Transcript paper 3 last minute packet - IB 20th c. World History Y2

Paper 3 Reminders:
•
You must write 3 Essays
• They will be roughly chronological & grouped by
category
• There are 12 sub-categories (2 questions each) =
Total of 24 possible questions
• You can write ANY 3
• Write about areas that you have
studied
• AKA – Avoid Canada & Mexico
•
2 hours & 30 minutes
• 5 minutes pre-writing for each essay
• Top of each essay – in response booklet
• Circle the 3 questions you have decided to answer
• Identify the command terms and important points
• 40-45 minutes of writing per essay
• Save 5 minutes to double check everything
•
Review Presidential Doctrines
• c/c foreign & domestic policies
•
Essay options:
• Cuba = Latin America
• There will be Cold War questions
Ex. Identify the command terms and important points
For example, if a question asked, “To what extent did
Roosevelt’s New Deal policies end the Great Depression?”
underline To what extent and New Deal policies. This will
help you to focus on the demands of the question
Paper 3 = 12 Sub-Categories (2 Qs per category):
• Independence Movements
• Nation Building & Challenges
• United States Civil War: causes, course and effects 1840-77
Pick the 3
you can
answer
BEST
• The Great Depression and the Americas 1929-39
• The Development of Modern Nations, 1865-1929
• Emergence of the Americas in global affairs 1880 - 1929
• The Mexican Revolution, 1910-1940
• The Second World War and the Americas: 1933-1945
• Political Developments in the Americas After the Second World War: 1945-1979
• This section includes the Cuban Revolution & Rule of Fidel Castro!!!!
• Civil Rights and social movements in the Americas
• The Cold War and the Americas 1945-1981
• Into the 21st century – from the 1980s to the 2000s
http://www.presidentialtimeline.org/#/exhibit/71/01
http://millercenter.org/president
Attacking Paper 3
Pre-writing:
Writing Paper 3:
•
Intro & Thesis
– Strong, argumentative thesis (take a stand)
– Address the task in its entirety
– Can include some background
•
Body Paragraphs
– Organized by argument or theme
– Strong topic sentences
– Historical vocabulary
– ANALYSIS!!!!
– Do not “name drop” historiography out of
context
– Avoid narration & description
•
Conclusion
– Restate thesis
– acknowledge limitations and counter-arguments
Select Task (Topic 3 & 5)
 Do you understand what you are being asked to do?
 Can you fully address this Task?
5 Minutes to jot down ideas & groupings
 Key names, policies, dates, events, historiography
Develop Thesis  Be Specific
 Address the task
 Explain WHY?
 Introduction & Thesis = 4-6 sentences at most
Pre-Write at the top of your exam paper
Leave space at the bottom of each page
When you finish  go back & cross out plan
‘Murican Historiography
USA:
• Western Liberal = 1st view or interpretation of events, Capitalism & Democracy = #1, USSR is
the aggressor
• POVs of American Presidents & advisors
• Ex. Dulles, Bundy, Kissinger
• Revisionist: The counter argument or anti-thesis
• Post-Revisionist: Most recent, blend of orthodox and revisionist elements, new
interpretations
• John Lewis Gaddis = “The Dean of Cold War Historians”
• Marxist
HOA Historiography:
• Traditional or Nationalist: 1st to write on the subject, ex. Rhodes, Dunning
• Progressive (and or Marxist): Early 20th century, focus on economic impacts & inequities, ex.
Beard, Beale
• Consensus (neo-Nationalist): Post WWII, 1940s & 50s, unity & strength focus, ex. Wood
• New Left (and/or Social historians): 1960s, reject traditional interpretations, ex. Zinn, Foner
Independence movements
This section focuses on the various forces that contributed to the rise of the independence movements, the similar and
different paths that the movements followed and the immediate effects of independence in the region. It explores the political,
intellectual and military contributions of their leaders and the sometimes contradictory views that shaped the emergence of
the new nations.
Review Questions:
• With reference to one independence movement you have studied, analyse the significance of foreign aid in helping to achieve independence.
(May 2011)
•
Analyse the reasons why the thirteen American colonies were able to win their independence from the British. (May 2010)
•
Compare and contrast the role of leadership in the independence movements of two Latin American countries (May 2010)
•
Compare and contrast the role of leadership in two independence movements of the region. (May 2009)
•
To what extent were the ideas of the Enlightenment a cause of independence movements in either the United States of Latin America. (May
2008)
•
In what ways did the Declaration of Independence of 1776 justify the United States separation from Britain? (May 2008)
•
Compare and contrast the leadership roles of George Washington and Simon Bolivar in the Wars of Independence in the United States and
Latin America. (May 2007)
•
Evaluate the relative impact of economic measures and political ideas, in promoting independence in two colonies of the region. (May 2006)
•
“Wars of Independence in the Americas were primarily caused by political grievances.” To what extent do you agree with this view? Support
your answer with detailed reference to any one war of independence in the period 1775-1824. (May 2005)
The US Civil War (causes, events, results) 1840-77
This section focuses on the United States Civil War between the North and the South (1861-5), which is often perceived as the great watershed in
the history of the United States. It transformed the country forever: slavery disappeared following Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation and the
Northern success marked a victory for the proponents of strong central power over the supporters of states’ rights. It marked the beginnings of
further westward expansion and transformed United States’ society by accelerating industrialization and modernization in the North and largely
destroying the plantation system in the South. The war left the country with a new set of problems: how would the South rebuild its society and
economy and what would be the place in that society of 4 million freed African Americans? These changes were fundamental, leading some
historians to see the war (and its results) as a “second American Revolution”
http://www.civilwar.org/education/history/civil-war-overview/overview.html?referrer=https://www.google.com/
Review questions:
•
What were the main causes of the Civil War?
•
Why was the South willing to risk Civil War?
•
What was President Lincoln's primary goal in issuing the Emancipation Proclamation?
•
Evaluate the social, economic, and political achievements of African Americans by the end of Reconstruction.
•
Compare and contrast Abraham Lincoln and Jefferson Davis as wartime leaders during the United States Civil War. (May 2011)
•
“The Battle of Gettysburg was the turning point of the United States Civil War.” To what extent do you agree with this statement? (May
2011)
•
“The Civil War in the United States was caused by political disagreements.” To what extent do you agree with this statement? (May 2009)
•
In what ways did the Civil War change the economy and racial relations in the South? (May 2009)
•
Why, in spite of the advantages of the North over the South, did the Civil War in the United States last so long? (May 2007)
•
Assess the relative strengths of the North and the South at the beginning of the United States Civil War in 1861. (May 2006)
•
“Abraham Lincoln’s leadership was the main reason why the Union won the Civil War.” To what extent do you agree with this claim? (May
2005)
The Great Depression in the Americas: 1929-39
This section focuses on the nature of the Depression as well as the different solutions adopted by governments in the region
and the impact on these societies. The Great Depression produced the most serious economic collapse in the history of the
Americas. It affected every country in the region and brought about the need to rethink economic and political systems. The
alternatives that were offered and the adaptations that took place marked a watershed in political and economic development
in many countries in the region.
Review questions:
• What were the main causes of the Great Depression in any two countries in the region?(note: for the second country use Argentina)
• How successful was Franklin Roosevelt's New Deal?
• What were the long-term results of the New Deal?
• Analyse the response to the Great Depression of one Latin American country. (May 2011)
• Discuss Hoover’s response to the Great Depression. (May 2010)
• Analyse the impact of the Great Depression on one country of the region. (May 2010)
• In what ways, and with what success, did the government of one country in the region try to solve the problems of the Great Depression? (May
2009)
• “The Great Depression changed governments’ views of their role and responsibilities.” With reference to two countries of the region, to what
extent do you agree with this statement? (May 2008)
• To what extent was the Wall Street Crash a cause of the Great Depression of 1929? Support your argument with specific examples from one
country of the region. (May 2007)
• Analyze the causes of the Great Depression in one country in the Americas. (May 2006)
• With reference to one country of the region, analyze the causes of the Great Depression and assess the political impact of the Great Depression
on that country. (May 2005)
The Second World War and the Americas 1933 – 45
As the world order deteriorated in the late 1930s, resulting in the outbreak of war in Europe, the countries of the region
reacted in different ways to the challenges presented. This section focuses on the changing policies of the countries in the
region as a result of growing political and diplomatic tensions preceding and during the Second World War. It also examines
the impact of the war upon the Americas.
Review Questions:
•
Analyse the economic effects of the Second World War in either Canada or one Latin American country. (May 2011)
•
Examine the military contributions of two countries of the region to the Second World War. (May 2010)
•
Assess the impact of the Second World War on the economy of one country of the region. (May 2009)
•
To what extent were attempts at “hemispheric cooperation” successful before and during the Second World War? (May
2008)
Political developments in the Americas after the Second World War 1945 – 79
This section focuses on domestic concerns and political developments after 1945. The majority of states in the Americas experienced social,
economic and political changes and challenges. Political responses to these forces varied from country to country: from the continuation of
democracy to multi-class “populist” alliances to outright conflict, revolution and the establishment of authoritarian regimes in the 1960s and
1970s. Areas of study include: conditions for the rise to power of new leaders; economic and social policies; treatment of minorities.
Review Questions:
• To what extent was Truman successful in his domestic policies as president of the United States (1945-1953). (May 2011)
• In what ways did the foreign policy of the United States change during the Eisenhower administration? (May 2011)
• “Kennedy’s Alliance for Progress was a turning point in the history of relations between North American and Latin America.” To what extent
do you agree with this statement? (May 2011)
Cuba Specific Questions:
• To what extent was Castro able to achieve his aims between 1959 and 1990, and what prevented him from achieving more?
• “Cuba, unlike other Latin American countries, has created a true social revolution.” How valid is this assessment of the impact of Castro’s
regime upon Cuba?
• For what reasons, and with what results for the economy of Cuba, did Castro become ruler of Cuba?
• Analyse the long-term and short-term causes of the Cuban Revolution (1959). (May 2010)
• Assess the reasons for the long survival of Fidel Castro’s regime in Cuba. (May 2009)
• “Fidel Castro came to power in Cuba because of the weakness of Batista’s regime.” To what extent do you agree with this statement? (May
2008)
• For what reasons, and with what results for the economy of Cuba, did Castro become ruler of Cuba? (May 2005)
• In what ways did the Cuban Revolution have a powerful impact on relations between the US and Latin America? (Nov 2005)
• Explain why the Cuban Missile Crisis did not cause a war between the United States and the Soviet Union. (Nov 2001)
• ‘Castro’s rule in Cuba from 1959 to 1990 was mainly successful.’ How far do you agree with this claim?
Cuba Historiography: The Castros are still alive!!!
Granma
The Real story of the Cuban Missile Crisis
Foreign Affairs Article à Dominguez
Arthur Schlesinger Jr. = Historian of the Kennedys
Castro speeches (ex. History will absolve me), Che sources
Cuba & Castro

Conditions in Batista’s Cuba, role of US influence, P-E-S conditions

1950s Rise to Power: Moncada Barracks attack, 26th of July
Movement, History Will Absolve Me speech, Mexico, meets Che


Establishment of SPS: sail to Cuba on Granma
1957-1958: Cuban Revolution, general strikes, Rebels in the Sierra
Maestra, Batista flees Havana
1959: Castro Tours USA
o April 1960: import & Refine Soviet crude oil
o July 1960: Nationalized industry, crushed opposition, took
control of the media

Domestic Policies:

Healthcare, housing, literacy campaign, censorship…

1980s = Special Period
Foreign Policies / Cold War:

June 1960: Eisenhower reduced Cuba's sugar import quota by
7,000,000 tons

April 1961: Bay of Pigs Invasion

1961: US trade embargo

October 1962: Cuban Missile Crisis
HOA Connections:
1953-1961: President Eisenhower  Reduce sugar import, Embargo, plan
Bay of Pigs
1961-1963: President Kennedy  Embargo, Bay of Pigs, Blockade &
Cuban Missile Crisis
1963-1969: President Johnson  Panama & Dominican Republic
Castro, Cuba – Key Terms & Chronology
1959-2008
Platt Amendment (1901) *Guantanamo
Fulgencio Batista
Moncada Barracks Attack (1953)
26th of July Movement
History Will Absolve Me Speech (1953)
Che Guevara
Raul Castro
Guerilla War
Sierra Maestra Mountains
Cuban Revolution (1957-8)
Officially outlaws racism
Trials, Political executions
Agrarian Reform Act (1959)
Federation of Cuban Women (1959)
Committee for the Defense of the Revolution
Nationalization of Industry (1960)
Bay of Pigs Invasion (1961)
Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)
Castro declares Marxist-Leninism (1961)
Nationalization of Healthcare
National Literacy Campaign (1961)
Permanent US trade Embargo (1962)
Communist Party of Cuba (1965)
Fidelismo, Castroism
Granma
Ten Million Ton Harvest (1970)
COMECON (1972)
Cuban Constitution (1976)
Mariel Boatlift (1980)
Collapse of the USSR (1991)
Special (economic) Period
Christmas reinstated as a holiday (1997)
Civil rights and social movements in the Americas (after 1945)
This section focuses on the origins, nature, challenges and achievements of civil rights movements after
1945. Movements represented the attempts to achieve equality for groups that were not recognized or
accepted as full members of society. The groups challenged established authority and entrenched attitudes.
Review Questions:
•
In what ways did the Civil Rights Movement of Native Americans change during the 1960s?
•
Support your views with examples of two countries from the region. (May 2010)
•
How did Malcolm X and the Black Panthers affect the goals of the Civil Rights Movement? (May 2010)
•
“Martin Luther King Jr and Malcolm X had similar philosophies but used different methods to campaign for civil rights.” To what extent do
you agree with this statement? (May 2009)
•
With reference to two United States presidencies between 1945-1969, assess the role of the US Federal Government in the achievement of
African-American civil rights. (May 2008)
•
Evaluate the impact of Black Power on the civil rights movement in the US during the second half of the 1960s. (May 2005)
•
Compare and contrast the impact of the African American civil rights movement in the United States on other civil rights movements in one
country of the region. (Nov 2005)
•
What impact did ‘Black Power’ have on the civil rights movement? (Nov 2001)
•
Assess the impact of Martin Luther King on the Civil Rights movement. (Nov 2001)
•
Compare the significance of the events of Little Rock, Arkansas in 1957 with those at Birmingham, Alabama in 1963 in the campaign for
civil rights by African-Americans. (May 2000)
The Cold War and the Americas 1945 – 1981
This section focuses on the development and impact of the Cold War on the region. Most of the second half of the 20th century was dominated by
the global conflict of the Cold War. Within the Americas, some countries were closely allied to the United States and some took sides reluctantly.
Many remained neutral or sought to avoid involvement in Cold War struggles. A few, influenced by the Cuban Revolution, instituted socialist
governments. No nation, however, escaped the pressures of the Cold War, which had a significant impact on the domestic and foreign policies of
the countries of the region.
Truman:
• Containment and its implications for the Americas
• The rise of McCarthyism and its effects on domestic and foreign policies of the United States
• The Cold War and its impact on society and culture
Korean War and the United States and the Americas:
• Reasons for participation
• Military developments
• Diplomatic and political outcomes
Eisenhower and Dulles:
• New Look and its application
• Characteristics and reasons for the policy
• Repercussions for the region
United States’ involvement in Vietnam:
• The reasons for, and nature of, the involvement at different stages
• Domestic effects and the end of the war
United States’ foreign policies from Kennedy to Carter:
• The characteristics of, and reasons for, policies Implications for the region:
• Kennedy’s Alliance for Progress
• Nixon’s covert operations and Chile
• Carter's quest for human rights and the Panama Canal Treaty
Cold War in either Canada or one Latin American country:
• Reasons for foreign and domestic policies and their implementation
Examples of Previous Qs: The Cold War and the Americas 1945 – 1981
Cold War Compare Contrast Questions:
• Evaluate the impact of two of the following on the development of the Cold War: the Truman Doctrine; the Marshall Plan; the Berlin
Blockade; NATO.
• Compare and contrast the Cold War policies of Truman and Eisenhower.
• Compare and contrast the Cold War policies of two of the following US presidents: Harry S Truman (1945-53); Dwight D Eisenhower (195361); Lyndon B, Johnson (1963-69)
Cold War Regions Questions:
• Analyse the successes and failures of President Kennedy’s foreign policies towards Latin America between 1961 and 1963.
• How did the Cold War change relations between the United States and either Latin America or Canada between 1953–1979?
• How far did the Cold War bring changes to either Latin America or Canada in their relations with the United States?
• With reference to one Latin American country, assess the impact of the Cold War on the development and implementation of that nation’s
foreign policy.
Foreign Policy Questions:
• Compare the foreign policy of two United States Presidents between 1945 and 1981. Which one do you consider to have been more
successful and why?
• Compare the policies of two United States presidents in regard to China between 1945 and 1981. Which was more successful and
why?
• Analyse the aims and achievements of the foreign policies of Harry S. Truman (1945-53) and Jimmy Carter (1977-81).
• Assess the successes and failures of the foreign policies of either Harry Truman (1945-52) or Richard Nixon (1969-74).
• Assess the successes and failures of the foreign policies of either Eisenhower (1952-60) or Kennedy (1961-3).
Korea & Vietnam Questions:
• Why, and with what consequences, did the United States get involved in Korea?
• For what reasons, and with what results, did the United States become involved in Vietnam?
• “The outcome of the Vietnam War was determined not on the battlefield, but on the television screen.” How far do you agree with this
judgment?
• Why had President Nixon ended American involvement in the Vietnam War by 1973?
• The Vietnam War had a disastrous effect on the presidencies of both Lyndon B Johnson and Richard Nixon.. To what extent do you agree with
this statement?
• Analyse the effects of the Vietnam War on the United States.
Cold War Historiography:
John Lewis Gaddis = “The Dean of Cold War Historians”
Orthodox = Traditional Perspective, 1st view or interpretation of events
Soviet Orthodox = Pro-Communism
Western Liberal (aka Traditional))= Pro-Capitalism & Democracy = #1, USSR is the aggressor
Ex. Richard Pipes
POVs of American Presidents & advisors
Ex. Dulles, Bundy, Kissinger
Orthodox View of Korean War in USA = War was justified
Orthodox view of Vietnam war in USA = War was a mistake
Revisionism & Post-Revisionism:
Revisionism: The counter argument or anti-thesis, 1st time opposing or conflicting views emerge as legitimate
Post-Revisionism: Most recent, blend of orthodox and revisionist elements, new interpretations, Justifies both
sides, possibly with new information
Social Historian: Focus on effects re: people
Ex. Sheila Fitzpatrick
Marxist: Subscribes to the teachings of Karl Marx
Marxists can be from ANY country
See also: social historian
Years
U.S. President
Harry S Truman
19451952
19521960
Dwight D
Eisenhower
(IKE)
Soviet
PRC
Stalin dies in 1949: Mao
1953
PRC (big
China) vs
ROC
(Taiwan;
led by
Chiang
when Mao
beat it out)
Khrushchev
Domestic Policies
*Integration of armed forces: Allegedly equal
treatment and opportunity for all.
*Fair Deal was a plan announced in January
1949 that proposed health insurance, minimum
wage and equal rights.
*Second Red Scare McCarthyism: Widespread
fear of communist in the USA. Actions lead to
creation of HUAC (House of Un-American
Activities Committee) led by senator McCarthy
to investigate Hollywood industry. Federal
employees were tested for loyalty.
http://millercenter.org/president/biography/truma
n-domestic-affairs
1958*Interstate Highway and Defense Act of
1961: GLF 1956: to eliminate unsafe roads, inefficient
routes, and traffic jams.
*Brown v. Board of Education: Ended legal
racial segregation in public schools (supreme
court decision after Mr. Brown wanted his
daughters to go to the nearest school, which was
previously white-only).
Foreign Policies
*Truman Doctrine (1947): mainly created to
contain the Soviet threat in Turkey and Greece
(provided aid to these countries; spurred on by
British inability to provide sufficient help).
Issues with USSR
*Cold War
*Fear of losing countries to
Soviet-spread communism
(brought on US containment;
domino policy; roll back the
*Berlin Airlift (1948): Western powers (mainly borders of communism; origins
US) airdropped supplies into W Berlin to make of this in Article X and the
sure the people had all necessary
Long Telegram by George
resources/supplies.
Kennan)
Issues with Others
*Big 3 (Britain, US,
USSR)
*Japan-nuclear bombs
*Korea (1950-1953)
(proxy war)
http://millercenter.org/president/biography/truma
n-foreign-affairs
*Eisenhower Doctrine: US could intervene in
the Middle East to prevent the spread of
communism (containment policy expanded to
Middle East basically).
*Tensions over fear of a
USSR-Egypt alliance (Nasser
in power in Egypt)
*Domino Theory: If a country will become
communist then the neighboring countries will
follow. (KOREA)
*Korea (1950-1953)
(proxy war)
*Egypt (1956) (Suez
Crisis)
*Cuba (tensions; Bay of
Pigs invasion was fully
being planned, but only
carried out under JFK)
http://millercenter.org/president/biography/eisenh http://millercenter.org/president/biography/eisenh
ower-domestic-affairs
ower-foreign-affairs
19601963
19631968
John F Kennedy
(JFK)
Khrushchev
GLF
*“New Frontier”: to help America stay
economically stable.
*Kennedy was active in civil rights, but was
unable to push too hard due to his need for
support from Southern Democrats.
*Created the Peace Corps, initiated the space
race, and worked with congress for low income
housing and equal pay for women.
*Economically he is remembered for his tax
cuts.
http://millercenter.org/president/biography/kenne
dy-domestic-affairs
*Kennedy Doctrine: spread the policy of
containment to the W hemisphere (esp Latin
America)
*Alliance for Progress: JFK’s attempt to boost
economic cooperation between the US and Latin
America (1961)
*Bay of Pigs & Cuban Missile Crisis
*Began Vietnam War (US works to protect/aid
S Korea in fighting off the communist Viet Cong
powers of N Korea, backed by the USSR).
http://millercenter.org/president/biography/kenne
dy-foreign-affairs
Lyndon B Johnson Khrushchev 1966-1976: *Great Society: Domestic Policy (elimination of *American troops in Vietnam during his
(LBJ)
and Brezhnev GPCR
poverty and racial injustice), environmental
presidency; although, he did not want them there
protection and land conservation, the Immigration Act, and tried to initiate peace talks, but nothing
bills establishing a National Endowment for the Arts and happened until he was out of office.
the National Endowment for the Humanities, a Highway *“Hey, hey, LBJ, how many kids did you kill
Safety Act, the Public Broadcasting Act, Department of
today?”--> common rallying cry at the many
Housing and Urban Development
rallies/public protests led against US involvement
in Vietnam (in which public was mainly the
*Civil Rights Act (1964): Outlawed
discrimination based on race, sex, color, sexual youth and blamed LBJ for the violence; hippie
generation; ex. Woodstock)
orientation, etc. Signed into action by LBJ.
http://millercenter.org/president/biography/lbjohnsondomestic-affairs
http://millercenter.org/president/biography/lbjohnson-foreignaffairs
*Indirect proxy conflicts in Cuba *Cuba (1961 Bay of
and Vietnam
Pigs; 1962 Cuban
*Increased tensions after Bay of Missile Crisis; 1962 US
Pigs when US attempted to
Embargo on Cuba)
overthrow Castro (turned Cuba *Vietnam (1955-1975)
against US and in turn improved (proxy war)
Cuba-USSR relations)
*Almost direct nuclear war after
Cuban Missile Crisis (ended by
US removing Juniper missiles
from Turkey and USSR
removing missiles from Cuba)
*Signed Outer Space Treaty
which banned nuclear weapons
in space.
*Agreed to diffuse tensions in
the Middle East.
*Agreed to not send nuclear
weapons to other countries or
help them make nukes
(debatable whether either side
followed this).
*LBJ avoided crisis with USSR!
*Proxy war in Vietnam
*Vietnam: Full out war
there; public protests in
US against involvement
there (mainly students).
*Vietnam (had the
intent of beginning to
pull out of Vietnam
because of the protests
and high death toll for
American soldiers)