Transcript File

America: Pathways to the Present
Chapter 2
Balancing Liberty and Order
(1753–1820)
Copyright © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as
Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey. All rights reserved.
America: Pathways to the Present
Chapter 2: Balancing Liberty and Order (1753–1820)
Section 1: The Road to Independence
Section 2: The Constitution of the
United States
Section 3: The Origins of American Politics
Copyright © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as
Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey. All rights reserved.
The Road to Independence
Chapter 2, Section 1
• What was the importance of the French and Indian
War?
• What issues led to the Revolution?
• Why were the shots fired at Lexington and Concord
“heard round the world”?
• What political ideas led to the Declaration of
Independence?
• How did the colonists fight for and win
independence?
The French and Indian War
Chapter 2, Section 1
•
•
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In 1754, competition for control over territory in North America led
to the outbreak of the French and Indian War, so-called because
the British and their American colonists fought against the French
and their Indian allies.
Benjamin Franklin presented his Albany Plan of Union to unite the
colonies in the war effort. The colonies rejected his plan, but it
later served as a model for the government of the United States.
At first the war went poorly for the British, but after its important
capture of Quebec in 1759, Britain went on to win the war.
In 1763, Great Britain, France, and France’s ally Spain signed the
Treaty of Paris, ending the French and Indian War.
Despite the victory, the war seriously strained relations between
Britain and the American colonists.
Issues Leading to the Revolution
Chapter 2, Section 1
Changing
British Policy
The Stamp
Act Crisis
Rising Tensions
in the Colonies
The Continental
Congress
The Proclamation
of 1763 prohibited
colonists from
settling areas west
of the Appalachian
Mountains.
Colonists strongly
protested a tax on
printed matter. In
1765, delegates
held the Stamp
Act Congress.
The Townshend Acts
of 1767 placed duties
on certain imported
foods; protests and
violence erupted.
Colonists formed
Committees of
Correspondence to
organize resistance
against Britain’s
colonial policies.
The 1764 Sugar Act
was the first of
many measures
designed to raise
more income from
the colonies.
Colonists
boycotted, or
refused to buy,
British goods and
services. The
Stamp Act was
repealed in 1766.
The Boston
Massacre: On March
5, 1770, British
soldiers opened fire
on a crowd of
colonists.
In 1774, the First
Continental
Congress
unsuccessfully
appealed to the king
to resolve the crisis.
The Shot Heard Round the World
Chapter 2, Section 1
“Here once the embattled farmers stood,
And fired the shot heard round the world.”
From “Concord Hymn” by Ralph Waldo Emerson
•
•
•
Following the call of the First Continental Congress,
Massachusetts Patriots formed militias. A stockpile of weapons
was stored in Concord, near Boston. On April 18, 1775, British
troops marched toward Concord to seize the stockpile.
The British encountered armed militia at Lexington, where the
battle began with a single shot. After a quick victory, the British
continued to Concord where they met with defeat. The Battles of
Lexington and Concord marked the start of the Revolutionary
War—which became a fight for American independence from
Britain.
The American Revolution would have an impact on the entire
world.
Revolutionary Ideas
Chapter 2, Section 1
•
•
Common Sense - In 1776, this pamphlet written by Thomas Paine
first appeared in Philadelphia and sold some 25 editions within a
year. Common Sense convinced many colonists to support a
break from Great Britain. During this time, the Second Continental
Congress was meeting in Philadelphia.
The Declaration of Independence - On July 4, 1776, delegates from
12 colonies approved the Declaration of Independence, a
statement of the reasons for separation from Britain. Drafted by
Thomas Jefferson, the document states that all people have
inalienable rights, and that they have a right to change or
overthrow a government that does not serve their best interests. It
defined the basic principles on which American government and
society would rest.
Fighting the Revolutionary War
Chapter 2, Section 1
Winning Independence
Chapter 2, Section 1
•
•
•
American determination succeeded over Britain’s will to keep its
colonies. With an American-French force, General George
Washington dealt the British a fatal blow at Yorktown, forcing
General Charles Cornwallis to surrender to him on October 19,
1781.
In September 1783, the Treaty of Paris officially ended the
Revolutionary War. In the treaty, Great Britain recognized the
independence of the United States of America. The treaty also set
the borders of the new United States.
The Revolution helped inspire Americans’ patriotism, or love of
their country. Patriotism is the passion that inspires a person to
serve his or her country, either in defending it from invasion or
protecting its rights and maintaining its laws and institutions.
The Road to Independence—Assessment
Chapter 2, Section 1
The French and Indian War
(A) was a battle between the French and Native Americans for land.
(B) pitted the British and American colonists against the French and
Indians in a fight for control of North American territory.
(C) helped to ease tensions between Britain and the colonies.
(D) began with the Battles of Lexington and Concord.
The Declaration of Independence
(A) marked the beginning of the French and Indian War.
(B) was a treaty signed in Paris.
(C) was drafted by Benjamin Franklin.
(D) stated reasons why the colonies must separate from Britain.
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The Road to Independence—Assessment
Chapter 2, Section 1
The French and Indian War
(A) was a battle between the French and Native Americans for land.
(B) pitted the British and American colonists against the French and
Indians in a fight for control of North American territory.
(C) helped to ease tensions between Britain and the colonies.
(D) began with the Battles of Lexington and Concord.
The Declaration of Independence
(A) marked the beginning of the French and Indian War.
(B) was a treaty signed in Paris.
(C) was drafted by Benjamin Franklin.
(D) stated reasons why the colonies must separate from Britain.
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The Constitution of the United States
Chapter 2, Section 2
• How was the early government of the United States
structured by the Articles of Confederation?
• What type of government structure did the Framers set up
at the Constitutional Convention?
• How did the Federalists win the battle over ratification?
• How did Washington’s administration set precedents for the
new nation and provide for a new capital city?
Early Government
Chapter 2, Section 2
•
•
•
•
Early on, the United States operated as a confederation, an
alliance of separate governments that work together. State
governments had more power than the national government of the
United States.
In 1777, the Continental Congress adopted a set of laws called the
Articles of Confederation. Approved in 1781, the Articles
established a limited national government. Soon, objections to the
Articles came from a group called the Nationalists, who thought
ordinary citizens held too much power in their state legislatures.
Americans generally agreed that their new nation should be a
democracy, or government by the people. They favored the
creation of a republic, a government run by the people through
their elected representatives.
Reaction to violence brought on in Shays’ Rebellion, an uprising
against Massachusetts taxes, boosted support for the
Nationalists’ cause.
The Constitutional Convention
Chapter 2, Section 2
•
•
•
•
In May 1787, a meeting that became known as the Constitutional
Convention opened in Philadelphia. In four months, delegates
from 12 states produced the document that has governed the
United States for more than 200 years, the United States
Constitution.
Rather than revise the Articles of Confederation, the delegates
decided to come up with a new plan of government altogether.
The convention deadlocked over two new plans: The Virginia Plan,
supported by James Madison of Virginia, favored states with large
populations. The New Jersey Plan gave every state equal voting
power. The Great Compromise chose features from both plans
that pleased large and small states, thus breaking this deadlock.
Under the Three-Fifths Compromise, three fifths of a state’s slave
population would be counted when determining representation.
Government Structure Under the Constitution
Chapter 2, Section 2
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Government needed power to be effective, but too much power
could lead to abuses. The Constitution created what came to be
called a federal system of government, a system in which power is
shared among state and national authorities.
To keep power under control within the national government, the
Constitution created a separation of powers among the legislative,
executive, and judicial branches of government.
A system of checks and balances gives each branch of
government the power to check, or stop, the other branches in
certain ways.
Congress is structured to preserve and to limit the people’s
control over their government. The House of Representatives is
structured to make it directly responsible to the people. It is more
difficult for voters to have a direct and sudden impact on the
Senate’s membership.
Government Structure Under the Constitution
Chapter 2, Section 2
The Battle Over Ratification
Chapter 2, Section 2
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For the Constitution to become law, 9 of the 13 states had to ratify,
or approve, it. The Federalists favored the Constitution and the
strong national government it provided. The anti-Federalists
opposed the Constitution, believing it posed a threat to state
governments and to the rights of individuals.
The Federalist, a series of essays that appeared in New York City
newspapers in 1787 and 1788, argued for ratification of the
Constitution. They emphasize the separation of powers and the
system of checks and balances as protections against tyranny.
The anti-Federalists argued that a President would be nothing but
a king, and they saw the Constitution as a betrayal of the
American Revolution.
The states finally ratified the Constitution after the Federalists
offered to support ten amendments that were designed to protect
citizens’ rights. These first ten amendments are called the Bill of
Rights.
Washington and the Capital City
Chapter 2, Section 2
Washington Becomes President
• George Washington was sworn in
as the nation’s first President on
April 30, 1789, in New York City.
• Washington had been elected by
the new electoral college in a
unanimous vote. Federalist John
Adams became Vice President.
• Washington selected Thomas
Jefferson to head the Department
of State and Alexander Hamilton
for the Department of the
Treasury.
• Washington worked to establish a
tone of dignity in his term of
office, or administration.
Planning a Capital City
• The United States needed a new
capital, as grand as those found
in Europe’s capital cities.
• The Residence Act of 1790
specified that a 10-square-mile
stretch of land on the Potomac
River along the Maryland-Virginia
border would serve as the capital.
• African American mathematician
and inventor Benjamin Banneker
surveyed the city.
• French artist and architect PierreCharles L’Enfant drew plans for
the capital, which would be called
Washington, D.C.
The Constitution of the
United States—Assessment
Chapter 2, Section 2
Democracy is _____________.
(A) government by the people
(B) an alliance of separate governments that work together
(C) a limited national government
(D) a branch of the federal government
Which of the following statements is correct?
(A) Under the federal system of government, power is kept from the
states and shared only among national authorities.
(B) The Bill of Rights was designed to protect citizens’ rights.
(C) Federalists favored the Articles of Confederation and the strong
national government the Articles established.
(D) The Federalist argued against ratification of the Constitution.
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The Constitution of the
United States—Assessment
Chapter 2, Section 2
Democracy is _____________.
(A) government by the people
(B) an alliance of separate governments that work together
(C) a limited national government
(D) a branch of the federal government
Which of the following statements is correct?
(A) Under the federal system of government, power is kept from the
states and shared only among national authorities.
(B) The Bill of Rights was designed to protect citizens’ rights.
(C) Federalists favored the Articles of Confederation and the strong
national government the Articles established.
(D) The Federalist argued against ratification of the Constitution.
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The Origins of American Politics
Chapter 2, Section 3
• How did the issue of liberty versus order divide
Americans in the 1790s?
• What controversies marked the presidency of John
Adams?
• What was the significance of the election of 1800?
• How did Jefferson’s administration change the
nation?
• Why was the War of 1812 important?
Liberty vs. Order in the 1790s
Chapter 2, Section 3
•
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Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton’s tariff and taxation plan for paying
off the nation’s debt reminded many Americans of Britain’s treatment of
the colonies. At Hamilton’s suggestion, Congress created the Bank of the
United States. Hamilton preferred a loose construction, or interpretation,
of the Constitution, believing the government could do anything that the
Constitution did not say it could not do.
Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson opposed Hamilton’s plans and
preferred a strict construction of the Constitution, believing that the
government should not do anything—such as start a national bank—that
the Constitution did not specifically say it could do. Jefferson resigned at
the end of 1793.
In 1794, President Washington sent an army to Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania to
put down the Whiskey Rebellion, a protest against the tax on whiskey.
A political party is a group of people who seek to win elections and hold
public office in order to control government policy and programs.
Federalists and Jeffersonian Republicans were the first political parties in
the United States.
The Presidency of John Adams
Chapter 2, Section 3
The XYZ Affair
• Angry over Jay’s Treaty, which
expanded trade between Britain
and the United States, the French
began seizing American ships in
French harbors. In response,
Adams sent diplomats to France.
• French agents, identified only as
X, Y, and Z, demanded a bribe
before the Americans could see
the French foreign minister. The
Americans refused to pay and
returned home.
• By 1798, France and the United
States were firing on and seizing
each other’s ships in an
undeclared war.
The Alien and Sedition Acts
• Taking advantage of the crisis,
Federalists pushed the Alien and
Sedition Acts through Congress.
• The Sedition Act of 1798 made it
unlawful to criticize government
officials unless all charges could
be proven. The Federalists used
this act to silence Republican
opposition.
• To defy federal power, Virginia
and Kentucky passed resolutions
that made it possible for them to
nullify any federal law they
determined to be
unconstitutional.
The Election of 1800
Chapter 2, Section 3
• Growing tensions between Federalists and
Jeffersonian Republicans made the 1800 presidential
campaign particularly divisive. Jeffersonians accused
Adams of being a monarchist. Federalists called
Jefferson a godless man who would lead the nation
into chaos.
• A decisive President, John Adams had angered many
of his supporters while he was in office. Unable to
quiet his critics, Adams failed to win reelection.
• Thomas Jefferson won the 1800 election, a clear
leader of those who preferred local government to
national government.
Jefferson Takes Office
Chapter 2, Section 3
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•
•
•
During his first term, Jefferson won approval by reducing taxes and
cutting the size of the federal bureaucracy and the size of the army. He
easily won reelection in 1804 but had a more difficult second term.
In an important case, Marbury v. Madison, the Supreme Court
declared part of the Judiciary Act of 1789 to be unconstitutional. In
doing so, the Court established the power of judicial review — the
power of federal courts to review state laws and state court decisions
to determine if they are in keeping with the federal Constitution.
Louisiana Purchase — In 1803, the United States paid $15 million for
the vast French territory of Louisiana. The following year, the Lewis
and Clark expedition set off to explore lands west to the Pacific.
To punish Britain and France for harassing American trading ships,
Congress passed the Embargo Act of 1807, outlawing almost all trade
with foreign countries. An embargo is a restriction on trade.
Jefferson Takes Office
Chapter 2, Section 3
The War of 1812 and Postwar Issues
Chapter 2, Section 3
•
•
•
•
In the early 1800s, the power of Native Americans was greatly
reduced. Many Americans believed the British encouraged and
armed the Indians in their resistance to American settlement of the
West.
In June 1812, President James Madison asked Congress to
declare war against the British, and the War of 1812 began.
Unpopular with the people of both Great Britain and the United
States, the war ended with the signing of the Treaty of Ghent on
December 24, 1814.
In 1816, Republican James Monroe was elected the fifth President
during a time of growth and prosperity. Then, in 1819, the nation
experienced its first depression, or severe economic downturn.
In 1820, the Missouri Compromise admitted Missouri to the Union
as a slave state, while Maine became a free (nonslave) state,
keeping the balance in the Senate between slave and free states.
The Origins of American Politics—
Assessment
Chapter 2, Section 3
In believing the government could do anything that the Constitution did not
say it could not do, Alexander Hamilton
(A) opposed establishing the Bank of the United States.
(B) favored a loose construction of the Constitution.
(C) favored a strict construction of the Constitution.
(D) agreed with Thomas Jefferson.
The War of 1812 ____________________________.
(A) was a battle between the French and the United States for Louisiana
(B) ended with the signing of the Missouri Compromise
(C) ended with the signing of the Treaty of Ghent
(D) established the power of judicial review
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The Origins of American Politics—
Assessment
Chapter 2, Section 3
In believing the government could do anything that the Constitution did not
say it could not do, Alexander Hamilton
(A) opposed establishing the Bank of the United States.
(B) favored a loose construction of the Constitution.
(C) favored a strict construction of the Constitution.
(D) agreed with Thomas Jefferson.
The War of 1812 ____________________________.
(A) was a battle between the French and the United States for Louisiana
(B) ended with the signing of the Missouri Compromise
(C) ended with the signing of the Treaty of Ghent
(D) established the power of judicial review
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