Transcript WWI Power Point

Chapter 8
The First World War
(1914 – 1918)
Main Idea
Rivalries among
European nations led to
the outbreak of war in
1914.
I. World War I Names
A. The Great War
B. The War to End All Wars
II. Causes of WWI
1. Nationalism
2. Imperialism
3. Militarism
4. Alliances
A. Nationalism
• An extreme pride or
devotion that people
feel for their country or
culture.
B. Imperialism
• Competition between
powerful countries for
colonies.
C. Militarism
• Using armed forces as a
diplomatic tool.
D. Alliances
• Alliances (partnerships)
created to maintain peace,
but lead Europe directly into
war.
Triple Alliance
aka: Central Powers
- Austria-Hungary
- Germany
- Ottoman Empire
- Italy
- Bulgaria
- Fearful of Germany’s power,
France and Russia formed a
secret alliance with each
other.
The Alliance System
Great Britain
Germany
France
Triple Alliance:
AustriaHungary
Russia
Triple Entente:
Italy
Triple Entente
aka: Allied Powers
-
Serbia
Russia
France
United States
- Italy
- Great Britain
Entente means understanding
Europe 1914
Two Armed Camps!
Triple Entente:
Allied Powers:
Triple Alliance:
Central Powers:
Ottoman
Empire
The Major Players: 1914-1917
Allied Powers:
Central Powers:
Nicholas II
[Rus]
George V [Br]
Wilhelm II [Ger]
Pres. Poincare [Fr]
Victor Emmanuel
II [It]
Enver Pasha
[Turkey]
Franz Josef [A-H]
Pop Quiz Time: On a sheet of loose leaf
paper use the map that you colored to
complete the sequence chart below.
Declarations of War Because of the Alliance System
Germany
Russia
Great Britain
Serbia
Austria/Hungary
France
Countries may be used more than one time.
III. War Breaks Out
A.The Powder Keg of Europe
1. Austria-Hungary controlled
Bosnia.
2. Serbia was trying to get
Bosnia to revolt against
Austria-Hungary.
The
“Powder Keg”
of Europe
3. Franz Ferdinand is the heir
to the Austria-Hungary
throne & he was
assassinated in Sarajevo.
4. The Serbian government
had supplied the assassins
with bombs and weapons.
5. Austria-Hungary blamed
Serbia for Ferdinand’s
murder on June 28, 1914.
6. Black Hand: Serbian group
that assassinated
Ferdinand.
The Assassination: The Assassin:
Sarajevo
Gavrilo
Princip
7. Austria-Hungary declares
war on Serbia.
B. Germans take Belgium
1. Schlieffen Plan
- Count Alfred von Schlieffen:
German military leader
- Play animated map
http://www.pbs.org/greatwar/map
s/maps_outbreak.html
The Schlieffen Plan
-Defeat France quickly
and stall the Russians
After France falls,
turn both armies on
Russia
Failure of the Plan
resulted in trenches
being built in a
flanking of each other
in a “race to the sea”
causing a stalemate.
The German army
was split into two
fighting forces.
Eastern & Western
Front.
C. A New Kind of Warfare
• French soldiers fought old style
of war, wore red uniforms and
swords.
• Germans used camouflage &
used machine guns.
D. The First Battle of the Marne
• Allies stopped the German
advance and saved Paris
• Ended in a standoff.
• German troops were needed
to fight Russia.
IV. The War Reaches a Stalemate
- Trenches were dug to
protect soldiers from enemy
fire
- These trenches stretched for
some 400 miles
- This type of fighting is
known as trench warfare
- Trench warfare created a
stalemate, or deadlock
- Both the Allies and the
Central Powers begin
looking for new ways to gain
an advantage.
Trench Warfare
“No Man’s Land”
- Barbed wire lined the
trenches making it hard to
cross the battlefield
Copy important facts about the course of the war and battles
while playing animations: (Match the battle with the fact for
the test.)
http://www.pbs.org/greatwar/maps/maps_gallipoli.html
Battle of :
Gallipoli - 1915
The Battle of Verdun - 1916
The Battle of the Somme - 1916
The Third Battle of Ypres - 1917
The First Battle of the Marne - 1914
Video - Christmas in the trenches:
Joyeaux Noel Christmas scene
Joyeaux Noel trench warfare scene
“War is Hell.” William Tecumseh
Sherman (Advocate of TOTAL WAR
during the Civil War’s March to the Sea.)
This quote originates from his
address to the graduating class of
the Michigan Military Academy
“I’ve been where you are now and I
know just how you feel. It’s entirely
natural that there should beat in the
breast of every one of you a hope
and desire that some day you can
use the skill you have acquired here.
Suppress it! You don’t know the
horrible aspects of war. I’ve been
through two wars and I know. I’ve
seen cities and homes in ashes. I’ve
seen thousands of men lying on the
ground, their dead faces looking up
at the skies. I tell you, war is Hell!”
V. New Weapons
1. Poison Gas – Thought by experts to be a military
breakthrough, but could be risky. What if wind would
change? Result of question invention of gas mask and
putting color dye in gas.
2.Machine Gun – Caused most of the casualties of the
war when the soldiers would perform a maneuver
called “Over the Top” into No-man’s land.
3. Flame Throwers – Defense of
the trench and surprise attacks
at close distances.
4. Grenade Launchers and Hand Grenades – Used
for close proximity during the stalemate in the
trenches. American’s used many hand grenades
after rapid production in 1917.
5. “Big Bertha” – Only four were
produced but designed to
breakdown enemy fortresses.
Failed at the Battle of the
Somme. To close of a range and
how to transport it? Just for fun:
Named after the wife of a
German factory owner called
Krupp. Her name was Bertha
Krupp.
6. Zeppelin – Mainly used
for recon patrols and
some bombing missions.
Red Baron
• German Pilot who shot down
80 Allied planes before he
was shot down in 1918.
• Painted his aircraft RED so
the enemy could see him
coming.
Looking for the “Red Baron?”
Video + Qs
Q – Time!
#1 What is another name for World War I?
#2 Where was World War I fought? (Continent)
#3 & #4
Name 2 of the 4 causes of World War I.
#5 A partnership created to maintain peace or
insure help in case of an attack is called
a(an) ______.
#6 After Franz Ferdinand is assassinated,
Austria-Hungary declares war on _____
because they supplied bombs and weapons
to the assassins.
#7 A ____ or deadlock is when two sides in a
war fail to make advances or meaningful
movement in a war.
#8 ____ are long ditches that soldiers seek
shelter, live in, die in and suffer in.
#9 Identify 1 new weapon of war used in
World War I
#10 True / False
The United States entered World War I from
the very beginning of the conflict.
The United States in World
War I
The Main Idea
The United States helped
turn the tide for an
Allied victory in Europe.
I. THE U.S. STAYS NEUTRAL
✕ Americans
not interested in the
war until the sinking of the
Lusitania.
Wilson’s policy of isolationism
- to not being involved in foreign
affairs.
✕ Supported by most Americans
✕
A. LEANING TOWARD THE
ALLIES
1. American Concerns
a. Germany’s war tactics
b. Germany’s invasion of
Belgium.
2. U.S. had greater political,
cultural, and commercial ties
to Great Britain and France
than Germany.
3. Britain was purchasing
nearly $75 million worth of
war goods from U. S.
business each week.
B. GERMAN SUBMARINE
WARFARE
1. Germany suffered under the
British blockade.
2. Germany fought back with
the U-boats. (unterseeboot)
3. 1915, Germany announced
that the waters around GB
would be a WAR ZONE.
4. Germany warned the U.S.
that neutral ships might be
attacked as well.
5. The German plan for
unrestricted submarine
warfare angered Americans,
and Wilson believed it
violated the laws of neutrality.
6. 1915, Germany sank a
luxury passenger ship to
Great Britain called the
Lusitania, killing many,
including 128 Americans.
7. Wilson called for an end to
unrestricted submarine
8. Germans
- agreed to attack only supply
ships - later sink the French
passenger ship Sussex,
killing 80
9. Sussex Pledge - Germany
promised not to sink merchant
vessels “without warning and
without saving human lives.”
C. THE ZIMMERMANN
NOTE
1. Telegraph from Germany to
Mexico pledging a secret
alliance if the United States
joined the Allies.
2. The Mexicans declined, but
the British decoded the
note, and Americans call for
war.
The Zimmerman Telegram
The Zimmerman Telegram
D. WILSON IS REELECTED
1916 - Wilson is
re-elected
“HE KEPT US
OUT OF THE
WAR.”
E. THE U.S. DECLARES
WAR
1. April 6, 1917, the United
States joined the Allies.
- Needs to raise an army
- Train soldiers
- Transport supplies &
soldiers
2. Wilson’s reason for going to
war was to “MAKE THE
A. Raising an Army
1. Selective Service Act (1917)
- Men between the ages of
21 and 30 had to register
for the draft.
2. "Black Jack"
Pershing led the
American
Expeditionary Force
in World War I.
-General Pershing
wanted his soldiers
to be well trained.
- Wanted US
soldiers under US
command
3. Blacks – were
in
segregated
units & not
allowed in
the navy, the
marines, or
to pilot
planes
Mostly noncombatant
Harlem Hell
Fighters
4. Alvin York - was a U. S.
soldier, famous for both his
being a conscientious
objector and hero in World
War I.
B. INCREASE OF SHIP
PRODUCTION
1. Shipyard workers were not
drafted.
2. Fabrication: assembly line
method of ship-building.
1. U.S. troops arrived in France
in
1917 through a convoy
system.
(used for
protection)
2. Convoy’s reduced the
number of ships sunk and
limited the loss of troops
and supplies.
III. THE WAR ENDS
A. The Armistice
1. Armistice - the end of a war,
when
the warring parties
agree to stop
fighting.
2. Late 1918 the war was
crippling the German
economy: many civilians
lacked food and supplies.
B. THE RESULTS
(GERMANY)
Germany forced to:
a. leave all territories it had
occupied
b. surrender its aircraft,
heavy
artillery, tanks,
and U-boats
c. Allow Allied troops to
occupy
some
▪
▪
On November 11, 1918, the
armistice went into effect.
Everyone hoped that the
Great War would be the “war
to end all wars.”
"eleventh hour of the eleventh
day of the eleventh month."
Allied Powers
Military dead:
5,525,000
Military
wounded:
12,831,500
Military missing:
4,121,000
Central Powers
Military dead:
4,386,000
Military
wounded:
8,388,000
Military missing:
3,629,000
Chapter 8
Sections 3 &
4
The Home
Front
I. Personalities of the War
A. Limeys: nickname for British soldiers
B. Doughboys: nickname for the
American soldiers
C. Marshal Foch (French): leader of the
Allied troops
D. General John Pershing: leader of
the AEF; American Expeditionary
Force
E. Kieser Wilhem: political leader of
Germany
III. Mobilizing the Economy
A. Paying for the War
1. War Revenue Act of 1917
- Established very high taxes
- Taxed the wealthiest
Americans as much as 77%
of their annual incomes.
2. Liberty Bonds
- loan from the American people to
the federal government
B. Regulating Industry
1. War Industries Board (WIB)
- regulated all materials needed in
the war effort.
C. Regulating Food
1. Food Administration slogan was
“Food Can Win the War.”
2. Conserving Food
a. Victory Gardens: private gardens
which allowed farmers to ship food
to soldiers.
b. Special days of week to go “less” in
order to send food to
American
soldiers
“Meatless” Mondays
“Wheatless” Wednesdays
“Sweetless” Saturdays
IV. Mobilizing Workers
A. National War Labor Board
1. Judged disputes between
workers
and management
2. 8 hour work day
3. Urged businesses to recognize
labor unions
4. Promoted equal pay for women
B. Women’s War Efforts
1. Women moved into jobs that
where
traditional for men
2. Red Cross: volunteered as nurses
in Europe
3. Almost all women lost their jobs
when the men returned home
C. Influenza Epidemic on the home front
1. Killed 500,000 Americans
2. Killed 40 million world wide
D. Medical Care During the War
1. “shell shock”: battle fatigue and
emotional breakdown
2. trench foot: toes would rot due to
wet socks and boots
E. The Great Migration:
1. 1 million blacks moved from the
South to cities in the North
2. Reasons:
a. racism
b. crop failures
c. jobs in the factories in the
North
Jacob Lawrence
V. Influencing Public Opinion
A. Propaganda
1. Information given by the
gov’t. to make people think a
certain way
2. Posters, newspaper stories,
speeches
3. Created Hate of Germans in US
a. Anti-German; many were fired,
beaten or lynched
B. Limiting Antiwar Speech
Espionage and Sedition Acts:
- suspended the 1st Amendment
rights for anyone who
protested the
government or
the war
- could be fine up to $10,000 and/or
sentences to 20 years in prison
VI. Treaty of Versailles
A. Fourteen Points:
1. Wilson’s plan for world peace
2. Rejected by the Allies b/c it did not
punish Germany
3. League of Nations
organization of countries to
discuss problems to prevent war
- The only part of Wilson’s 14 points
that was adopted
B. GERMANY MUST PAY
1. Demilitarization
reduce the military
2. Pay Reparations
$33 billion to England and France
for war damages
3. War-guilt Clause
Germany had to admit it caused the
war
C. New Countries formed after WWI
1. Formerly part of
Russia:
Finland
Estonia
Latvia
Poland
2. Czechoslovakia,
Austria,
Hungary
Yugoslavia
VII. Impact of WWI
A. Political
Overthrew of the monarchies in
Russia, Austria-Hungary, Germany,
and the Ottoman Empire.
B. Economic
U.S. emerged as the world’s leading
economic power.
C. German Problems
1. Germany could not afford to pay
the reparations.
2. Germany sank into a deep economic
depression.
3. Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party take
control of the German government.
4. Blamed Jews and Socialists for the
economic depression.