Transcript HOT SPOTS

A nation’s plans for dealing with other countries.
• Are we the world’s policeman?
• Is any nation that goes along with us an
“ally,” or only those that are reasonably
free and democratic?
Specific questions about terrorism
• How can we wage war against terrorists in remote
areas of the world?
• What do we do about countries that harbor terrorists?
• How can the military be redesigned to make it effective
against terrorists?
• The Framers believed it was best to give
most foreign policy powers to the single
executive rather than Congress.
• The President has the power to
command the military, meet with foreign
leaders and make treaties.
• Congress has the power to declare war
and approve treaties.
The Department of State carries out the president’s
foreign policy.
Secretary of State Hillary Clinton
U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton and Makhdoom
Shah Mehmood Qureshi, Pakistan's Minister of Foreign
Affairs.
Carries out the president’s foreign policy.
GOALS OF THE STATE DEPARTMENT
• Protect national security.
• Provide international leadership in fostering world peace.
• Insure balance of power between strong and weak nations.
• Cooperate with other nations to help solve international
problems.
• Promote human rights and democratic values.
• Foster cooperative trade among nations.
Washington’s Vision: Don’t get mixed up
in the business of other nations.
Washington’s Farewell Address,
1796
“Observe good faith and justice towards
all nations; cultivate peace and
harmony with all…
In the execution of such a plan, nothing
is more essential than that permanent,
inveterate antipathies against particular
nations, and passionate attachments for
others, should be excluded; and that, in
place of them, just and amicable feelings
towards all should be cultivated.”
James Monroe: The Monroe Doctrine
1820s
European nations should not interfere with nations of
Central and South America or the U.S. would take
action.
Early to mid 1800s: Manifest Destiny
Steady expansion of U.S. territory westward.
Teddy Roosevelt: Roosevelt Corollary
The U.S. should act as a “policeman” in Central and South
America, and take action in order to maintain stability.
“The army and the navy are the sword and the shield
which this nation must carry if she is to do her duty among
the nations of the earth.”
Inaugural Address of President Teddy Roosevelt
Woodrow Wilson:
The Fourteen Points and
League of Nations
1918
• Wilson sought a way for nations to
settle their differences peacefully by
creating an organization of nations.
• The Senate did not agree and
blocked the U.S. from entering.
Franklin D. Roosevelt: World War II
(Late 1930s – 1945)
Before Pearl Harbor –
supply the allies with
weapons, but stay out of
the war.
After Pearl Harbor – lead
the war against dictators
in Europe and Asia.
Franklin D. Roosevelt: World War II
World War II
convinced the
American people that
no nation can live in
isolation from other
nations.
Harry Truman – Ronald Reagan
(1945-1990)
Cold War
Fight against the spread of communism
everywhere in the world. (Encourage countries to
take our side, punish countries which take the side
of the Soviet Union)
George W. Bush:
Preemptive War Doctrine
The U.S. doesn’t need to wait to be attacked by a
hostile nation. We can take military action against
direct, serious threats AND less immediate threats.
George W. Bush:
Preemptive War Doctrine
The Preemptive War Doctrine was used to justify the
2003 invasion of Iraq by U.S. forces.
American foreign policy of the 21st
Century is based on these
fundamental beliefs:
• America’s freedom is best protected
by ensuring that people in other
countries are free.
• America’s prosperity depends on the
prosperity of other countries.
• America’s security relies on a global
effort to secure the rights of all the
people of the world.
Worldview: A vision of how the United
States should respond to world problems.
ISOLATIONISM
• The opinion that the United States should isolate
itself from world affairs.
• This worldview after thousands of Americans died in
World War I, a war that accomplished little and did not
make the world “safe for democracy.”
• Throughout the 1920s and 1930s, the U.S. tried to
stay out of European conflicts.
ISOLATIONISM
The attack on Pearl Harbor ended our policy of
isolationism forever.
CONTAINMENT
• The U.S. should resist the
expansion of aggressive nations
(esp. the Soviet Union).
• After World War II (1940s –
1960s), the U.S. and Britain
worked to build a network of
defensive alliances with European
and Asian nations to contain our
enemies.
DISENGAGEMENT
• “Don’t get involved.”
• The belief that the U.S. was harmed by its war in Vietnam and so
should avoid similar events.
• Critics of Vietnam concluded that containment was the wrong
worldview. For many years, military action has been debated with
this question: Will this be another Vietnam?
CONTAINMENT VS. DISENGAGEMENT
• Political leaders with these two worldviews competed for
influence from the 1970s through the 1990s.
• Carter – disengagement
• Reagan – containment
• George H.W. Bush – containment
• Clinton – disengagement until the Balkan war, then a new
worldview emerged.....
HUMAN RIGHTS
• The U.S. should try to improve
the lives of people in other
countries.
• In the Balkans (Bosnia & Kosovo)
it appeared that Serbian attacks
resembled genocide.
• U.S. policy shifted to a “never
again” mindset to prevent another
Holocaust.
WHAT’S NEXT?
Many feel that a new
“worldview” must emerge in
order for us to defeat the
current threats facing the U.S.
Isolationist, containment,
disengagement and human rights
strategies will not work to defeat
terrorism that is motivated by
religious extremism and
unconnected to national
governments.
The “Axis of Evil”
NORTH KOREA
IRAN
In 1953, the CIA organized a
coup to overthrow Dr.
Mohammad Mosaddeq, the
elected president of Iran.
This created a permanent
dislike for the U.S. by many
factions of the Iranian people.
IRAN
The U.S. helped Shah Reza
Pahlavi, the monarch of Iran,
regain control of the nation.
The Shah was considered a
brutal dictator by many
Iranians.
IRAN
In 1979, the Ayatollah Khomeini
inspired the Iranian Revolution.
The Shah was overthrown.
Iranian college students attacked
the U.S. embassy and held 53
Americans hostage for 444 days.
IRAN
Relations with Iran have
been very bad ever since
the Revolution. The U.S.
currently has no
diplomatic relationship
with Iran.
IRAN
While it is not certain, some believe that the current
President of Iran, Mahmoud Amadinejad , was one of
the hostage-takers. We don’t like him...he hates us.
IRAN:
Foreign policy
• Iran is a threat to the security of the Middle East.
• Iran is actively seeking to develop nuclear weapons.
• Trade sanctions in place.
• The U.S. has no diplomatic relations with Iran.
NORTH KOREA
• After World War II, the Korean peninsula
was partitioned, with the USSR in control of
the north and the U.S. in charge of the south.
• The nation of North Korea was established
in 1948 with Kim Il Sung as “President for
Life.”
NORTH KOREA
• The North invaded the South in 1950,
sparking the three-year Korean War.
• The war saw the U.S. and Britain lead
U.N. forces against North Korea
backed by the Chinese army.
NORTH KOREA
• Kim Il Sung died in 1994 and his son,
Kim Jong Il, assumed leadership as the
dictator of North Korea.
• Kim Jung Il was an unpredictable,
eccentric leader. The U.S. government
considered him to be very dangerous.
NORTH KOREA
Kim Jung Il chose his youngest son, Kim Jong-un, to be
the next leader of this “hereditary dictatorship.”
NORTH KOREA
The people of North
Korea are taught to
hate the United
States.
NORTH KOREA:
Foreign policy
• North Korea has developed and
tested nuclear weapons and is a real
threat to other nations.
• North Korea is under U.N. sanctions
as punishment for weapons testing.
• The U.S. has no trade relations with
North Korea.
• U.S. continues to pressure North
Korea for “six-party talks.”
PAKISTAN
• A very unstable country,
mostly Muslim.
• Birthplace of the Taliban.
• The government is on our
side, but many of the people
hate the U.S.
• The government’s hold on
power is shaky.
PAKISTAN
• The U.S. military raid to kill
Osama bin Laden (May 2011)
angered and embarrassed
the Pakistani government.
• They have been less
cooperative with us since.
PAKISTAN
• Violence is common in
Pakistan.
• Big question: Does the
army keep Pakistan’s
nuclear weapons secure?
PAKISTAN
• The government has little
authority in the “tribal areas”
of Pakistan.
• Enemy fighters move easily
across the border between
Afghanistan and Pakistan.
PAKISTAN: foreign
policy
• U.S. relations with Pakistan are more complex than with any other
nation.
• We support the government of Pakistan. It is our ally in the War on
Terror.
• U.S. aid following Pakistani flooding was immediate and massive.
• U.S. military is not allowed to place soldiers and weapons in
Pakistani territory.
• Pakistan has nuclear weapons and has tense relations with it’s
neighbor and our true friend, India.
AFGHANISTAN
• The Taliban government allowed bin
Laden to operate terrorist training
camps in Afghanistan. It was in these
camps that men prepared for the
September 11 attacks.
• In October 2001, the U.S. invaded
Afghanistan, eliminated the Taliban
government, and chased al Qaeda and
Taliban soldiers into the eastern
mountains.
AFGHANISTAN
The current government is
headed by President Hamid
Karzai, who has been widely
criticized for corruption.
AFGHANISTAN:
foreign policy
• The U.S. is at war with Taliban
fighters in Afghanistan.
• In 2009 President Obama sent
50,000 additional troops.
• The troop surge has restored
peace to some areas.
• We continue to support President
Karzai but have little trust in him.
• The President’s current plan calls
for a withdrawal of all U.S. troops
by the end of 2014.
The State Department has issued
“travel warnings” for the
following nations, indicating that
travel to those countries by
Americans is considered
dangerous.
Guinea
Lebanon
Cote d'Ivoire
Philippines
Congo, Democratic Republic of
Mali
Eritrea
Central African Republic
Israel, the West Bank and Gaza
Kenya
Afghanistan ***
Burundi
Nigeria
Haiti
Iran ***
Sri Lanka
Yemen ****************
Saudi Arabia
Uzbekistan
Iraq ***
Pakistan ***
Chad
Nepal
Georgia
Sudan
Algeria
Syria
Somalia ***
Economic and military aid given by the United States
to other countries.
The U.S. offers foreign aid:
• To support nations of strategic importance.
• For humanitarian reasons.
TWO TYPES OF FOREIGN AID
• Economic: Aid to help develop infrastructure, education,
medical facilities, agricultural programs, etc.
• Military: Money for weapons, military training, etc.
Take the following quiz
on loose-leaf paper. Do
not look back at the slide
show during the quiz.
1. A nation's overall plans for dealing with
other nations is called:
a) war policy.
b) foreign policy.
c) ambassadorial policy.
2. Which of the following constitutional powers helps
the president conduct foreign policy?
a) Power to appoint federal judges.
b) Power to make treaties.
c) Power to pardon criminals.
3. An official representative of a nation's government is
called:
a) a secretary.
b) a president.
c) an ambassador.
4. The ability to keep a nation safe from attack or harm is
called:
a) foreign security.
b) terrorism safety.
c) national security.
5. Why does the president try to improve our
economic relationship with other countries?
a) The United States does not have enough
resources to meet the needs of the people.
b) The United States needs to export more
products than it imports.
c) Trade with other nations can help the
American economy.
6. Why do presidents work hard to promote
peace and democracy in other nations?
a) The United States is less likely to be drawn
into a war when the world is at peace.
b) Most presidents want to help other countries
as much as they help the United States.
c) We want other countries to pay us back.
7. All of the following departments and agencies help
the president conduct his foreign policy EXCEPT:
a) the Department of Defense.
b) the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA).
c) the Center for Disease Control and Prevention.
d) The Department of State.
8. President Bush increased the power of the
president in conducting foreign policy by:
a) changing the Constitution to make the president
more powerful.
b) forcing Congress to support the War in Iraq.
c) starting the war on global terrorism.
9. Who is the current U.S. Secretary of State?
a. Joe Biden
b. Hillary Clinton
c. Condolezza Rice
10. Which of the following is NOT currently a major
foreign policy issue?
a. Discouraging European nations from meddling in
the affairs of Central and South American nations.
b. Preventing Iran and North Korea from developing
nuclear weapons.
c. Maintaining the support of other nations in the effort
to protect the U.S. from terrorists.
11. The first defined foreign policy of the United
States, which stated that European nations
should not meddle in the affairs of the Americas,
was called:
a. the Washington Corollary.
b. the Monroe Doctrine.
c. the Pre-emptive War Doctrine.
12. The foreign policy of containment meant that
the U.S. attempted to “contain:”
a. European nations on their side of the Atlantic.
b. the spread of communism worldwide.
c. the spread of Muslim extremism.
13. The foreign policy of containment is
associated with which of the following wars and
president?
a. Civil War; Lincoln
b. Spanish-American War; Theodore Roosevelt
c. Cold War; Truman
14. The Pre-emptive War Doctrine developed
during the presidency of George W. Bush states
that:
a. the U.S. will only go to war to protect itself or
its allies.
b. the U.S. will only attack a nation if we are
attacked first.
c. the U.S. will not wait to be attacked, but will
strike first against nations or groups who
represent a danger to its security.
15. Which of the following foreign nations
presents a major diplomatic challenge for the
U.S.?
a. Pakistan
b. Mexico
c. Japan
THE
END