Transcript Chapter 18 Section 3 - Bonneville High School

Chapter 18-Section 3
Vocabulary – Terms
Insurrection- rebellion, in this instance, against U.S. rule
Guerrilla Warfare- a form of nontraditional warfare generally
involving small bands of fighters
Sphere of influence- Britain, France, Germany, and Russia’s privileged access to
Chinese ports and markets
Boxer Rebellion- Chinese secret organization that which led to an uprising in
Northern China against the spread of Western & Japanese influence
Open Door Policy- policy proposed to keep China open to trade with all
countries on an equal basis
Vocabulary – Terms & People
Russo-Japanese War- war fought between Russia and Japan over rival imperial
ambitions in Korea & Manchuria
“Gentlemen’s Agreement”- agreement between the U.S. and Japan where the
school board pledged to stop its segregation policy; Japan would limit
emigration of citizens to the U.S.
Great White Fleet- new force of navy ships, consisting of 16 white battleships,
which demonstrated America’s increased military power
William Howard Taft- future President of the United States
John Hay- former U.S. Secretary of State
Filipinos Rebel Against U.S. Rule
Filipino-Spanish War
During the war between the Philippines and the Spanish, Emilio
Aguinaldo, a Filipino nationalist leader, believed America's intentions as
an ally was to assist the Philippines in achieving independence.
Insurrection
However, America decided to maintain control of the Philippines.
Aguinaldo became disappointed with America, and helped to organize an
insurrection against U.S. rule. The Filipino rebels believed they fought for the
same principle of self-rule that had inspired America's colonial patriots during
the American Revolution.
Guerilla Warfare Erupts in the Philippines
Due to lack of weapons, the Filipino rebels relied on guerilla
warfare to attack behind American lines. America went to
extraordinary measures to defeat these warriors, and just as the
Spanish did in Cuba, U.S soldiers gathered civilians into overcrowded
concentration camps.
General Jacob Smith
Despite orders to capture the native people, General Smith did not want
prisoners. He stated, "I wish you to kill and burn, the more you kill and burn the better
you will please me." His comment was backed by the San Francisco Argonaut (a popular
newspaper in 1902). The following is a few sections from the newspaper: '‘WE DO WANT
THE FILIPINOS. WE DO WANT THE PHILIPPINES… The more of them killed the better…
they must yield before the superior race.''
The End of the Filipino War
In the spring of 1901, the Americans captured Aguinaldo. Although the fighting
didn't end immediately, his capture started the end of the insurrection. The war in the
Philippines resulted in more lives lost than the Spanish-American war, with nearly 5,000
Americans and 200,000 Filipinos dead. The U.S. government sent more than 100,000
troops and spent over $400 million to defeat the insurgency.
Reforms Lead to Promise of Self-Rule
In 1901, William Howard Taft became governor of the Philippines. He had
big plans to help the islands recover from the rebellion.
Taft censored the press and placed protesters in jail to maintain order and
win the Filipino’s support.
At this time he also extended limited self-rule and ordered the
construction of schools, roads, and bridges.
Jones Act
In 1916, Congress passed the Jones Act. This pledged that the Philippines
would ultimately gain their independence.
Thirty years later, after U.S. forces freed the islands from Japanese
occupation at the end of World War II, the Philippines finally became an
independent nation.
The United States Pursues Interests in
China
The once powerful China had dug itself into a hole of political, economic, and
military disarray by 1899. However, its large population was a tempting target
for imported goods of other nations. But instead of competing for Chinese trade,
Britain, France, Germany, and Russia split China into distinct spheres of
influence.
Within their respective zones, each power had access to Chinese ports and
markets. Japan had also begun expanding its regional influence, and had
subsequently seized territory in China and Korea. The United States did not have
a zone in China, and this new system of privileges threatened to limit American
trade in China.
America Declares Equal Trade in China
To overcome these obstacles, U.S. Secretary of State John
Hay issued the first of a series of notes to foreign diplomats
in 1899. He informed the leaders of imperialist nations that
the U.S. expected “perfect equality of treatment for
commerce” in China. Hay’s note did little to sway the
decisions of European nations or Japan immediately.
Although, it would eventually come to serve as an
important guiding principle of American foreign policy in
Asia.
The U.S. Intervenes in the Boxer
Rebellion
However, some Chinese were outraged at the growing influence of
outsiders in their country. They responded by joining secret
societies. An example of such a society, the Righteous and
Harmonious Fists, earned the nickname “Boxers” from Europeans
due to its members being trained in martial arts. These societies
typically celebrated traditional Chinese customs and criticized those
of the West. They also condemned any Chinese converts to
Christianity. Eventually, all of this conflict resulting in a full-on
rebellion against the “foreign devils.”
The U.S. Intervenes in the Boxer
Rebellion (continued)
In May 1900, the Boxers murdered foreign missionaries and
bombarded the foreign diplomats’ district in Beijing. A force
comprised of European, American, and Japanese troops was sent to
the Chinese capital to subdue the Boxer Rebellion. The initial force
of 2,100 soldiers eventually grew to over 20,000, including 2,000
Americans. Upon suppressing the rebellion, European powers urged
China’s imperial government to pay an indemnity (money to repair
damages that were caused due to the rebellion). However, this only
added more fuel to the ever-increasing nationalist fire. These
nationalists would eventually revolt against and overthrow the
emperor in 1911.
Hay Reaffirms the Open Door Policy
As the Boxer Rebellion began to engulf China, Secretary of
State Hay upheld America’s Open Door Policy. In an
additional letter to European powers, Hay stated that the
U.S. wanted to “preserve Chinese territorial and
administrative entity.” Put more simply, America had no
plans to place colonies in China; all it desired was free trade
there. As an act of kindness, the United States put some of
its indemnity money from China to good use by funding
scholarships for Chinese students to study in America.
Tensions Rise Between America and Japan
Japan wished to expand its influence in China, much as the United
States had been doing. Similarly, the Japanese also frowned upon
the European sphere of influence of the area. To add to that, Japan
took offense to the fact that Russian troops began to occupy
Manchuria, a section of China that bordered Russia. In February of
1904, even without a declaration of war, Japan attacked and bottled
up Russia’s Pacific fleet that was stationed at Port Arthur, China. This
victory seemingly went to Japan’s head, and followed up on its
victory with a series of major land skirmishes in Manchuria that
resulted in in over 100,000 Russian casualties. However, the
Japanese also suffered severe losses in the fighting.
Roosevelt Settles the Russo-Japanese
War
In 1905, representatives from Russia and Japan met in in
Portsmouth, New Hampshire, to negotiate an end to the
Russo-Japanese War. When the talks hindered in progress,
President Theodore Roosevelt stepped in and was able to
convince the two sides to sign a peace treaty. (Roosevelt
had become the President after McKinley had been
assassinated in 1901.) Roosevelt was awarded with the
Nobel Peace Prize for his efforts. His intervention – and
subsequent receipt of the very famous award – adequately
illustrated America’s increasing role in world affairs.
Anti-Asian Prejudice Troubles Relations
Even with Roosevelt’s success, America had entered into a rocky
relationship with Japan. One of the main causes of this conflict was
anti-Asian sentiment harbored among the hearts of the West Coast
of the United States. In the fall of 1906, the San Francisco School
Board effectively prohibited Japanese, Chinese, and Korean children
from attending public schools with white children. This occurrence
resulted in Japan’s immediate wrath. One Tokyo journal demanded
that Japan fight back, saying, “Stand up Japanese nation! Our
countrymen have been HUMILIATED on the other side of the Pacific.”
Anti-Asian Prejudice Troubles Relations
(continued)
Roosevelt was not a fan of the decision to segregate
Asian children in the San Francisco schools. He
completely understood Japan’s intense anger with
America. To stifle the tensions, he negotiated a
“Gentlemen’s Agreement” with Japan. This pact
would cause the school board to end its segregation
policy. Japan agreed that it would limit the
emigration of its citizens to the United States.
The Great White Fleet Sets Sail
◦ Roosevelt employed diplomacy in his efforts to ease the conflict
with Japan, but he also promoted military preparedness to protect
U.S. interests in Asia. By expressing increasing concerns about
Japan’s territorial expansion at the expense of China, Korea, and
Russia, the President was able to gain congressional support for a
new force of navy ships, known as the Great White Fleet. In 1907,
Roosevelt sent the armada of 16 white battleships, which was the
Navy’s peacetime color scheme, on a “good will cruise” across the
globe. The voyage was meant to demonstrate America’s increased
military power to the world.
The Great White Fleet Sets Sail
(continued)
However, this type of voyage was not unprecedented. Naval courtesy calls had
actually become quite common in the 16th century, and became ever more
important with the rise of nationalism. As mentioned before, though, one of the
main reasons for the Great White Fleet’s voyage was to display that the U.S. had
become a major sea power in the years following the Spanish-American War. As
the Panama Canal wasn’t completed at the time of the voyage, the fleet had to
pass through the Straits of Magellan. The scope of such an operation was
unprecedented in U.S. history, as ships had to sail from all points of the compass
to rendezvous points and proceed according to a carefully orchestrated, wellthought out plan. It involved nearly all of the Navy’s operational capability.