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PREJUDICE IN SOCIAL
CULTURE
WHY THE WOMEN’S MOVEMENT HAS SURPASSED
CIVIL RIGHTS SUCCESS
Presented By Renae Zelmar
Soka University of America
WHY HAS THE WOMEN’S MOVEMENT BEEN
COMPARATIVELY MORE SUCCESSFUL THAN
THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT?
• The 15th Amendment gave
African Americans the right
to vote in 1870
• Women gained suffrage in
1920 with the 19th
Amendment
• However today there is
more gender equality than
racial equality
• The two movements were
remarkably similar in their
history and organization
• The real difference lies in
the social and cultural
history of the two groups
rather than differences in
the movements themselves
“
“
The right of citizens of the
United States to vote shall
not be denied or abridged
by the United States or by
any State on account of
race, color, or previous
condition of servitude.
”
Amendment XV
.
The right of citizens of
the United States to vote
shall not be denied or
abridged by the United
States or by any State
on account of sex
Amendment XIX
”
.
GENDER EQUALITY VS. RACIAL
EQUALITY
From the Equal Employment Opportunity
Commission (2011)
Pecentage of Men and Women
Enployed in US Private Business
Women
48%
Percentage of White and Minority
Workers in US Private Business
Minority
35%
Men
52%
White
65%
GENDER EQUALITY VS. RACIAL
EQUALITY
From the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (2011) and
United States Census Bureau (2011)
Percentage of Men and Women in the
US Population in 2011
Women
51%
Men
49%
Percentage of White and Minority People in
US Population in 2011
Minority
22%
Percentage of Men and Women Employed
in US Private Business
Women
48%
Men
52%
Percentage of White and Minority Workers
in US Private Business
Minority
35%
White
78%
White
65%
GENDER EQUALITY VS. RACIAL
EQUALITY
Time Magazine.
26 March 2012
55%
Time Magazine.
8 August 2011
of Blacks think that race relations between
whites and blacks will “always be a problem”
(Gallup, 4-7 Aug. 2011)
SIMILARITIES BETWEEN THE
MOVEMENTS : STRUCTURE
• Both feature a sort of “two-wave” pattern
CIVIL RIGHTS
Abolition
~1830-1870
WOMEN’S RIGHTS
Suffrage
~1890-1920
Civil Rights
Movement
1955-1968
(Hall)
Second Wave
Feminism
1960s-1980s
(Epstein)
SIMILARITIES BETWEEN THE
MOVEMENTS: BEGINNINGS
• The women’s movement and
African American rights have
always been closely tied
together
• Began in the age of abolition,
when women’s rights activists
and abolitionists were mutually
supportive
• Elizabeth Cady Stanton
attended the 1840 World AntiSlavery Convention (Hogan)
• Frederick Douglass attended Frederick Douglass reportedly claimed that he
the Seneca Falls Convention would not except the right to vote if women did not
receive it as well (Buccola)
(Buccola)
Photo: Library of Congress
SIMILARITIES BETWEEN THE TWO
MOVEMENTS: ABEYANCE
• Both had “abeyance
organizations” that
held over the
movements between
the waves
• Women: The National
Women’s Party (NWP)
• Civil Rights: National
Association for the
Advancement of
Colored People
(NAACP)
• Both have connections
with labor and the
Communist Party
“
The term “abeyance”
depicts a holding process
by which movements
sustain themselves in
nonreceptive political
environments and provide
continuity from one stage
of mobilization to another.
Verta Taylor, “Social
Movement Continuity: The
Women’s Social Movement in
Abeyance”
”
.
SIMILARITIES BETWEEN THE TWO
MOVEMENTS: ACTIVISM
• Widely viewed that the Civil
Rights Movement spurred the
second wave of feminism
(Hall)
• Public protests
• Youth participation
• Birth of new organizations
• Women: NOW
• Civil Rights: SNCC, SCLC
• Both eventually move to
economic concerns (Epstein)
(Hall) (Meier and Bracey)
March on Washington
(Warren K. Leffler. 1963)
SOCIAL ORIGINS: ANTI-BLACK RACISM
• African Americans were
viewed by many
slaveholders as
genetically inferior
• Cannot handle freedom or
vote because they are
naturally less intelligent
• Dehumanized, related to
animals, livestock and
buffoons
(Colfax)
• Also argued that it was
safer and easier for the
slaves to stay enslaved
than to be free laborers
(Fitzhugh) (Grayson)
“
…the acknowledged
meanness of the negroe's
intellect, only coincides with
the shape of his head; or in
other words, that his want of
capability to receife a
complicated education
renders it improper and
impotitic, that he should be
allowed the privileges of
citizenship in an enlightened
country!
Richard H. Colfax. 1833
”
.
(Library of Congress)
(Library of Congress)
SOCIAL ORIGINS: PREJUDICE AGAINST
WOMEN
• Attitude toward women was more patronizing than
dehumanizing
• “Cult of Domesticity” defined women’s sphere as in the
home
• But also gave a sense of divine morality and importance (“The
Cult of Domesticity in the United States and Britain”)
• The idea of the Republican motherhood. That it was the
woman’s duty to raise proper citizens of the future
• Men against women’s suffrage argued that they were
“protecting” the finer sex (“An Appeal to Voters”)
• Not seen as lowly and unintelligent as slaves were
• While rights were unequal, women were still generally
respected and viewed as human beings
The Beautiful Gazelle: A Modern Fable
By Homer Fort
A beautiful gazelle lived upon a high hill,
happy contented, and rejoicing in the fact that she
was teaching her young gazelles to be the finest and
best and most progressive antelopes in the entire
forest. The greatest deference of all was paid to her as
a mother and an educator and all the male antelopes
obeyed her wishes as law. Her husband consulted
and accepted her advice. Her influence was great and
her power for good supreme and unquestioned.
One day a shot haired gazelle from a neighboring hill,
who permitted her little ones to grow up like
volunteer weeds uncared for and unkempt, paid a
visit to the beautiful gazelle and said “Why do you
stay upon this hill giving you life up to rearing little
ones? Why not expand and have more freedom?”
“But I am happy and I ‘m free,” replied
the gazelle.
“Oh but you are not free. Look at those
bucks in the valley below, locking horns, goring each
other, and raising Cain and having a good time
generally ruling the forest. We cannot do it and our
rights are abridged.”
The beautiful gazelle answered, “She that
ruleththe mighty hath more than freedom, for she
hath the education, the care, and the glory of making
a great race.” But day after day, the short-haired,
pessimistic, unhappy gazelle harped on the feats
performed by bucks and how they conspired to keep
the gazelles out of the fray. Finally the beautiful
gazelle was won over, but not convinced, and all the
gazelles joined the movement of the short haired
agitator. The bucks agreed to let them come to the
valley of equal rights. They went and mud was
stirred up, primal instincts took place of civilized
deference and instead of getting out of the deer walk
for a gazelle to pass, a buck simply butted her aside.
Anarchy followed and the forest was filled with
lamentations. Brute force asserted itself and in time
the gazelles were slaves and had no power, no
homage and no high consideration. The beautiful
gazelle, no longer beautiful, broken, spiritless, scarred,
spattered and humiliated, returned and said:
MORAL
“She that is on a pedestal and rules by
divine right loses her power by stepping down and
mixing in the fray which nature never intended.”
RACIAL SPACIALIZATION
• When the sharecropping
system collapsed, African
Americans began
migrating to cities (Hall)
• At the same time, men are
coming back from WWII
• White families migrate to the
developing suburbs (Hall)
• Geographically separates
white and black
communities
• Bolsters “Us and Them”
mentality
• Preserves old stereotypes and
prejudices
(Bettmann. View of Levittown,
New York)
CONCLUSION
While the Civil Rights movement and the Women’s
Rights movement were very similar in structure and
historical development, the social prejudices
surrounding African Americans, which focused
more on dehumanization than did the prejudices
around women, created a social mindset that is a
barrier to equivalent success in the equality of
African Americans. Historical separation of White
and Black communities, rather than complete
integration like that of women, has led to the
preservation of such stereotypes.
Works Cited
[The Beautiful Gazelle: A Modern Fable], Amy C. Ransome collection on
Women's Suffrage, Collection no. 0001, Regional History Collections, Special
Collections, USC Libraries, University of Southern California.
[An Appeal to Voters by the Men’s League Opposed to Suffrage Extension],
Amy C. Ransome collection on Women's Suffrage, Collection no. 0001,
Regional History Collections, Special Collections, USC Libraries, University of
Southern California.
Buccola, Nicholas. "Each For All And All For Each": The Liberal Statesmanship Of
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Colfax, Richard. Evidence Against the Views of the Abolitionists, Consisting on
Physical and Moral Proofs, of the Natural Inferiority of the Negroes. New
York: James T.M. Bleakley Publishers, 1833. Web. 24 Jan. 2013
"The Cult of Domesticity in the United States and Britain." World History
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Age of Revolutions, 1750-1914. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 2011. 193195.Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 26 Jan. 2013.
Epstein, Barbara. "Feminist Consciousness After the Women's
Movement." Monthly Review 54.4 (2002): 31-7. ProQuest Research
Library. Web. 22 Jan. 2013.
Equal Employment Opportunities Commission. 2011 EEO-1 National Aggregate
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U.S. Constitution. amend. XV. Web. 27 Jan. 2012
U.S. Constitution. amend. XIX. Web. 27 Jan. 2012
Photo Credits
Deming, L. Jim Crow. n.d. . Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division
Washington, D.C.. Library of Congress. Web. 26 Jan. 2013.
Frederick Douglass, Head-and-Shoulders Portrait, Facing Right. Library of
Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C.. Library of
Congress. Web. 27 Jan. 2013.
Leffler, Warren K.. Civil Rights March on Washington, D.C.. 1963. Library of
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Magazine. Web. 27 Jan. 2013. Scott. Zachary. Chore Wars. 2011. Time.
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