Transcript Texas, Manifest Destiny, and the Mexican‒American War

American Stories
THIRD EDITION
By: Brands •
Chapter
13
An Age of
Expansionism
1830‒1861
An Age of Expansionism, 1830‒1861
13.1
Texas, Manifest Destiny, and the
Mexican‒American War
Why did the United States annex Texas
and the Southwest?
13.2
Internal Expansionism and the
Industrial Revolution
How did developments in transportation
foster industrialization and encourage
immigration?
Video Series:
Key Topics in U.S. History
1. Manifest Destiny Marches West:
1832‒1858
2. War with Mexico
3. Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
4. Industrial Expansionism
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The Spirit of Young America
• Young America
• Used to describe new era
• Emerson one of first to use phrase
• New generation of commercial development,
technological progress, and territorial
expansion
• Writers called for distinctive literature
• Literary World
• Walt Whitman
• Herman Melville
Home
Home
Home
Texas, Manifest Destiny, and the
Mexican‒American War
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The Texas Revolution
The Republic of Texas
The Annexation of Texas
The Doctrine of Manifest Destiny
War with Mexico
Settlement of the Mexican‒American
War
Home
Texas, Manifest Destiny, and the
Mexican‒American War
• Widespread call for annexation of newly
settled lands
• Manifest Destiny
• Diplomatic confrontations over
expansion
• Britain – claims over Oregon
• Mexico - war
Texas, Manifest Destiny, and
the Mexican‒American War
The Texas Revolution
• Settling Texas
• Mexico wooed settlers to Texas
• Conflict between colonists and Mexico
• Mexico banned further American
immigration
• Texas violating law
• Not fully enforced
• Texans wanted local self-government
• Minority in state legislature
Texas, Manifest Destiny, and
the Mexican‒American War
The Texas Revolution (continued)
• General Antonio López de Santa Anna
• Dictator of Mexico
• Rumored Texas would be disfranchised or
expelled
• Prepared to resist Santa Anna’s effort to
enforce tariff regulations
• Sent reinforcements
• Settlers captured garrison at Anahuac and
San Antonio
Texas, Manifest Destiny, and
the Mexican‒American War
Texas, Manifest Destiny, and
the Mexican‒American War
The Republic of Texas
• Texans declared independence - 1836
• Wrote Constitution based on U.S. model
• Temporary government
• Some Tejanos sided with Anglo rebels
• Alamo under siege
• 187 rebels against large number of Mexican
soldiers
• “Remember the Alamo”
• Texan soldiers marched
• Goliad - 350 executed
Texas, Manifest Destiny, and
the Mexican‒American War
The Republic of Texas (continued)
• Battle near San Jacinto River
• 630 Mexicans and only a handful of Texans
killed
• Santa Anna captured, forced to sign treaties
• Seeking annexation to United States
• Texas offered land grants to U.S. settlers
• Sam Houston – first president
• President Andrew Jackson refused
annexation
Texas, Manifest Destiny, and
the Mexican‒American War
Texas, Manifest Destiny, and
the Mexican‒American War
The Annexation of Texas
• John Tyler assumed presidency - 1841
• After William Henry Harrison’s death
• Tyler negotiated annexation with Texas
• Senate refused to ratify
• Election of 1844
• Van Buren against annexation
• Polk ran on expansionist platform
• After Polk’s victory, Congress approved
annexation
Texas, Manifest Destiny, and
the Mexican‒American War
Texas, Manifest Destiny, and
the Mexican‒American War
Texas, Manifest Destiny, and
the Mexican‒American War
Table 13.1 The Liberty Party
Swings an Election
Texas, Manifest Destiny, and
the Mexican‒American War
Table 13.2 The Election of 1844
Texas, Manifest Destiny, and
the Mexican‒American War
The Doctrine of Manifest Destiny
• Manifest Destiny
• Phrase first used in 1845 by John O’
Sullivan, magazine editor
• Sullivan pointed to three main ideas
• God favors American expansion
• Extend freedom and democracy
• Growing American population needs land
• Most extreme form - United States would
occupy entire continent
Texas, Manifest Destiny, and
the Mexican‒American War
Texas, Manifest Destiny, and
the Mexican‒American War
War with Mexico
• Texas claimed contested area
• Between Nueces and Rio Grande rivers
• Claim not recognized by Mexico
• Conflict between United States and Mexico
• Mexican‒American War
• War on Mexico declared – May 1846
• Mexicans refused to make peace
• Despite military losses
• Strategies of Polk
• California a Republic
Texas, Manifest Destiny, and
the Mexican‒American War
What Did the Texas Revolution and
Mexican‒American War Mean for
American Expansion?
• What was the political situation in
Mexico leading up to its war with the
United States?
• How did the Texas Revolution unfold?
• What did the acquisition of Mexican
territory mean for the slavery in the
United States?
Texas, Manifest Destiny, and
the Mexican‒American War
Texas, Manifest Destiny, and
the Mexican‒American War
Settlement of the
Mexican‒American War
• Difficulties getting a treaty to end war
• Mexican leaders would not agree to terms
• Nicholas Trist, negotiator with Mexico,
ordered back to Washington by Polk
• Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
• New Mexico and California ceded to U.S.
• U.S. pays Mexico $15 million
• U.S. only wanted west coast ports
Texas, Manifest Destiny, and
the Mexican‒American War
Settlement of the
Mexican‒American War (cont.)
• Conflict over war
• Whigs criticized Mexican‒American War
• Northerners viewed war as being aimed at
more slavery
• Wilmot Proviso
• Manifest Destiny ultimately limited by
racism and slavery question
Texas, Manifest Destiny, and
the Mexican‒American War
Texas, Manifest Destiny, and
the Mexican‒American War
Discussion Question
• Why did the United States annex Texas
and the Southwest?
Texas, Manifest Destiny, and
the Mexican‒American War
Internal Expansionism and the
Industrial Revolution
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The Triumph of the Railroad
The Industrial Revolution Takes Off
Mass Immigration Begins
The New Working Class
Home
Internal Expansionism and the
Industrial Revolution
• “Young Americans” linked territorial
growth to other material achievements
• Communication and transportation - e.g.,
telegraph, railroad
• Trade growth, mass immigration
• Discovery of gold in California
• Territorial expansion waned after 1848
• Technological advances, economic and
population growth continued Internal Expansionism and the
Industrial Revolution
The Triumph of the Railroad
• 1840s - railroads displacing canals
• Rails extended beyond northeastern and
mid-Atlantic states
• Drove many canals out of business
• Rail construction stimulated iron industry
• Railroads stimulated new forms of finance
Internal Expansionism and the
Industrial Revolution
Internal Expansionism and the
Industrial Revolution
The Industrial Revolution
Takes Off
• Growth of American industry
• Factory system expanded beyond mills
• Depended on new technology
• America still an agricultural society
• Agriculture became mechanized
• New technology
• Transportation facilitated growth
Internal Expansionism and the
Industrial Revolution
Internal Expansionism and the
Industrial Revolution
Table 13.3 The Age of
Practical Invention
Internal Expansionism and the
Industrial Revolution
Internal Expansionism and the
Industrial Revolution
Mass Immigration Begins
• Immigrants arrived in United States
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1840–1860: 4 million Irish and Germans
Causes of movement
Filled low-paying jobs in port cities
Irish faced discrimination, Germans less so
• Urban reform movement
• Results from poverty of slums
• Affluent moving to suburbs
Internal Expansionism and the
Industrial Revolution
Internal Expansionism and the
Industrial Revolution
The New Working Class
• 1840s: Factory labor began shifting
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From women and children to men
Immigrants dominated new working class
Employers demanded more work, less pay
Unions organized to defend worker rights
Workers clung to traditional work habits
Internal Expansionism and the
Industrial Revolution
Internal Expansionism and the
Industrial Revolution
Discussion Question
• How did developments in transportation
foster industrialization and encourage
immigration?
Internal Expansionism and the
Industrial Revolution
Conclusion: The Costs of Expansion
• Working class posed problem for ideals
• Working for wages first step toward
becoming one’s own master
• Internal and external migration came at
heavy cost
• Economic expansion
• Territorial expansion
• Both sets of conflicts uncontrollable