Transcript Unit 8 Power Point Notes

Complete the Guided Reading as you view the Power
Point.
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Objective 8.01 Examine the reasons why the
United States remained neutral at the
beginning of World War I but later became
involved.
Essential Questions:
• Why was the U. S. unable to maintain a policy
of neutrality during World War I?
• What factors combined to draw the world and
ultimately the US into World War I?
• Is it possible for a nation to remain neutral
during a conflict in another part of the world?
The Beginnings of
The Great War
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1914: World War I (WWI) began in Europe
At first the United States was not involved in
the War
3 Causes of World War I:
◦ Nationalism
Militarism
Alliances
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Nationalism: pride in your country or nationality
◦ Countries were more worried about their own interests than
all of Europe
◦ Many ethnic groups within countries wanted to establish their
independence
Militarism: process by which a nation builds up its
military force for the purpose of intimidating other
countries
◦ Germany, France, Austria-Hungry, Russia, and Great Britain all
practiced militarism
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Alliances: agreements between nations to help each
other in the event of war
◦ Countries having each other’s back in a fight
◦ Problem: a fight between two countries could end up involving
many countries- they would all fall into war like dominos
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Austria-Hungry: country
Bosnia: owned by Austria-Hungry
Serbia: country- wanted to own Bosnia
Archduke Ferdinand, the next leader of
Austria-Hungry, and his wife went on a visit to
Bosnia’s capital, Sarajevo
Members of the Serbian nationalist group The
Black Hand thought Serbia should own Bosnia
June 28, 1914 The Black Hand assassinated
the Archduke and his pregnant wife on their
visit to Bosnia
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Austria-Hungry accused Serbia of being behind
the murder
Austria-Hungry gave Serbia an ultimatum and
threatened to go to war if Serbia didn’t allow
them to fully investigate the assassination
Germany was allies with Austria-Hungry
Russia was allies with Serbia
Germany told Austria-Hungry that if they
went to war with Serbia Germany would have
their back
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Serbia said no to the ultimatum
Why is it important?
Austria-Hungry declared war on Serbia July 28,
1914 and World War I
All the alliances fell into place like dominos and
divided Europe
Triple Entente: (Allies)
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Central Powers:
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◦ Great Britain
◦ France
◦ Russia
◦ Germany
◦ Austria-Hungry
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To begin, the U.S. did not get involved in WWI
President Wilson decaled the U.S. as neutral
Isolationism: belief that the U.S. should stay
out of international conflicts
Most people did not see a war in Europe as any
of our business
Wilson won the election of 1916 because he ran
on a slogan of “He kept us out of war!”
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Many activists began to speak out against war
and support peace
Women became involved in the peace movement
Why is it important?
Jeanette Rankin became the first woman
elected to Congress (House of Representatives)
She ran on an anti-war platform
She was the only member of Congress to vote
against going to war in WWI and WWII
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Eventually the U.S. couldn’t stay out of WWI
Most people in the U.S. supported the Allies
◦ U.S. bankers had loaned Great Britain money so they
wanted them to win the War so they could get paid
◦ Great Britain cut the communication between
Germany and the U.S.- all the images we saw of the
War were from Great Britain and what they wanted
us to see
◦ People began to see the German leader, Kaiser
Wilhelm II, and his forces as evil
◦ People saw the Allies as defenders of freedom
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U-boats: German submarines
Germany warned all nations they would attack
any ship entering or leaving British ports
President ignored the warning- he said a
country at war did not have the right to attack
neutral ships
The truth was that the U.S. was not really
neutral
The U.S. had started to ship military supplies
to Great Britain on cruise ships
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Why is it important?
Germany attacked a cruise ship called the Lusitania
1,200 people died (128 U.S. citizens)
People in the U.S. began to call for war
Germany agreed not to attack anymore passenger
ships
◦ 1917 Germany broke their word and started to attack
ships again
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1917: the U.S. intercepted the Zimmerman
Telegram
Arthur Zimmerman from Germany sent a
telegram to Mexico and asked them to help
Germany defeat the U.S.
Germany promised to help Mexico win back
the land the U.S. had taken after the MexicanAmerican War
People in the U.S. were ANGRY!
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Why is it important?
The U.S. could no longer stay neutral
President made an idealistic case for war
And said “the world must be safe for
democracy”
He wanted to convince people to support the
U.S. going to war by making it a fight between
good and evil- between democracy and
tyranny
April 1917 the U.S. entered WWI
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Objective 8.02: Identify political and military
turning points of the war and determine their
significance to the outcome of the conflict.
Essential Questions:
• How were certain political and military events
significant to the outcome of the war?
• To what extent did the military, political, and
diplomatic turning points of World War I help to
determine the outcome of the war?
• How did the United States’ entry into the war
affect the nations already involved in the conflict?
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WWI had new military technology
Machine Guns: mechanical guns that could fire lots
of rounds of ammunition rapidly
Hand Grenades: Hand held explosives that could
be thrown at the enemy
Mustard Gas: poisonous gas first used by the
Germans
Why is it important?
Both sides had trouble adjusting to the new
weapons
Both sides ended up in a stalemate- neither side
had an advantage
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Both armies used Trench Warfare
Trenches were long ditches where soldiers could
take cover while they fought the enemy
Both sides had to live for long periods of time in
trenches because it was not safe for either said to
leave the trenches and attack
Trenches were wet, dirty, infested with rats and
bugs, hot and/or cold
The area between the trenches was called No
Man’s Land- covered in barbed wire and land
mines- hidden explosives beneath the dirt
No soldier could cross it without likely being
wounded or killed
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General John J. Pershing was the commander of
the U.S. forces in WWI
The U.S. was not prepared to send a large number
of soldiers to war in 1917
Congress passed the Selective Service Act to
authorize a draft of men for military service
Over 3 million men were drafted, trained and
prepared to go to war in only a few months
American Expeditiary Force (AEF)- draftees,
National Guardsmen, and volunteers trained and
prepared to go to war
The American soldiers were nicknamed Doughboys
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More than 300,000 African Americans were
drafted and volunteered to serve in WWI
They were segregated from white soldiers so
most never saw combat
Harlem Hell Fighters: African American
soldiers who convinced their white commanders
to loan their services to the French to be used
in combat
The whole regiment received France’s highest
combat medal for bravery and distinguished
service during WWI
Turning Points
in the War
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By 1917 Russia had lost over 2 million soldiers in
WWI
The nation was using all their resources for WWI
and leaving the people to starve
March 1917: Russian Revolution: Czar Nicholas II
was forced out of power and a new republic was
established
By November 1917 Communists Bolsheviks took
over the country led by Vladimir Lenin
Communism: government where there is no class
system and property is owned by the government
allowing everyone to be equal- never worked out
that way in Russia
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Russian Bolsheviks made a peace agreement
with Germany and stopped fighting in WWI
Why is it important?
Germany no longer had to fight on two fronts
They could now focus all their attention and
resources on their Western Front
When Russia left the War the U.S. was
motivated to help the Allies
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Now that Germany could focus all their attention
on the West the German forces headed for Paris,
France
Before Germans could take Paris American soldiers
were able to fight them off and save Paris
Tank: armed ironclad vehicle
Allies used tanks to push through German lines
The Germans realized they couldn’t win and the war
ended
November 11, 1918 both sides signed an
armistice- an agreement to stop fighting
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After WWI leaders of the nations met for a
peace conference
The conference was dominated by the Big Four:
Britain, France, Italy, and the United States
President Wilson did not want to punish
Germany or gain new territory for the U.S.
Wilson’s goal was to establish peace and
stability in Europe
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At the conference Wilson made a peace proposal called
the Fourteen Points
He called for a reduction in weapons and the right of
self-determination for ethnic groups (power to govern
yourself)
He proposed a League of Nations to provide a place
where countries could talk about their problems to
avoid war
Wilson believed the only lasting peace was a peace that
united nations
Wilson called for a peace without victory- he believed
having a winner and a loser led to resentment and
conflict- he believed peace should be among equals
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Many countries supported Wilson’s ideas and joined
the League of Nations
Why is it important?
The U.S. did not join the League of Nations
Isolationism grew strong after WWI
The U.S. senate would not approve membership into
the League
Henry Cabot Lodge was a leader of opposition to
the League
◦ He feared commitment to an international organization like
the League would lead to alliances that could bring the U.S.
into another war
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Wilson wanted peace and stability, but other
nations in Europe wanted retribution and
revenge for WWI
20 million Europeans died in WWI
June 1919 the Allies forced Germany to sign
the Treaty of Versailles
The Treaty of Versailles made Germany take
total responsibility for WWI
Germany had to: pay reparations (money for
the cost of war), surrender some land to
France, and take apart its army
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Why is it important?
The Treaty of Versailles led to an economic
depression in Germany
Germans were angry over the terms of the
Treaty of Versailles
Wilson was right when he said having winners
and losers makes the loser angry
The resentment by the German people opened
the door for a young charismatic leader to rise
to power and ultimately led Europe into WWIIhis name was Adolf Hitler
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Objective 8.03 Assess the political, economic,
social and cultural effects of the war on the
United States and other nations.
Essential Questions:
• How did the war impact America’s social,
economic, political, and cultural institutions?
• To what extent did World War I change US
society and affect other nations?
• How did the industrial and technological
advancements in this era impact America and the
rest of the global community?
• How are civil liberties challenged during times of
conflict?
Consequences
of the War in
the U.S.
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WWI had a big impact on life in the U.S.
The War meant an increased role for government
in the U.S.
President Wilson helped establish the War
Industries Board- led by Bernard Baruch- placed
controls on the nation’s industrial resources,
worked to obtain supplies for the U.S. military and
its allies
President Wilson helped establish the Committee
on Public Information (CPI) led by George Creelmeant to encourage public support for the war
effort- used propaganda to show Germans as evil
and it was the nations duty to fight and defeat
them
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President Wilson appointed Herbert Hoover to
head the Food Administration- meant to
encourage Americans to conserve food that could
be used for the soldiers in WWI
People began to grow Victory Gardens to grow
their own vegetables so the nations could help the
soldiers
People began to have “meatless Mondays” so meat
could be sent to soldiers in WWI
The Government encouraged people to conserve
fuel
◦ Led to daylight savings time to turn clocks ahead one hour
during certain months to have more daylight and conserve
fuel
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At this time the federal government passed laws
that limited American civil liberties (freedoms)
To protect national security Congress passed the
Espionage and Sedition Acts- made it illegal to
interfere with the draft, obstruct the sale of
Liberty Bonds, or make statements considered
disloyal to or about the government, the
Constitution, or the U.S. military
Eugene Debs criticized the government and was
sentenced to 10 years in prison under these laws, a
few years before that he had been a candidate for
president
Fear Grips
the Nation
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At first Americans were happy about the
Russian Revolution- they liked that a monarch
was overthrown by a republic
After the Bolsheviks took over and established
communism Americans feared a similar
revolution might happen in the U.S.
Communism: political and economic belief in
which the government owns all property and
individual rights of people are over looked by
the needs of the government
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The Bolsheviks were nicknamed the Reds
Fear of Communism was known as the Red
Scare
After attempted assassinations of Attorney
General A. Mitchell Palmer and John D.
Rockefeller people suspected communists
Palmer started the Palmer Raids to arrest and
jail suspected communists and other
“subversives”- many arrested were immigrants
with no criminal past and no ties to communismthey were jailed without due process
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Why is it important?
Over 500 immigrants were deported back to their
countries of birth because of the palmer Raids
This led to one of the most controversial trials in
U.S. history
1920 two immigrants were accused of murder in
Massachusetts although the evidence was
questionable
Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti were
convicted and executed in 1927
Many people thought they were innocent and were
executed because of their political beliefs
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Membership in the KKK increased as fear of
communism and mistrust of immigrants
increased
By the 1920’s the KKK was discriminating
against not only black people, but Jews,
Catholics, and immigrants too
The KKK burned crosses outside people’s
homes, sent hate letters, and put pressure on
employers to fire certain workers
KKK also used lynching and other forms of
violence to persecute people
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Fear of Communism led people to question unions- they thought
unions supported communism because they fought for equality
for workers
During WWI the United Mine Workers had an agreement with
the government to suspend all strikes
When the armistice was signed in 1918 and WWI ended their
leader John L. Lewis believed it was legal for the workers to
strike
The government went to court and forced the workers to end
their strike
Eugene Debs with the Industrial Workers of the World
supported communism
Over time more and more people began to associate unions with
communism and unions lost much of their influence
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1919 Charles Schenck was arrested for encouraging
people drafted to not report for military service
Schenck said it was as if the government were
sentencing innocent people to go to war
Schenck was arrested
Schenck said the arrest violated his 1st
Amendment right to Free Speech
Why is it important?
In Schenck v. U.S. the Supreme Court ruled the
government could silence free speech when it
posed a clear and present danger- You cannot yell
fire in a crowded theater- Schenck lost
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Economic stability was necessary if peace was to be
maintained in Europe after WWI
The punishments placed on Germany in the Treaty of
Versailles had a negative impact on their economy
This made stability difficult
A U.S. banker, Charles Dawes, came up with an idea to
help stabilize the German economy
Dawes Plan: U.S. and Allies bankers loaned Germany
money to help support Germany’s economy and industrial
recovery
Problem: Germany didn’t pay back the loan
Why is it important?
Europe and the United States crashed into an economic
depression
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After WWI the United States, Great Britain and
Japan had the most powerful navies
To avoid another arms race like the militarism
before WWI, the U.S. invited Japan, Great Britain
and other nations to Washington, D.C. to the
Washington Naval Conference: all countries
involved agreed to measures designed to prevent
one navy from becoming too powerful or
threatening
It was believed that a balance of naval power would
deter any country from aggression
The agreement eventually hurt the U.S. in the
Pacific when Japan later tried to expand (WWII)
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After WWI the nation ratified two new
amendments to the Constitution
18th Amendment: outlawed alcohol
Why?
◦ The nation needed to conserve fruit and grains need
to produce alcohol
◦ Drinking some drinks was seen as Un-American
because beer as seen as German and vodka was seen
as Russian
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19th Amendment: gave all female citizens the
right to vote in 1920
Why?
◦ Women played an important role in WWI
◦ Worked jobs while the men were away
◦ Helped to keep the nation strong while the men
fought in WWI
◦ Women were finally seen by many, not all, as deserving
the right to vote