Transcript The Cold War NATO/WARSAW pact

The End of the
Cold War
1960-1989
Timeline of Events
August 6, 1945- United States dropped bomb on Hiroshima
August 14, 1945- End of World War II
June 24, 1948- The Berlin blockade begins
April 4, 1949- NATO is formed
May 12 1949- Berlin blockade ends
June 1950-July 1953- Korean war begins and ends
May 1955- Warsaw Pact formed
May 1960- U.S. spy plane was shot down over Soviet territory
November 1960- John F. Kennedy became president
April 1961- Bay of Pigs
August 13,17- The border or Berlin is closed off;construction begins of the Berlin Wall
October 1962- Cuban Missile Crisis
November 1963- President Kennedy assassinated
July 20, 1969- Apollo 11 wins space race by landing on the moon
November 1989- Fall of the Berlin Wall
December 1989- Soviet empire along with the communist governments of Czechoslovakia,Rumania, and
Bulgaria fall.
August 1991- End of Soviet Union The cold war comes to an end.
Important People
 Nikita Kruschev (1894-1971)
 John F. Kennedy (1917-1963)
 Ronald Reagan(1911-2004)
 Mikhail Gorbachev(1931- )
Nikita Khrushchev (1894-1971)
 After Joseph Stalin died Nikita
Khrushchev became chief director
of the Soviet Union. He was a
strong believer in the communist
party, and he became the First
Secretary from September 7, 1953
to October 14, 1964.
 He was notorious for his rudeness
of interrupting speeches and
removing his shoe to bang it on
the podium during debates at the
United Nations.
Nikita Khrushchev
John F. Kennedy (1917-1963)
 John F. Kennedy was the 35th
President of the United States.
He was in office from January
20, 1961 until November 22,
1963. Kennedy was the
president during the Bay of
Pigs, Cuban Missile Crisis, the
building of the Berlin Wall, the
Vietnam war and the American
Civil rights movement. On
November 22,1963 Kennedy was
in Dallas, Texas and was
assassinated.
John F. Kennedy
Ronald Reagan(1911-2004)
 Ronald Reagan became the
40th president of the United
States on January 20, 1981
and left office on January 20,
1989. He was the governor of
California from 1967 to 1975.
Regan served two terms also
partly during the cold war.
He ordered a massive military
buildup while racing against
the Soviet Union. He later
spoke with Mikhail Gorbachev
and they shrunk the US and
Russia's nuclear weaponry.
Ronald Reagan
Mikhail Gorbachev(1931- )
 Mikhail Gorbachev is the
leader of the Union of
Social-Democrats. He used to
be the General Secretary of
the Communist Party of the
Soviet Union, he was also
head of the USSR.
 He had helped end the Cold
War and the Communist
Party of the Soviet Union.
Mikhail Gorbachev
The US vs. the Soviet Union
Lots of the conflict happened
in Germany because it had
borders with allies of the
Warsaw Pact and NATO.
NATO- Blue
Warsaw Pact- RED
Russia became communist and
also occupied many countries:
Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus,
Estonia, Georgia, Kazakhstan,
Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania,
Moldova, Tajikistan,
Turkmenistan, Ukraine,
Uzbekistan. Together with the
Russian Federation these
fifteen republics formed the
USSR.
The United States also was
affected by the Cold War
because of the Bay of Pigs
an the Cuban Missile crisis.
9
Bay of Pigs
 On April 15, 1961 aircrafts flew over
Cuba attempting to wipe out Castro’s
air force. It was supposed to look like
it was only Cuban exiles. The attack
might have worked if the second and
third air strikes had not been
cancelled. The mission was overall
unsuccessful.
 Embarrassment to U.S.
Cuban Missile Crisis
• The crisis began on October 15,
1962 when a U-2 pilot took pictures
over Cuba which revealed SS-4
Nuclear Missiles.
• President Kennedy was informed the
next day at breakfast. He convened
12 of his most important advisors
known as EX-COMM.
• Most supported an air strike followed
by an invasion.
• America unaware of the good
communications between Cuba and
Russia wasn't aware that if they
invaded Cuba Russia’s field officers
had been given permission to use
the nuclear missiles.
• Kennedy wanted to look tough but
avoid military confrontation advisors
recommended a blockade.
October 17 – 19, 1962
• To maintain secrecy Kennedy still kept to his schedule
of events which included campaign trips to Connecticut
and the Mid-west.
• In-between the trips the U-2 discovered an SS-5
missile which can reach most of the continental United
States.
• Kennedy met with Soviet Foreign Minister Andrie
Gromyko. Kennedy told him the U.S. would not tolerate
offensive weapons in Cuba. Gromyko denied having
any weapons on the island at all.
U2 Spy Plane
October 20, 1962
• Robert Kennedy called the President while in Chicago
and told him that he must return to meet with his 12
advisors.
• The President agreed and told the press that he had an
upper-respiratory infection so he had to return to
Washington.
• When he got back he met with EX-COMM, his advisors.
October 21, 1962
• The next day Kennedy asked if the Air Force could take out all
the missiles.
• The Air Force response was that they could only destroy the
ones they knew about. The potential number of estimated
casualties discouraged Kennedy so he ordered to set up a
blockade all around Cuba.
• The U-2 discovered more missile sights being built all along the
Cuban coast.
• When the press learned there were offensive weapons in Cuba,
President Kennedy asked them not to release the information
until he could tell everyone on the by appearing on television.
• If the press denied him the element of surprise Kennedy stated “I
don’t know what the Soviets will do.”
October 22, 1962
• The public phase begun on this day.
When the Senate found out there
were missiles in Cuba they ordered
for an air strike but Kennedy stood
for his orders of a blockade.
• U.S. ships prepared for a quarantine
of Cuba and the Marines reinforced
Guantanamo bay. Military alert was
raised to where they could
immediately launch missiles to Cuba.
In response to Kennedy’s speech
Castro mobilized all of Cuba’s army.
October 23 - 24, 1962
• A low level reconnaissance mission brought back
stunning photos of missiles ready for launch. They
stated they knew it was serious because the could see
the writing on the missiles. The US decided to
quarantine Cuba and to make sure no ship crossed the
blockade line. On October 24th the Soviets ships
approached the line. The Secretary of State (Dean
Rusk) ordered the ship to stop. In a quote he said “were
eye to eye with the other guy and they just blinked.”
October 25-26
• On the 25th the military alert was raised to DEFCON 2
the highest ever in U.S. history. The military at any
moment could initiate an attack on Cuba or the Soviet
Union. The U.S. ambassador confronted the Soviets at
the U.N. and they refused to answer any questions.
• On the 26th the U.S. navy searched a Soviet ship
(Marcula) and cleared it to Cuba. All they found was
paper. The Soviets wrote a letter to President Kennedy
saying, if they promised never to invade Cuba, they
would remove their missiles. U-2’s found that the Soviets
were now camouflaging their missiles.
October 27-28
• Considered the worst day of the crisis. One U-2 flew off
course into Russia and another one was shot down. A
U-2 on a routine mission following the wrong target
accidentally flew over Russia. The plane was soon
followed with 3 Soviet planes armed with nuclear
missiles. If they had shot down the plane it would’ve
began a nuclear war. Another U-2 was attempting to
take pictures of missiles and on soviet orders the plane
was shot down over Cuba. In Kennedy’s second letter
from Khrushchev he upped the price for removing the
missiles. Russia wanted the US to remove the missiles
from Turkey. On October 28th the Soviet Union
announced that they would be dismantling their nuclear
missiles in Cuba. By backing down Khrushchev ruined
his career but also prevented a nuclear war between the
nations.
Conclusion
• The reason for the Cuban Missile Crisis was because poor
communication between the two nations. Most of the
communication between the two countries was via radio,
speeches, and TV. There was no direct contact between the
two countries thus escalating the situation in 1962. Once the
event had gone public on October 22, 1962 it took Kennedy
and Khrushchev 7 days to reach an agreement.
Conclusion
• Nine months later Kennedy and Khrushchev
signed an agreement to ban nuclear testing in the
atmosphere. This seemed to mark a new era of
communication and willingness to communicate.
However on November 22, 1963 President
Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas, Texas.
Eleven months later, Khrushchev was removed
from office by communist hard liners.
JFK at the Berlin Wall
• June 26, 1963
• Kennedy gave his
famous speech at the
Wall.
• “Ich Bin Ein Berliner”
• Gave hope to West
Berliners that US
would not leave them
alone to face the
USSR.
Berlin Wall
 The Berlin Wall was
constructed on August 13,
1961. The wall divided East
and West Berlin, the people
on the East were not allowed
to leave. Over 125 people
were killed attempting to
escape East Berlin. East
Berlin was controlled by the
Soviet Union and was
communist. The wall stayed
up for 28 years until June 13,
1990 when the wall was
officially taken down.
The Berlin Wall
How it Ended
 Economic reforms were made by Mikhail
Gorbachev when he became head of the
Soviet Union. Gorbachev and Reagan worked
together to eliminate nuclear weapons.
Demonstration started in East Germany and
the Soviet republics began rebelling.
Ronald Reagan
• Elected president in
1980 and 1984.
• Took an aggressive
position against the
USSR + communism.
• Believed USSR could
be defeated.
• Began huge military
build up in US.
Tear Down this Wall!
• “General Secretary
Gorbachev, if you seek
peace, if you seek
prosperity for the Soviet
Union and Eastern Europe,
if you seek liberalization:
Come here to this gate!”
• “Mr. Gorbachev, open this
gate! Mr. Gorbachev, tear
down this wall!”
Remarks at the Brandenburg Gate West Berlin,
Germany June 12, 1987. This speech was
delivered to the people of West Berlin, yet it was
also audible on the East side of the Berlin wall.
Mikhail Gorbachev
• Came to power in
1985 in the USSR.
• Allowed for some
reforms and
openness.
• Realized the Soviet
Union could not
keep up with US
military spending.
Mikhail Gorbachev
• He introduced two terms to the Russian
people
• Perestroika - Restructuring of society,
government, and economy
• Glasnost - Openness of discussions of
the nation’s problems, got rid of lies and
propaganda
Revolutions of 1989
• Sometimes called the Autumn
of Nations, was a
revolutionary wave that swept
across Central and Eastern
Europe in the autumn of 1989,
ending in the overthrow of
Soviet-style communist
states.
• The political upheaval began
in Poland, and led to a surge
of mostly peaceful revolutions
in East Germany,
Czechoslovakia, Hungary, and
Bulgaria.
Change in Leaders
• Mass demonstrations
against the government in
East Germany began in
October 1989.
• The long-time leader of
East Germany, Erich
Honecker, resigned on
October 18, 1989.
• Honecker had predicted in
January of that year that
the wall would stand for a
"hundred more years".
November 9, 1989
• After a misunderstanding,
Gunther Schabowski
famously announced in a live
broadcast international press
conference that (effectively)
all rules for traveling abroad
were lifted, in effect
"immediately".
• Tens of thousands of people
immediately went to the Berlin
Wall where the vastly
outnumbered border guards
were forced to open access
points and allow them
through, which proved to be
the end of the Berlin Wall.
East German Minister of Propaganda;
famous for accidentally beginning the
destruction of the Berlin Wall!!
East German Soldiers React
• Soldiers were not
sure of their orders
up until the very end.
Hands across the divide
• East German border policemen, refuse to shake hands
with a Berliner who stretches out his hand over the
border fence at the eastern site near the Checkpoint
Charlie border crossing point.
Celebration!
• East Berlin citizens climb
up the Berlin Wall near
the Brandenburg Gate,
November 10, 1989, to
reach the western part of
the divided city.
December 25, 1989
• Leonard Bernstein
gave a concert in
Berlin celebrating the
end of the Wall,
including
Beethoven's 9th
symphony (Ode to
Joy) with the word
"Joy" (Freude)
changed to
"Freedom" (Freiheit)
in the text sung.
Images from the End
Media Reaction
Importance
• The fall of the Wall
was the first step
toward German
reunification, which
was formally
concluded on
October 3, 1990.
• Major symbol of
Cold War was gone.
THE END
Citations
 Hillstrom, Kevin. The Cold War. Detroit: Primary Sourcebook
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Series, 2006. 253-263.
"Timeline of the Cold War." Think Quest. 29 Nov. 2007
<http://library.thinkquest.org/10826/timeline.htm>.
"NATO." Audifaz. 29 Nov. 2007
<http://www.audifaz.com/coldwar/nato.htm>.
"Nikita Khrushchev." Spartacus Educational. 29 Nov. 2007
<http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/RUSkhrushchev.htm>.
"Mikhail Gorbachev." Britannica. 29 Nov. 2007
<http://www.Britannica.com/eb/article-9037405>.
Sewell, Mike. The Cold War. Cambridge: Cambridge University
P, 2002.