Transcript 10America Claims an Empire PP

CHAPTER 10: AMERICA
CLAIMS AN EMPIRE
Section 1: Imperialism and America
Imperialism

Policy in which a
stronger nation extends
their economic, political,
or military control over
weaker territories.
Global Competition

Most Americans end up liking the idea of expansion
overseas.
 Manifest
Destiny.
 Global Competition: Colonies were established in
Africa and Asia.
Three Factors For American Imperialism



1. Desire for military
strength.
2. Thirst for new
markets.
3. Belief in cultural
superiority.
Desire for Military Strength



Alfred Mahan-U.S. Navy.
Build up American naval
power in order to
compete with powerful
nations.
Strong countries have
powerful navies!

Great White Fleet-U.S.
warships. Showed
American power.

Thirst For New Markets: U.S. farms and factories
started to produce more products than Americans
could use.
 U.S.
needs raw materials and new markets for its
goods.

Belief in Cultural Superiority: Social Darwinism and
racial superiority combine.
 U.S.
has responsibility to spread Christianity and
“civilization” around the world.
United States Acquires Alaska


William Seward,
Secretary of State”Seward’s Folly”
U.S. buys Alaska from
Russia for $7.2 million in
1867.
Why buy a land of
nothing but snow and ice?
 2 cents an acre for land
that contained timber,
minerals, and later oil.

The United States Takes Hawaii

1790s: American merchants stopped there on their
way to China or East India.
 Children
and grandchildren of missionaries became
sugar planters and sold most of their crop to the United
States.
 They didn’t want to pay taxes on it.
The Cry For Annexation

1850s: American owned sugar plantations
accounted for most of Hawaii’s wealth.
 1900:
Foreigners outnumbered native Hawaiians three
to one.
 Sugar exports to the U.S. were not taxed from 1875 to
1890 until new tariff was passed.

U.S. military and economic leaders wanted Hawaii
annexed and wanted the U.S. to build a naval base
at Pearl Harbor.
The End of a Monarchy


King Kalakaua was forced by white business
leaders to amend Hawaii’s constitution to allow only
wealthy landowners to vote.
After Kalakaua’s death in 1891, Queen Liliuokalani
came to power and promised “Hawaii for
Hawaiians.”
The End of a Monarchy…


To prevent Queen Lil’s
changes, business
owners started a
revolution.
The Queen was
overthrown and
Sanford B. Dole was put
in charge.
Annexation????

President Cleveland wanted the Queen restored but
Dole refuses.
 President
Cleveland recognizes Hawaii but will not
annex it unless majority of Hawaiians approve it.

William McKinley later becomes president and
favored annexation.
 Hawaii
was made a U.S. territory in 1898.
CHAPTER 10: AMERICA
CLAIMS AN EMPIRE
Section 2: The Spanish-American War
Cubans Rebel Against Spain


American Interest in Cuba: America had previously
offered to buy Cuba from Spain but were refused.
Cubans started to rebel against the Spanish and the
U.S. supported the Cuban people.
 First
Cuban revolt against Spain fails, but slavery is
abolished.
 U.S. then invests in sugar cane plantations in Cuba.
The Second War For Independence


Jose Marti, Cuban journalist, in
exile started the revolution.
Organized resistance against
Spain by using guerrilla tactics
and deliberately destroying
property (including U.S.
property).


Wanted to provoke the U.S.
into intervening.
Some Americans want to help
Spain to protect their businesses
while others wanted to support
freedom for Cubans.
War Fever Escalates


Valeriano Weyler is sent to Cuba to restore order.
Weyler started to put Cuban civilians into
concentration camps so they could not aid the
rebels.
 300,000
Cubans were put in these camps and many
died from hunger and disease.
Headline Wars

William Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer printed
exaggerated accounts of Weyler’s actions in Cuba.



Poisoned wells and children being fed to sharks.
Yellow Journalism: Exaggerating the news to lure and
enrage readers.
*“You furnish the pictures and I’ll furnish the war”
-William Randolph Hearst
De Lome Letter



President McKinley wants to avoid war.
Spain offers Cuba limited self-government and
closed concentration camps.
New York Journal publishes a private letter written
by Enrique Dupuy de Lome, Spanish minister to the
U.S.
De Lome Letter Continued…


A Cuban rebel had stolen
the letter from the post
office and…
The letter criticized the
President a coward.


Spanish government
apologizes and De Lome
resigns.
Americans are angry!!!!!!!!
U.S.S. Maine Explodes



Sent to Havana to
protect American
property and bring
American citizens home.
On February 15, 1898,
ship blows up, killing
260 men.
Spain is blamed.
The War With Spain Erupts-April 20,
1898


Remember the Maine!!!!!!-Rallying cry.
Spanish government agreed to U.S. demands which
included a six month cease fire…Too bad!!!!!
The War in the Philippines-April-August
1898



Spain though U.S. would attack Cuba but they
attacked the Philippines first.
April 30-American fleet arrives in the Philippines.
May 1-Commodore George Dewey gives the
command to attack and fire on Manila.
War in the Philippines Continued…

U.S. troops then land in
the Philippines
 Filipinos
support
Americans and join the
rebels in the fight
against Spain.

By August, Spain
surrendered to the
United States.
The War in the Caribbean-June –
August 1898


U.S. puts naval
blockade on Cuba.
U.S. Army is a small
professional force
mixed with large
inexperienced and ill
prepared volunteer
force.
The War in the Caribbean
Continued…


125,000 American
volunteers trained in
camps that had
inadequate supplies
and ineffective leaders.
Not enough guns for
troops and soldiers
were given wool
uniforms.
Teddy Roosevelt and the Rough Riders



American troops land in Cuba in June 1898.
17,000 troops including four African American
regiments and the Rough Riders.
Rough Riders were a volunteer cavalry force led by
Teddy Roosevelt.
Kettle Hill/San Juan Hill-July 1, 1898Near Santiago, a Spanish held port


Rough Riders and two black regiments charge up
Kettle Hill and later San Juan Hill and defeat the
Spanish forces.
Theodore Roosevelt is usually given credit for
leading the charge and winning the battle.
 Black
soldiers play a pretty big role, even though they
do not get a lot of credit.
Charge of the Rough Riders Up San
Juan Hill
Victory!!!!!
Victory!!!!!!!!
Treaty of Paris-December 10, 1898



Cease fire-August 12,
1898.
Spain grants Cuba
independence and
gives the U.S. Guam
and Puerto Rico.
Spain sells the
Philippines to the U.S.
for $20 million.
Debate Over the Treaty


Did the U.S. have the right to annex Cuba????
McKinley used Christianity to justify imperialism.
 “there
was nothing left for us to do but to take them all,
and to educate the Filipinos, and uplift and Christianize
them.”
 …Filipinos were already Christian.

Is it moral to take over other countries????
CHAPTER 10: AMERICA
CLAIMS AN EMPIRE
Section 3: Acquiring New Lands
Ruling Puerto Rico


Some Puerto Ricans
wanted independence
while some wanted
statehood while others
wanted self government.
Military Rule: U.S. troops
took control during
Spanish-American War
and promised they were
only there for protection.
Return To Civil Government


U.S. wanted a presence in the Caribbean and
protection for the future planned Panama Canal.
Foraker Act(1900): Ended military rule in Puerto
Rico and set up a civil government.
 U.S.
has the power to appoint Puerto Rican governor
and some members of its upper house legislature.
 Puerto Ricans elected the members of the lower house.
Return to Civil Government Continued

1901 Insular Cases rule that the Constitution did not
automatically apply to people in acquired
territories.
 Congress
granted U.S. citizenship to Puerto Ricans in
1917.
 Also gained the right to elect both houses of their
legislature.
Cuba and the United States



Teller Amendment: U.S. has no intention of taking
over any part of Cuba.
American Soldiers: Cuba was independent…but
also occupied by U.S. troops.
Marti was afraid the U.S. would just “replace”
Spain.
 Officials
that served under Spain remained in office.
 If Cubans protested, they were imprisoned or exiled.
 U.S. did provide food, clothing, helped farmers, and
established schools.
Platt Amendment (1901)



U.S. has right to intervene
in Cuban affairs.
U.S. could buy or lease
land on the island for
naval stations and
refueling stations.
Protectorate: A country
whose affairs are
partially controlled by a
stronger country.
Protecting American Business Interests

U.S. wanted to protect American businesses that had
invested in the island’s sugar, tobacco, mining,
railroads, and public utilities.
 U.
S. State Department continued to push for control of
its Latin American neighbors.
Emilio Aguinaldo

Filipino rebel leader
who believed U.S. had
promised the Philippines
independence.
Philippine-American War (1899-1902)



Filipinos rose in revolt because they felt U.S. was
doing the same thing to them that Spain did.
U.S. forced Filipinos to live in zones which were
unsanitary.
Black Americans questioned why they were fighting
and some joined the Filipino side.
Aftermath of the War

Took three years for U.S. to put down the rebellion.
20,000 Filipino rebels died.
 4,000 U.S. troops died.
 Cost U.S. $400 million-20 times the price the U.S. had paid
to purchase the islands.


U.S. set up a government where the U.S. President
would appoint a Governor who would then elect the
upper house of the legislature.
Filipinos elected the lower house.
 The Philippines would not gain independence until July 4,
1946.

John Hay’s Open Door Notes-1899


Series of letters that
nations share their
trading rights with the
United States.
*No single nation would
have a monopoly on
trade with China.
Boxer Rebellion in China-1900



Some Chinese wanted foreign influence out of
China.
Boxers (martial arts) started to kill foreigners and
converts to Christianity.
U.S., Britain, France, and Germany send troops to
stop the rebellion-took two months.
Protecting American Rights

U.S. was afraid Europe would try to take more control
of China so John Hay issued another set of Open Door
Notes.


U.S. would “safeguard for the world the principle of equal
and impartial trade with all parts of the Chinese Empire.”
Anti-Imperialist League forms and agrees that it was
wrong for U.S. to rule other people without their
consent.

Members include Grover Cleveland, Andrew Carnegie, Jane
Addams.
Still Protecting American Rights

Some Americans believed that the country needed
exports and felt the U.S. had the right to intervene
abroad to keep the markets open.
 Closing
off American products threatened U.S. survival.
CHAPTER 10: AMERICA
CLAIMS AN EMPIRE
Section 4: America as a World Power
Roosevelt the Peacemaker


Negotiated the Treaty
of Portsmouth, which
ended the RussoJapanese War.
Nobel Peace Prize in
1906.
Panama Canal

U.S. feels it needs a canal that cuts across Central
American.
 Cut
down travel time and shipping costs.
 Help military ships travel faster.

Panama is granted independence from Colombia
after U.S. warships are sent to down.
 U.S.
pays Colombia $25 million in 1921 to compensate
them for lost territory, but bad feelings remain.
More Panama Canal!!
How the Panama Canal Works
Constructing the Canal (1904-1914)


Yellow Fever, Malaria,
soft volcanic soil were
difficulties that were
faced.
Work begins in 1904
and canal opens in 1914.
By 1913, 43,400 workers
worked on the canal.
 More than 5,000 workers
died and construction cost
$380 million.

Roosevelt Corollary



Added to the Monroe
Doctrine.
United States can use
force to protect its
economic interests in
Latin America.
“Speak softly and carry
a big stick.”
Dollar Diplomacy


U.S. guarantees foreign
loans by U.S. businesses
to Latin American
countries.
Using the nation’s
economic power to
influence other
countries.
Woodrow Wilson’s Missionary
Diplomacy


U.S. had a moral
responsibility to deny
recognition of any Latin
American government
that was oppressive,
undemocratic, or hostile.
U.S. needs
Democracies!!!!!!
Mexican Revolution

Mexico was ruled by Porfirio Diaz, a military
dictator, for 30 years.
 Encouraged
foreign investment in Mexico.
 U.S. owned lots of oil wells, mines, railroads, and
ranches.

Mexican peasants and workers led by Francisco
Madero overthrew Diaz in 1911 and promised
democratic reforms.
Mexican Revolution Continued…



Madero couldn’t make everyone happy and was
overthrown in 1913 and General Victoriana Huerta
took over.
Madero was soon murdered.
President Wilson called this government a
“government of butchers.”
Intervention in Mexico

A group of American sailors were arrested in Tampico and U.S.
Marines were sent to occupy Veracruz, an important port.



U.S. and Mexico almost go to war.



Mexico released the sailors and apologized but U.S. invaded anyway.
18 Americans and 200 Mexicans died during the invasion.
Argentina, Brazil, and Chile step in and propose Huerta step down and
U.S. troops withdraw.
U.S. and Mexico reject this.
Huerta regime collapses and Venustiano Carranza became
President in 1915 and U.S. troops are withdrawn.

U.S. recognizes government even though Carranza is an oppressive
leader.
Porfirio Diaz/Francisco Madero
Victoriano Huerta/Venustiano
Carranza
Rebellion in Mexico

Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata led rebels who
fought against Carranza’s government.
 President
Wilson recognized Carranza’s government so
Villa was considered a threat to the U.S. and Mexico.

In 1916, Carranza invited American engineers to
operate mines in northern Mexico but before they
got there, Villa and his men took the Americans off
of the train and shot them.
Rebellion in Mexico Continued…

Two months later, some
Villa followers raided a
border town in New
Mexico and killed 17
Americans.
Chasing Villa-John J. Pershing

Leads force of 15,000 into
Mexico in search of Villa.


Mexican and U.S. troops fight
and war seemed imminent.


150,000 National Guardsmen
are stationed along the
Mexican border.
Mexico felt U.S. was invading
their land.
U.S. troops come home because
of war in Europe.

Carranza puts Mexican oil and
mineral resources under
government control…he lost
power in 1920.