER’S
POLICY TOWARDS
SOVIETS
FIGHTING THE COLD WAR
Kennedy
thought
small
disagreements or
conflicts were not
worth going to war
over
FIGHTING THE COLD WAR
Nation
had become
dependent on
Nuclear weapons
FIGHTING THE COLD WAR
Kennedy proposed a
new strategy
More troops to fight
He did expand nuclear
weapons
FIGHTING THE COLD WAR
Created elite branch
of the service
Green Berets
FIGHTING THE COLD WAR
Allow United States
to fight limited
wars
Flexible Response
FIGHTING THE COLD WAR
Castro has taken
over Cuba
Communist regime
90 miles from
United States
FIGHTING THE COLD WAR
Cuban émigré’s in the
United States invaded
Cuba
Émigré's were going to
incite a revolution
and overthrow Castro
Castro's forces
repelled attack
Kennedy refused air
support
doomed invasion
All invaders were
captured or killed
Major
embarrassment for
Kennedy
Kennedy took full
responsibility for
failure
Russia and Khrushchev
thought Kennedy weak
and indecisive
FIGHTING THE COLD WAR
Berlin divided city
Thousands leaving
East Berlin to West
FIGHTING THE COLD WAR
Khrushchev and
Russia ordered wall
to be built
FIGHTING THE COLD WAR
Although there was a
confrontation at
Checkpoint Charlie
between U.S and
Soviet tanks
FIGHTING THE COLD WAR
Even though
Kennedy responded
with reservist
activation
FIGHTING THE COLD WAR
And Russia backed
down at Checkpoint
Charlie
It was perceived by
the Russians Kennedy
did nothing about the
FIGHTING THE COLD WAR
Khrushchev
believed Kennedy
to be inexperienced
FIGHTING THE COLD WAR
Appeared again to
Russia and
Khrushchev Kennedy
was weak and not
willing to respond to
events
CUBAN MISSLE CRISIS
October 14-October
28
1962
CUBAN MISSLE CRISIS
Kennedy,
Khrushchev,
Castro
FIGHTING THE COLD WAR
Missiles discovered by
U-2 Surveillance
planes
FIGHTING THE COLD WAR
90
miles from United
States
Missiles now 5 minutes
away from united States
FIGHTING THE COLD WAR
Kennedy
and ex-com
proposed responses
4 options
FIGHTING THE COLD WAR
OPTION
1
Surgical
strikes
air
FIGHTING THE COLD WAR
OPTION
2
Tactical
strikes
air
FIGHTING THE COLD WAR
OPTION
2
Followed
by
invasion of
Cuba
FIGHTING THE COLD WAR
OPTION
3
Blockade of Cuba
FIGHTING THE COLD WAR
OPTION
4
Negotiations
X-COMM
Robert
F Kennedy
–Attorney General
X-COMM
Robert McNamara
Secretary of Defense
Dean Rusk
Secretary of State
McGEORGE BUNDY
National Security
Advisor
Adlai Stevenson
Ambassador to the United
States Air Force Curtis
LeMay
Chief of Staff United
Dean Acheson
Advisor to Ex-Com
Republican Advisor to
President Eisenhower
Advisor and
Speech writer
for JFK
Ted Sorenson
FIGHTING THE COLD WAR
Blockade was
chosen as solution
Kennedy addressed
Nation
FIGHTING THE COLD WAR
Brinkmanship
Ships stopped
“looks like someone
blinked”
FIGHTING THE COLD WAR
U S received a
telegram from
Russia stating the
Russian would
withdraw weapons
FIGHTING THE COLD WAR
If United States
agreed not to
invade Cuba
FIGHTING THE COLD WAR
Next day the U S
received another
message this one
stronger called for
removing missiles
from Turkey
FIGHTING THE COLD WAR
Kennedy ignored
second message
agreed to first
FIGHTING THE COLD WAR
Crisis eased but not
before the two
Super Powers were
so close to World
War III
FIGHTING THE COLD WAR
Kennedy
did agree
secretly to remove
obsolete missiles from
Turkey six months later
VIETNAM
November
22,1963
Kennedy is
assassinated
in Dallas
Texas
http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=8598236943704944166
VIETNAM
VIETNAM
Lyndon B Johnson is now
President
LX
Election
of 1960
Richard
Nixon
John
Kennedy
OF
Bay of Pigs
Fidel
Castro
Nikita
Khrushchev
Berlin
Wall
Cuban
Crisis
Missile
VIETNAM
VIETNAM
From 1800’s till 1940 France
ruled Indochina
Became known as French
Indochina
Vietnam
Cambodia
Laos
VIETNAM
Opposition fled to China
Regrouped under leadership
of Ho Chi Minh
VIETNAM
1940 Japan took control of
Indochina
After war France and Ho Chi
Minh fought for control of
Vietnam
VIETNAM
1950 United States entered
conflict in Vietnam
Monetary aid 15 million
dollars
VIETNAM
Domino Theory
VIETNAM
If one falls the rest will fall
Relate to Cold War
If Vietnam fell next
Cambodia
Thailand
Laos
Indonesia
??Australia??
VIETNAM
France was not successful in
fighting guerilla war
Final battle at Dien Bien Phu
VIETNAM
VIETNAM
Geneva Accord
VIETNAM
Divided Vietnam
th
17 parallel
Communist
North Ho Chi Minh
Anti-Communist South
Ngo Dinh
Diem
VIETNAM
VIETNAM
In 2 years National
Elections were to be held
United States believed that
80% would vote for Ho Chi
Minh
VIETNAM
United States supported
cancellation of elections
Supported Diem
VIETNAM
Diem was corrupt and abusive
leader
Devout Catholic minority in a
largely Buddhist country
Persecuted any of the old
Vietminh
VIETNAM
1957 communist opposition
to Diem formed
National Liberation Front
Became known as Vietcong
VIETNAM
Ho Chi Minh supported the
Vietcong with supplies
Used the Ho Chi Minh Trail
VIETNAM
Kennedy and Vietnam
Democrats were accused of
being “soft on
Communism”
VIETNAM
Kennedy supported Diem’s
government with money
and 16,000 “advisors”
Problem for Kennedy
Diem was oppressive to
majority religion of
Buddhism
VIETNAM
Buddhist monks protested
by public suicides
VIETNAM
VIETNAM
VIETNAM
Setting themselves on fire
to protest imprisonment of
Monks and destruction of
Temples by Diem
VIETNAM
1963 Vietnam was becoming
very unstable Diem refused
to listen to United States to
ease up on persecutions
Diem had to go
Military coup
Kennedy approved
VIETNAM
Coup was successful
Diem refused to leave
He was killed against
Kennedy’s wishes
VIETNAM
November 1, 1963
VIETNAM WAR EXPANDS
Some say Kennedy was
going to get out of
Vietnam
Debatable as to whether he
could have left
He thought it was “their
war”
VIETNAM
Johnson
Appeasement not an option
in Vietnam
Johnson view if Vietnam fell
United States would be
ineffective elsewhere
VIETNAM
August 2, 1964
VIETNAM
North Vietnamese patrol
boat
Fired a torpedo on American
Destroyer Maddox
VIETNAM
VIETNAM
August 4, 1964
Maddox reported to being
fired on again
Bad weather and low
visibility
Crew reported not seeing or
hearing gunfire
VIETNAM
Johnson retaliated by
Bombing North Vietnam
VIETNAM
Johnson went to Congress
for additional powers
VIETNAM
RESOLUTION STATED
“President will be able to
use all measures to repel
any armed attack against
the United States”
VIETNAM
August 7, 1964
Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
passed
Gave Johnson and future
presidents the ability to
escalate
VIETNAM
Conflict in Vietnam without
a formal Declaration of
War
VIETNAM
Johnson had wanted to be
able to escalate war just
waiting for an event to
push the resolution
through
VIETNAM
February 1965
Johnson initiated
“Operation Rolling Thunder”
VIETNAM
1st sustained bombing
Of North Vietnam
VIETNAM
By June of 1965 troop
strength in Vietnam was
50,000 troops
The war was now
Americanized
VIETNAM AND AMERICA
ESCALATION IN THE WAR
VIETNAM AND AMERICA
ESCALATION IN THE WAR
Initially
war was popular
61% of American people
supported the war
Johnson was reluctant to
send additional troops to
Vietnam
VIETNAM AND AMERICA
ESCALATION IN THE WAR
Containment
and Domino
Theory was still number 1
Foreign Policy of the
United States
VIETNAM AND AMERICA
ESCALATION IN THE WAR
Robert
McNamara
Secretary of Defense
VIETNAM AND AMERICA
ESCALATION IN THE WAR
Dean
State
Rusk Secretary of
VIETNAM AND AMERICA
ESCALATION IN THE WAR
Argued
to sent more
troops to Vietnam
Not unanimous
VIETNAM AND AMERICA
ESCALATION IN THE WAR
George
Ball
Was against military build
up
VIETNAM AND AMERICA
ESCALATION IN THE WAR
McNamara
and Rusk along
with commander of the
Vietnam troops General
William Westmoreland
VIETNAM AND AMERICA
ESCALATION IN THE WAR
VIETNAM AND AMERICA
ESCALATION IN THE WAR
Convinced
Johnson to
escalate troop strength
By end of 1965
American troop strength
was
180,000 troops
VIETNAM AND AMERICA
ESCALATION IN THE WAR
Westmoreland
believed
that South Vietnam Army
could not stand up to
Vietcong
As escalation continued it
became an American War
VIETNAM AND AMERICA
ESCALATION IN THE WAR
By
1967 500,000
American troops were in
Vietnam
VIETNAM AND AMERICA
ESCALATION IN THE WAR
THE
WAR
Not a conventional war
Guerilla warfare
Jungle fighting
VIETNAM AND AMERICA
ESCALATION IN THE WAR
Tactics
of Vietcong
Hit and Run tactics
Mines
Booby traps
VIETNAM AND AMERICA
ESCALATION IN THE WAR
Friends
by day enemy by
night
Vietcong had a
sophisticated tunnel
systems
VIETNAM AND AMERICA
ESCALATION IN THE WAR
VIETNAM AND AMERICA
ESCALATION IN THE WAR
Tunnels
included
Kitchens
Sleep quarters
Medical facilities
False tunnels
VIETNAM AND AMERICA
ESCALATION IN THE WAR
Able
to hide and limited
the effects of American
bombing
VIETNAM AND AMERICA
ESCALATION IN THE WAR
Provided
easy escape
Tunnels were sustainable
and hard to locate
Distinct advantage to
Vietcong
VIETNAM AND AMERICA
ESCALATION IN THE WAR
World
War I and World
War II
Both had major battles
Vietnam had some but
majority were
Quick strikes hit and run
VIETNAM AND AMERICA
ESCALATION IN THE WAR
United
States military and
government believed that
U.S. military forces could
wear down the North
Vietnamese and they
would quit
VIETNAM AND AMERICA
ESCALATION IN THE WAR
Just
the opposite as
Vietcong or North
Vietnamese casualties rose
Their will became stronger
VIETNAM AND AMERICA
ESCALATION IN THE WAR
McNamara
was astonished
that the North Vietnamese
could withstand the
onslaught of the American
military
VIETNAM AND AMERICA
ESCALATION IN THE WAR
Westmoreland
stated U S
was winning the military
battles
For the United States it
was a military conflict to
the Vietnamese it was a
battle for survival
VIETNAM AND AMERICA
ESCALATION IN THE WAR
North
Vietnam would pay
any price for victory
VIETNAM AND AMERICA
ESCALATION IN THE WAR
Battle
for Hearts and
Minds of Vietnam people
Get the South Vietnamese
villagers to side with U.S.
Guerillas would have no
place to hide
VIETNAM AND AMERICA
ESCALATION IN THE WAR
Military
struggle vs. fight
for survival
Also united States step up
bombing
VIETNAM AND AMERICA
ESCALATION IN THE WAR
Napalm
gasoline based
bomb that set fire to
jungle
To expose Tunnels and
reduce foliage
Agent Orange
VIETNAM AND AMERICA
ESCALATION IN THE WAR
VIETNAM AND AMERICA
ESCALATION IN THE WAR
Agent
Orange was used to
destroy the jungle and
expose troops
It was effective but later
soldiers developed cancer
VIETNAM AND AMERICA
ESCALATION IN THE WAR
VIETNAM AND AMERICA
ESCALATION IN THE WAR
Quagmire
Despite
military victories
Search and destroy
missions
War waged on with no end
in sight
VIETNAM AND AMERICA
ESCALATION IN THE WAR
Morale
in ranks of soldiers
became evident
Frustration of fighting for
in a war that some thought
had no cause for America
VIETNAM AND AMERICA
ESCALATION IN THE WAR
Alcohol,
drugs, became a
problem
Some soldiers would shoot
their own officers rather
than follow orders
VIETNAM AND AMERICA
ESCALATION IN THE WAR
The
effects of fighting a
conventional war against a
non conventional enemy
VIETNAM AND AMERICA
ESCALATION IN THE WAR
North
Vietnam was
receiving aid from Russia
and China
VIETNAM AND AMERICA
ESCALATION IN THE WAR
Vietnam
was the Cold War
philosophy
United States and Russia
fighting a war against each
other but not firing a shot
directly at each other
VIETNAM AND AMERICA
ESCALATION IN THE WAR
Ho
Chi Minh believed that
they could outlast the
United States once the
American people got fed
up with casualties on the
U.S. side
VIETNAM AND AMERICA
ESCALATION IN THE WAR
Crossroads for Vietnam
1968
1968
McNamara
resigned in
1967
Confused
Infiltration reduced
Casualties high
But no progress
1968
Johnson
caught in the
middle
Doves = Withdraw
Hawks = Not doing
enough
VIETNAM AND AMERICA
ESCALATION IN THE WAR
TET
OFFENISIVE
JANUARY 31. 1968
First day of the
Vietnamese New Year
VIETNAM AND AMERICA
ESCALATION IN THE WAR
North
Vietnam launched a
massive and coordinated
attack on South Vietnam
major cities
Attacks were brutal and
quick
VIETNAM AND AMERICA
ESCALATION IN THE WAR
Hue
(South Vietnam city)
was overrun by Vietcong
North Vietnamese were
relentless rounded up
supporters of South
Vietnam were murdered by
the Vietcong
VIETNAM AND AMERICA
ESCALATION IN THE WAR
Saigon
was attacked
Initial victories by North
Vietnamese including
American Embassy
VIETNAM AND AMERICA
ESCALATION IN THE WAR
United
States forces
repelled attack regain
Embassy
North Vietnamese
casualties were
astronomical
VIETNAM AND AMERICA
ESCALATION IN THE WAR
A
major factor in the Tet
offensive was
TELEVISION
The battle and the war
was brought home to
America’s living room
VIETNAM AND AMERICA
ESCALATION IN THE WAR
Instant
results of war to
America
Casualties mounted
VIETNAM AND AMERICA
ESCALATION IN THE WAR
One
event stood out
A South Vietnam officer took
a North Vietnamese solider
into the street put a pistol to
his head and shot him
It was caught by a
photographer
VIETNAM AND AMERICA
ESCALATION IN THE WAR
South Vietnamese sources state that Lém commanded a Viet Cong death
squad, which on that day had murdered South Vietnamese National Police
officers, or in their stead, the police officers' families; these sources said
that Lém was captured near the site of a ditch holding as many as thirtyfour bound and shot bodies of police and their relatives, some of whom
were the families of General Nguyễn's deputy and close friend, and six of
whom were Nguyễn's godchildren. Photographer Adams confirmed the
South Vietnamese account, although he was only present for the
execution. Lém's widow confirmed that her husband was a member of the
Viet Cong and she did not see him after the Tet Offensive began. Shortly
after the execution, a South Vietnamese official who had not been present
said that Lém was only a political operative. [6]
VIETNAM AND AMERICA
ESCALATION IN THE WAR
Also
North Vietnamese
were brutal
Tortured American POWS
VIETNAM AND AMERICA
ESCALATION IN THE WAR
The
Tet offensive was a
military victory for the
United States
A psychological victory for
the North Vietnamese
VIETNAM AND AMERICA
ESCALATION IN THE WAR
BUT
VIETNAM AND AMERICA
ESCALATION IN THE WAR
The
brutality of the war
and the beginning of the
feeling there was no way
out of the war from the Tet
offensive
VIETNAM AND AMERICA
ESCALATION IN THE WAR
It
was a political defeat for
Johnson
It became the political
turning point of the war
VIETNAM AND AMERICA
ESCALATION IN THE WAR
Fighting
the war became a
two front war for Johnson
The war in Vietnam was a
quagmire with no victory
in sight
VIETNAM AND AMERICA
ESCALATION IN THE WAR
And
the war or protests
against the war at home
Protest and turmoil will
boil over in 1968
1968
HIPPIES
- ANTI WAR
1968
Hawks
Doves
1968
Hawks
not war mongers but
supported all out military
victory in Vietnam
Doves supported ending the
war and getting out of
Vietnam quickly
1968
New
Left
Demanded Changes
Old Left 1930’s pushed
towards Communism
1968
Students
for a
Democratic Society
Tom Hayden
Corporations and
Government
Institutions
1968
Taken
over the
society
1968
Campus
Activism
Protested dress code
mandatory ROTC
1968
1965
first organized
march on Washington
20,000
Johnson changed
deferment policy
1968
Students
must be good
academic standards to
continue deferment
1968
SDS
preached
disobedience
Disrupting Selective
Service System
1968
Four
reasons students
felt the war was unjust
1. Civil War
2. South Vietnam
government was just as
oppressive as the North
1968
3.
United States could
not police the entire
world
4. Morally unjust
1968
Protests
songs became
popular
Phil Ochs Peter Paul
Mary
Bob Dylan
Joan Baez Barry McGuire
1968
Protest
to resistance
Options
Refuse
to serve
Flee to Canada
1968
1967
another peace
demonstration
75,000 in Washington
Compare and Contrast the
differences between protest
in Vietnam and Iraq
1968
Pro
Vietnam war
America Love it or leave
it
1968
Eugene
McCarthy
1968
McCarthy
defeated
President Johnson in the
New Hampshire primary
Johnson told the nation
1968
1968
“I
will not seek I will not
accept the nomination of
my party for another
term as your president”
1968
Democratic
Party looked
for another candidate
Robert F Kennedy
declined to run
1968
1968
1968
George
McGovern
1968
“On
to Chicago”
1968
1968
RFK Funeral Train
1968
Some truly believe that
the Nations hopes were
again ended by an
assassins bullet
1968
My
brother need not be
idealized, or enlarged in
death beyond what he was in
life, to be remembered
simply as a good and decent
man, who saw wrong and
tried to right it, saw suffering
and tried to heal it, saw war
As
he said many times, in
many parts of this nation, to
those he touched and who
sought to touch him:
“Some men see things as
they are and say why. I
dream things that never were
and say why not.”
1968
1968
1968
1968 Democratic Convention
1968
1968
1968
"
1968
Gestapo
tactics." Photo by
Gary Settle, August 28, 1968.
Mayor Richard J. Daley and son
Richard M. Daley jeer Sen.
Abraham Ribicoff at the
Democratic National Convention
as he criticizes Chicago
"Gestapo" tactics.
Images © Chicago Sun-Times
1968
Election
of 1968
1968
1968
NEW
PRESIDENT
Richard M. Nixon
End of War and Legacy
End of War and Legacy
Vietnamization
of war
Withdrawal of American
forces / Escalation
End of War and Legacy
Talks
began with North
Vietnamese
Requirement of
withdrawal
All North Vietnamese
troops must leave South
End of War and Legacy
August
1969 first
reduction of troops
25,000
Over next three years
troop strength will be
down to 25,000
End of War and Legacy
Goal
of Nixon’s Peace
“Peace with Honor”
Maintain U.S. dignity
Henry Kissinger National
Security Advisor
End of War and Legacy
End of War and Legacy
Peace
talks continued
Massive bombing on the
North continued
Major targets were
supply routes
End of War and Legacy
Frustrations
and
emotions build up
Village of My Lai
March 16,1968
End of War and Legacy
Lt
William Calley
End of War and Legacy
200
to 300 civilians
killed by Charlie
Company
Vietcong stronghold
Frustration build up
End of War and Legacy
Unable
to find enemy
End of War and Legacy
Numerous
members of
Charlie Company were
killed or wounded in the
area
Again frustrations build
up
End of War and Legacy
Company
was on a
search and destroy
mission
Came upon village
Calley ordered to enter
village firing
End of War and Legacy
Ron
Ridenhour Vietnam
Veteran
End of War and Legacy
Spoke
to Congress
about the massacre
He received first hand
details from members of
Charlie Company
End of War and Legacy
American public knew
of massacre by Seymour
Hersh
End of War and Legacy
Military
investigation
charged Lt Calley charged
with murder in September
1969
Two months before the
story by Hersh was
published
End of War and Legacy
Military
commission
investigated the incident
Findings lack of
leadership discipline and
moral
End of War and Legacy
More
and more
seasoned veterans
rotated out of Vietnam
or retired
Many were killed in
action
Questioned the draft
End of War and Legacy
Epilogue
Calley
was convicted
claimed he was only
following orders from
Captain Ernest Melinda
End of War and Legacy
Another
damaging event
Pentagon Papers
Released
Stating that Johnson
always was in favor of
escalating war
End of War and Legacy
He
had no intention of
ever leaving Vietnam
until victory
Congress was angry
Repelled the Gulf of
Tonkin Resolution
End of War and Legacy
Nixon
disregarded and
continued to escalate
the war
March 1972
Vietcong launched the
Easter
End of War and Legacy
Invasion
of Cambodia
Secret invasion
Nixon never asked
Congress
End of War and Legacy
Nixon
wanted to wipe
out Vietcong bases in
Cambodia
End of War and Legacy
Plan
did not work
Vietcong went deeper
into Cambodia
End of War and Legacy
Reaction
to invasion
Congress repealed Gulf
of Tonkin Resolution
Demonstrations on
College Campuses
End of War and Legacy
Kent
State and Jackson
State
two violent protests
End of War and Legacy
Kent
State
Protested the invasion
of Cambodia
National Guard Troops
fired on Students
End of War and Legacy
4
students were killed
Jackson State 2
students were killed
protesting Kent State
1968
End Of War
End Of War
End Of War
End Of War
End Of War
End Of War
End Of War
End Of War
End of War and Legacy
1972
peace talks began
They were not
successful
President Thieu of South
Vietnam wanted U S to
do more
End of War and Legacy
January
27, 1973 final
treaty signed
500 prisoners of U S
were released from POW
camps
“Hanoi Hilton”
End of War and Legacy
Fighting
still in Vietnam
1975 Congress refused
funding to war
North Vietnamese
launched attack on
South Vietnam
End of War and Legacy
Without
U S support the
South fell
April 30, 1975 Saigon
fell to the Communists
War was now over
Gerald Ford is president
End of War and Legacy
Aftermath
Congress
passed the
War Powers Act
President must inform
Congress 2 days of
using
U S troops
End of War and Legacy
Troops
must withdraw
60 days after Congress
refuses funding
End of War and Legacy
Veterans
returning
home
No hero welcome
500,000 veterans
suffered from
psychological problems
End of War and Legacy
It
took until 1982 for
the war memorial to be
built
End of War and Legacy
End of War and Legacy
End of War and Legacy
End of War and Legacy
End of War and Legacy
End of War and Legacy
End of War and Legacy
End of War and Legacy
End of War and Legacy
End of War and Legacy
United
States
Causalities of Vietnam
58,193
KIA
153,303 WIA
1,948 MIA
End of War and Legacy
South
Vietnamese
Army casualties
250,000 KIA/MIA
1,169,763 WIA
End of War and Legacy
2,000,000
to 4,000,000
killed civilians killed in
North and South
End of War and Legacy
North
Vietnamese Army
1.1 million according to
History Channel
End of War and Legacy
Cambodia
fell to a
communist group Khmer
Rouge
Pol Pot
End of War and Legacy
End of War and Legacy
Pol
Pot eliminated over
one million Cambodians
to rid country of
Western influence
End of War and Legacy
This
concludes the study
on the war in Vietnam
1970-1990 COLD WAR
Henry
Kissinger
1970-1990 COLD WAR
Change
in Cold War
Philosophy
Containment and
Brinkmanship will
change
1970-1990 COLD WAR
Realpolitiks
Consideration of power
of countries and realize
that thy must work
together to survive
1970-1990 COLD WAR
Détente
China
and Russia at
odds
U.S. jumped on
opportunity
1970-1990 COLD WAR
Nixon
visited
Communist China
1970-1990 COLD WAR
1970-1990 COLD WAR
Taiwan
was still
recognized as the
diplomatic China
1970-1990 COLD WAR
Nixon’s
previous hard
line on Communism
gave him the reputation
to negotiate with China
1970-1990 COLD WAR
Nixon wanted to take
advantage of the decade
long fight between
Soviets and Communist
China
1970-1990 COLD WAR
Normalized
relations
with Mainland China
Still U S will protect
Taiwan from China
1970-1990 COLD WAR
Nixon
then visited
Russia
Agreed to reduce
nuclear weapons SALT I
treaty
1970-1990 COLD WAR
Limited
the number of
ICBM’s and Submarine
launched missiles to
1972 levels
Ronald Regan
1980 Election
Ronald Reagan
Ronald Reagan
1985
Mikhail
Gorbachev
General Secretary of
Communist Party
Ronald Reagan
New
policy of
Glasnost
= Openness
Perestroika
= reform
Ronald Reagan
Openness
beginning of
giving some freedoms o
Russia
Perestroika
Allowed a little
Capitalism
Ronald Reagan
Private
ownership vs.
state ownership
Ronald Regan
Beginning
USSR
of the end for
Ronald Reagan
SDI
Strategic
Defense
Initiative
Defense in space
against Soviet Missile
Attack
Ronald Reagan
Became
known as
Star Wars
Ronald Reagan
Back
to USSR
As a result of the new
policies in Ussr
Satellite nations
declared their
independence from
Russia
Ronald Reagan
Russia
defense was
too stretch out to
defend or stop
satellites from
independence
Ronald Reagan
Satellite
nations began
to overthrow
government without any
repercussions from
USSR