Transcript JFK and LBJ ppt 1960s pres

THE NEW FRONTIER
Domestic Policy and
the Space Race
JFK’S OTHER EDGE: CIVIL
RIGHTS
Sit-Ins were non-violent protests
over the policy of whites-only
lunch counters in the South
• A second major event
of the campaign took
place in October, 1960
• Police arrested Martin
Luther King for
conducting a “Sit-In”
at a lunch counter in
Georgia
• King was sentenced to
hard labor
SECTION 2: THE
NEW FRONTIER
• Kennedy initiated
his vision in a
program he called
“The New Frontier”
• The economy,
education, medical
care for the elderly
and the poor, and
space exploration
were all part of his
vision
THE PEACE
CORPS
• One of the first programs
launched by JFK was the
Peace Corps
• The Peace Corps is a
volunteer program to
assist developing nations
in Asia, Africa and Latin
America
• The Peace Corps has
become a huge success
RACE TO THE
MOON
• On April 12, 1961,
Soviet cosmonaut Yuri
Gagarin became the
first human in space
• Meanwhile, America’s
space agency (NASA)
began construction on
new launch facilities in
Cape Canaveral,
Florida and a mission
control center in
Houston, Texas
A MAN ON
THE MOON
• Finally, on July 20, 1969,
the U.S. would achieve its
goal
• An excited nation watched
as U.S. astronaut Neil
Armstrong took the first
steps on the moon
• Space and defense-related
industries sprang up in
Southern and Western
states
Armstrong
“One small step for man, one
giant leap for mankind”
“The Best and the Brightest”
• Cabinet/Advisors“Action Intellectuals”
• Some GOP influence
• “Whiz Kids”- Rational
thought, Careful
calculation
• Dean Rusk- Sec. Of
State-Loyal/Team
player
• Robert McNamaraSec. Of Defense- Ford
Motor Company-Data
The Peace Corps
• JFK’s call for American
international volunteerism
• The commitment:
• Spend 2 years in developing nations
• Specialize in education, agriculture,
irrigation, sewage treatment, or health
care
• Promote democracy and American
influence
• Remains one of the most lasting
legacy’s of JFK’s presidency
Berlin’s Significance
• Khrushchev demanded that
the United States recognize
East Germany as an
independent Communist
nation.
• West Berlin was an island of
freedom.
• Many East Germans fled to
West Germany through Berlin.
• In JFK’s first year in office,
Soviet leader Khrushchev
threatened to cut off access to
West Berlin
The Berlin Crisis, 1961
• JFK vowed to never give up
access to West Berlin
• Kennedy refused to be
bullied, sent troops into
West Germany, built
nuclear shelters, and
waited for Khrushchev’s
next move
• Rather than blockade the
city, Communist leaders
built the Berlin Wall in 1961
to keep East Germans out
of West Berlin
Walls and other barriers 10–15 feet
high surrounded West Berlin. The
length of the barriers around the
city totaled about 110 miles
The “death
strip”
stretched like a barren
“Ich
bin
ein
Berliner”
moat around West Berlin, with patrols,
—JFK,
1963
floodlights, electric
fences,
and vehicle
traps between the inner and outer walls
In Berlin, Germany, President Kennedy
commends Berliners on their spirit and
dedication to democracy and expresses his
solidarity with them through the words "as a
free man, I take pride in the words Ich bin ein
• Kennedy sent more troops, and
Vice President Lyndon B.
Berliner! (I am a Berliner)."
Johnson visited West Berlin.
Kennedy said “A wall is a … lot better than a war.”
Over time, the wall was extended and fortified.
“Ich bin ein Berliner”
The Berlin Wall
• On August 13, 1961, Khrushchev closed the crossing
points between East and West Berlin.
• A high concrete wall was built to prevent further escapes
to freedom.
The Bay of Pigs Invasion, 1961
•In 1959, Fidel Castro gained control of
Cuba, seized property, & took aid from
Khrushchev in the Soviet Union
JFK went on TV & took responsibility for
Cuba: The
Bay ofat Pigs
Invasion
the failure
the Bay
of Pigs
•In 1959, Fidel Castro gained control of
Cuba, seized property, & took aid from
Khrushchev in the Soviet Union
• Under Eisenhower, the CIA trained
Cuban exiles to invade the island &
overthrow of Castro
• In 1961, JFK authorized the plan, but the
Bay of Pigs invasion failed after JFK called
off air strikes on Cuba
Bay of Pigs Invasion
Background
• Fidel Castro
was in power in
Cuba.
• Came to power
after a guerrilla
war, promised
to restore
people’s rights
and freedoms
• Once in power,
he seized
private
businesses and
made overtures
to Soviet Union.
Kennedy
• Kennedy learned
that the CIA was
training troops to
invade Cuba and
topple Castro.
• His advisors were
mixed.
• Kennedy was
worried about
Communism
spreading to
Latin America.
• Kennedy gave
the go-ahead.
The Invasion
• Bay of Pigs
invasion failed.
• Information was
leaked early.
• Air strikes failed.
• Castro prepared
for a land attack.
• Invaders were
captured and
ransomed back
to United States.
• Strengthened
Castro’s ties to
the Soviet Union
The Cuban Missile Crisis
•After the failure at the Bay of Pigs,
Soviet leader Khrushchev
promised to defend Cuba from
the USA
•In 1962, U.S. spy planes revealed
nuclear missile camps in Cuba
• If assembled, Soviet ICBMs in
Cuba would give the USSR first
strike capability on U.S. targets
• JFK warned that he would not
allow nuclear missiles in Cuba
Quick Class Discussion:
How should President Kennedy respond?
•Advisors presented JFK with several options
•What are the positives/negatives of each?
•What should JFK do? Rank order these options
Immediate air strike on Full military invasion of
existing missile sites
Cuba; Take out Castro
Diplomacy: trade
ICBMs in Cuba for
ours in Turkey?
Naval blockade to keep out
the in-route Soviet missiles
Cuban Missile Crisis
•The standoff ended when a deal was
reached:
• Soviet ships turned around at the last
minute & Khrushchev removed its
missiles from Cuba
• JFK promised that the U.S. would not
invade Cuba & secretly agreed to remove
ICBMs from Turkey
•The crisis ended as a victory for JFK, but it
revealed how close the two sides came to
nuclear war
Effects of the Crisis
• Khrushchev agreed to dismantle the
missiles if the United States pledged to
never invade Cuba.
• Both Kennedy and Khrushchev took steps
to ease tensions between their countries.
• They set up a hotline to allow direct
communication during times of crisis.
• The Limited Nuclear Test Ban Treaty was
signed, ending atmospheric and
underwater testing of nuclear weapons.
The Cuban Missile Crises
• U.S. actions in the Bay of Pigs and Berlin crises
encouraged hard-line leaders in the Soviet
Buildup
Union.
• The Soviets were worried about another
invasion of Cuba and U.S. nuclear missiles
placed in Turkey.
• Kennedy was worried about accusations of
being “soft on communism.”
• A U.S. U-2 spy plane detected Soviet surfaceto-air missiles (SAMs) in Cuba.
Crisis
Begins
• The Soviets argued that the SAMs were
defensive missiles and swore that they didn’t
have offensive missiles in Cuba.
• Later U-2 flights showed that the Soviets had
lied.
How did Kennedy’s foreign policy reflect his
views of the world?
• Believed in peace that did not have to be enforced
Kennedy’s
with weapons of war
Foreign
• Believed in peace for Americans and for all men
Policy
and women around the world
Peace
Corps
• Trained and sent volunteers to Africa, Asia, and
Latin America to serve for two years
• Most volunteers were young college graduates
• Increased goodwill toward the United States
Alliance
for
Progress
• Offered billions of dollars in aid to Latin America to
build schools, hospitals, roads, power plants, and
low-cost housing
• Intended to counter communism’s influence
November 22, 1963
• Getting ready for Elections of 1964
– Assassinated in Dallas
• Lyndon B. Johnson becomes President
• Assassin:
– Lee Harvey Oswald
• Killed by Jack Ruby
• Warren Commission
– Conspiracy Theories
Lyndon B.
Johnson
President 1963-1969
Early Life
• Grew up in rural central Texas
• College – Southwest Texas State
• Government:
– US House of Representatives
– US Senate
• Senate Majority Leader
– Vice president
Vice-President
• Uncomfortable
• Kept out of important
decisions
• November ’63
– Kennedy
Assassinated
• Johnson kept most of
Kennedy’s Cabinet
– Took advantage of
JFK’s popularity
Early Legislation
• Used JFK’s death to pass reforms
– Tax cut
– Economic Opportunity Act
• Designed to create jobs and fight
poverty
– Civil Rights Act of 1964
• Banned discrimination in public places
Election of 1964
• Republican – Barry Goldwater
– Conservative
– Seemed too extreme
• LBJ won in a landslide
The Great Society
• LBJ’s Plan for America
• “War on Poverty”
– Modeled after the New Deal
– Expand Economic opportunity
– Provide for the poor
– Expand Civil Rights
• The Civil Rights movement was in full
swing
• The economy was strong
Great Society Programs
• Medicare
– Health insurance program for those over
65
• Medicaid
– Health insurance programs for low
income families
Great Society Programs (2)
• Voting Rights Act of 1965
– Allowed federal officials to register
people to vote
• Immigration Reform Act of 1965
– Eliminated immigration quotas
Impact of Great Society
• Many programs expanded too quickly
• Some were not as effective as people
hoped
– Costs for Others soared
• Some still exist
– Medicare, Medicaid, Head Start