Transcript United States

CH 10-1 NOTES
BUILDING A NATIONAL
IDENTITY
VOCABULARY
• 1. CHARTER : a legal document giving certain rights to
a person or company.
• 2. DUMPING: is selling goods in another country below
market prices.
• 3. CONTRACT: is an agreement between two or more
parties that can be enforced by law.
VOCABULARY
• 4. INDUSTRY: The making or producing of
goods by a business or factory.
• 5. CAPITALISM: the economic system in which
privately owned businesses compete in a free
market.
• 6. INTERSTATE COMMERCE: trade between
two or more states.
The First 5 U.S. Presidents
NonFederalist
partisan
Democratic- Democratic- DemocraticRepublican Republican Republican
THE ERA OF GOOD FEELINGS
• This is the time following the War of 1812
when the United States had a period of
national unity.
THE ERA OF GOOD FEELINGS
• James Monroe became the 5th president of the United
States.
• The republicans took control of the government and this
was a time when there was very little political party
tension.
• With little tension, the government was able to focus on
rebuilding the economy.
BUILDING A NATIONAL ECONOMY:
• Many Americans believed that the federal
government should take action to increase
economic prosperity in ALL regions of the
United States.
• The War of 1812 helped to encourage American
industry. Because of the British blockade,
Americans realized they needed to find a way to
produce their own goods/products.
2 PROBLEMS:
1- needed a new national bank to regulate
money.
2- American businesses were competing
with foreign countries.
2 SOLUTIONS:
1. THE SECOND BANK OF THE UNITED
STATES is created:
• - When the charter for the first bank of the
U.S. ended, the economy suffered.
• - State banks were making too many
loans and issuing too much money.
• To fix this Congress established the
second bank of the United States.
2. THE TARIFF OF 1816:
• - After the War of 1812, British manufacturers looked to
sell their goods to Americans.
• - The British could produce goods more cheaply than
Americans because of their well established factories &
businesses.
• - They were dumping or selling their goods to
Americans for cheaper than the American businesses
could sell them. This caused dozens of New England
businesses to fail. (go out of business)
THE TARIFF OF 1816:
• - Congress and President Monroe passed the
Tariff of 1816,
• which put a tax on foreign textiles, iron, leather
goods, paper and other products.
• - This was meant to encourage Americans to “buy
American”.
• - The North liked this because it helped their
business.
• - The South were angry because now they had to
pay more money.
HENRY CLAY’S AMERICAN
SYSTEM:
• Henry Clay worked to try and get the whole
country to support the governments plan for the
economy.
• He argued that the tariff would help the South
because with more money the Northerners could
buy more farm products.
HENRY CLAY’S AMERICAN
SYSTEM:
• He argued the revenue could also give the
government money to build up infrastructureroads, bridges, and canals in the South and
West.
• * The South did NOT agree with Henry Clay.
They continue to oppose the Tariff.
• From this point forward we start to see increase
divisions between the Northern states and the
southern states *
Checkpoint!
1) The building of roads, bridges and canals is called
__________________________.
2) The economic system in which privately owned businesses compete in
a free market is called __________________________.
3) The selling of goods in another country below market price is known as
__________________________.
4) Why did the Southern States NOT like the Tariff?
5) How did British dumping hurt American business?
CH 10-2 NOTES
DEALING WITH OTHER NATIONS
“ In the wars of the European powers in matters relating to
themselves we have never taken any part… We owe it,
Therefore, to candor and to the amicable relations existing
between the United States and those powers to declare that we
should consider any attempt on their part to extend their
system to any portion of this hemisphere as dangerous to our
peace and safety.”
~ President James Monroe,
Address to Congress, 1823
VOCAB:
• 1. CEDE: means to give up, like to give up land to
another nation.
• 2. SELF GOVERNMENT: the right for people to rule
themselves independently.
KEY PEOPLE:
• - James Monroe: 5th President of the United States,
wrote the Monroe Doctrine.
• - Andrew Jackson: American army commander, who
helped the United States gain Florida from Spain.
RELATIONS WITH SPAIN:
• - Spain’s control was especially weak in Florida.
• - Escaped slaves from the South were living in Florida and
belonged to the Seminole (Native American) nation.
• - The Seminoles would attack American Settlements.
RELATIONS WITH SPAIN:
• - Andrew Jackson was sent to recapture escaped slaves and to
stop the Seminoles. In doing so, he proved that the United States
could take over Florida if they wanted to.
• *-* Spain’s inability to defend Florida led it to turn the colony over
to the United States.
•
• - In 1819, Spain ceded or gave up Florida to the United States.
SPANISH COLONIES WIN INDEPENDENCE:
• - The American and French Revolutions had inspired Latin
Americans who wanted to gain their own independence from Spain.
• - A series of revolts allowed almost all Latin American colonies to
win their independence from Spain and Portugal.
SPANISH COLONIES WIN
INDEPENDENCE:
• - In 1821 Spain agreed to Mexico’s
independence. They eventually write a
constitution and pattern themselves after
the United States.
SPANISH COLONIES WIN
INDEPENDENCE:
•
- South America was also wanting a revolutionary change.
•
- Led by Simon Bolivar often called the liberator for his role in leading
independence movements, Northern South America gained their independence.
Including what is today Columbia, Venezuela, Ecuador, and Panama.
•
- In 1822 Brazil announced their independence from Portugal.
•
** By 1825, most parts of Latin America had thrown off European rule **
THE MONROE DOCTRINE:
•
- Several European countries were not happy with the newly independent
nations in North and South America.
•
- Many threatened to help Spain regain its colonies, this worried Monroe and his
Secretary of State John Quincy Adams.
•
- In 1823 James Monroe presented Congress with the Monroe Doctrine, in it
the United States warned European nations against reestablishing colonies in
Latin America.
•
- It said that the U.S. would consider any attempt “dangerous to our peace and
safety”. In other words the U.S. would be willing to go to war to keep Europe
out of the Americas.
RELATIONS WITH CANADA:
•
- In 1791, Canada was mostly broken up into 2 parts:
Upper Canada was mostly English, ruled by the British
Lower Canada was mostly French, ruled by France.
•
- Most Canadians were wanting to be self-governing which means to have the right to
rule themselves independently.
•
- The Act of the Union in 1841, merged Canada back into one whole and let the colonies
be ruled by a Canadian legislature. However Britain still had ultimate control!
•
- Following the War of 1812, the United States and the British were able to solve most of
their border disputes. The relations between The U.S. and their Northern neighbor remain
strong even today.
10-3 NOTES
THE AGE OF JACKSON
VOCABULARY:
• 1. Suffrage: the right to vote
• 2. Caucus: a meeting of members of a
political party.
• 3. Nominating Convention: large
meetings of party delegates to choose
candidates for office.
John Quincy Adams v. Andrew Jackson
The Election of 1824
• - The Election of 1824 clearly marked the end of
the Era of Good Feelings.
• - The election was very controversial:
- Adams & Jackson tied for popular votes.
- Jackson won the most electoral votes but
not the majority.
However because they tied for popular vote the
House of Representatives would have to
decide on the outcome of the election.
John Quincy Adams v. Andrew Jackson
The Election of 1824
• - Speaker of the House, Henry Clay convinced the
House to vote for Adams. In return Adams appointed
Clay to be Secretary of State.
• - Thus John Quincy Adams became the 6th president
of the United States.
• - Andrew Jackson was angered; he called the situation a
“corrupt bargain”
• Many of his supporters agreed and refused to give their
support to John Quincy Adams.
• - Like his father, Adams never won the trust of the
American people. As a result he only served one term.
THE AGE OF JACKSON BEGINS
• - Andrew Jackson was deeply admired by millions of
Americans. He stood for the idea that ordinary
people should participate in American politics.
• - When Jackson won the 1828 election to become the
7th president of the United States, the people called
it a victory for the “common man”.
• - The people nicknamed Jackson Old Hickory
because of his strength and leadership as an army
commander.
• - Many look back at Jackson’s presidency as the
opening of a new and more democratic era in
American political life.
VOTING POLICIES
• - During this time voting varied (was different)
slightly from state to state.
• - However Andrew Jackson took steps to extend
suffrage (the right to vote) to all white American
males, eliminating the requirement that they must
own property.
*** Suffrage was still restricted: women,
Native Americans, and African Americans
(slaves or free) could still not vote ***
• So in a lot of ways American democracy
was really still restricted!
NEW POLITICAL PARTIES
• - The Age of Jackson brought back the
two-party political system that had briefly
ended during the Era of Good Feelings.
• - Jackson’s supporters were known as the
democrats. (Wanted more democratic
government)
• - Anti-Jackson supporters became known
as the Whigs.
• - With the re-start of the political party system came
a new way for choosing presidential candidates:
• - Previously, candidates were chosen by members
of Congress who held a caucus- a meeting of
members of a political party.
** This was only Congress members from that party,
--so a select few **
• - To make the election more democratic - Political
Parties began to hold nominating convention large meetings of party delegates to choose their
candidates for president.
** This convention would be open to ALL members of
the political party **
CRITICS OF JACKSON
• - Jackson’s belief in equality and democracy left out
many people including Native Americans, as we will see
with the Indian Removal Act (section 4).
• - The anti-Jacksonians or Whigs also did not like how
Jackson replaced many government employees with his
own supporters.
***This act became known as the spoils system - the
practice of rewarding government jobs to loyal supporters
of the party that wins an election.
** this had been going on long before Jackson was president **
• - The name comes from the saying “to the victor goes the
spoils” (or rewards)
CH 10-4 NOTES
INDIAN REMOVAL
NATIVE AMERICANS OF THE SOUTHEAST
UNITED STATES
• - When Andrew Jackson became President, more than
100,000 Native Americans still lived east of the
Mississippi River.
• - Many of these Native Americans were farmers or lived
in towns.
NATIVE AMERICANS OF THE
SOUTHEAST UNITED STATES
• - The Cherokees were especially unique because they
had abandoned their traditions and adopted “white”
American customs. This led to an ultimate feeling of
betrayal.
•
- They dressed like white Americans
•
- They lived in houses like white Americans
•
- They started businesses
•
- They converted to Christianity
•
- They became educated in English and even wrote
a constitution modeled after the United States
Constitution.
CONFLICT OVER LAND
• - To Jackson and other government leaders the presence of Native
Americans in the Southeast stood in the way of westward
expansion.
• - Also the Natives lived on fertile land which the white settlers
wanted for starting plantations.
•
“All I ask in this creation
Is a pretty little wife and a big plantation
Way up yonder in the Cherokee Nation.”
Popular folk song, 1820s.
• - Indian Removal dated back to the Presidency of Thomas
Jefferson who would try and convince Natives that moving west
was the only way to preserve their traditions. However by the
1820s white southerners were demanding that all the Native
Americans be removed by force and pushed west of the
Mississippi River.
• - Urged by Jackson, Congress passed the INDIAN REMOVAL ACT.
• - Educated Cherokee leaders brought cases to
the Supreme Court to argue against the Indian
Removal Act.
• - The Supreme Court ruled in favor of the
Native Americans. They used treaties that had
been previously signed between the Cherokee
and the United States promising land to the
Cherokee to back up their decision.
• - Jackson ignored the decision.
TRAIL OF TEARS:
• - Native Americans were forced to move west under terrible
conditions.
• - Believing they had no other choice, most Native Americans
moved west to what became known as Indian Territory
(Oklahoma).
• - The Cherokees held out until they had to finally be forcefully
removed by American soldiers. By this time Andrew Jackson had
served his 2-terms and Martin Van Buren had become the 8th
President of the United States.
TRAIL OF TEARS:
• - The route they took became known as the Trail of Tears because
they were forced to march hundreds of miles in horrible conditions.
• - They were not provided with enough tents, food, blankets,
shoes or other supplies.
• - Soldiers treated them harshly along the way many were attacked
and beaten for trying to stand up for themselves.
TRAIL OF TEARS:
• - They were forced to spend the night locked in
stockades which provided little shelter.
• - Diseases spread quickly.
• - Thousands of Native Americans died along the way.
CH 10-5 Notes
STATES’ RIGHTS and THE
ECONOMY
Vocabulary & Key Terms:
• 1. States’ Rights: The right of states to
limit the power of the federal government.
• 2. Nullification: an action by a state that
cancels a federal law to which the state
objects.
U.S. Presidents:
•
•
•
•
•
•
1. George Washington
2. John Adams
3. Thomas Jefferson
4. James Madison
5. James Monroe
6. John Quincy Adams
• 7. Andrew Jackson (1829-1837)
• 8. Martin Van Buren (1837-1841)
• 9. William Henry Harrison (1841)
*first president to die in office*
Main Ideas:
• 1. Since the founding of the United States,
Americans have debated the balance
between state and federal powers.
• 2. Andrew Jackson believed that common
people needed support against powerful
forces of wealth.
The Bank War:
• - Andrew Jackson opposed the Bank of the United
States, saying he believed it gave too much power
to the wealthy. He called the bank “the Monster”.
• - He believed the bank helped only a small group
of wealthy people at the expense of the ordinary
people.
• - Many Americans did not like the Bank either
because it restricted loans made by state banks.
Many southerners and westerners blamed the
Bank for the economic crisis that broke out in
1819. Many people ended up losing their farms.
The Bank War:
• - Jacksons’ opposition to the Bank helped him
win re-election and remain in office for a second
term.
- The Second Bank of the United States’ charter ran
out in 1836 and so it closed. This would end up
making life more difficult for the next president
who would have to face a financial crisis.
States’ Rights:
• - Federalism = the balance of power between the
national government and the state governments.
• - The 10th Amendment limited some of the powers
of the Federal government. It says that any
powers not specifically given to the federal
government are reserved to the states.
• - The balance of federal and state powers had
been an issue since the early days of the union
(United States)… this continued with arguments
over the tariffs (taxes) that were passed on
imports.
The Nullification Crisis:
• - The federal government and the
southern states had a disagreement over
the Tariffs.
• - Led by Vice President John C. Calhoun,
South Carolina argued that Southern
states should have the right to nullify the
Tariff Act.
• - nullification = an action by a state that
cancels a federal law to which the state
objects.
PRO Nullification
John C. Calhoun
- Southern States
-
-Argues the union was
formed by the states.
-Felt the federal government
Was being unfair
CON Nullification
- Andrew Jackson
- Federal Government
The Nullification Crisis:
• - South Carolina threatens to secede
(leave the Union) if congress does not
lower or get rid of the Tariff act.
• - Jackson threatens to use force to keep
them from seceding. But he will at the
same time work on getting Congress to
lower the tariffs.
• - In the end, South Carolina repealed
nullification and the crisis ends
peacefully.
The End of the Jackson Era:
• - Democrat (Jackson supporter), Martin Van Buren
became the 8th president of the United States.
• - An economic slowdown in Britain meant that the British
could not buy American cotton.
• As a result American farmers could not pay their loans so
hundreds of American farmers went bankrupt.
• - The result was an economic collapse in the United States
called The Panic of 1837 that lasted six years.
• - The hardships of the economic crisis. So In 1840 he lost
the re-election to Whig candidate, William Henry Harrison.