Transcript Classroom presentation

Westward
Expansion
Unit 6
Lesson 1: Notebook Setup &
explore the question: Why
Move West?
Reasons People Migrated West
Fur
Trappers
Moved West
to hunt furs
in the
wilderness.
Sold furs to
traders in
Europe for a
profit.
Farmers
Moved West
because of
the availability
of
inexpensive
farmland.
This made it
possible for
poor farmers
to own their
own land and
become selfsufficient.
Southern
farmers
moved to
Texas to plant
cotton.
Other
Settlers
Moved
West to
start a
new life
Miners
Moved West
for the
California
Gold Rush
hoping to get
rich quick.
Suppliers and
merchants
followed the
miners to sell
to them.
Mormons and
other
Religious
groups
Moved West
for religious
freedom.
Mormons
settled in
Utah.
Manifest
Destiny
Some
Americans
justified their
movement
West with the
idea of
Manifest
Destiny, a
God given
right to
expand and
claim lands
from coast to
coast.
Reading
Passage
Add map here
Lesson 2: Daniel Boone
Opening Statement
• The explorations of Daniel Boone, Lewis
and Clark, and Zebulon Pike did not bring
slavery to the new western lands. However,
they opened these lands to further
settlement which would eventually raise the
issue of expanding slavery into the western
territories.
Objectives
• During this lesson, you will learn about the
geographic features of the regions explored
such as plains, prairies, rivers, deserts, and
mountain ranges. You will also recognize
the routes of explorers, their major
expeditions, and the geographic features
along those routes.
Daniel Boone
• Daniel Boone crossed the Appalachian Mountains, through the
Cumberland Gap to Kentucky creating the Wilderness Trail,
which later became the first National Road.
Such pioneer trails expanded on the original Native American
trails.
Daniel Boone
• Boone established the first U.S. settlement
west of the Appalachian Mountains and
eventually purchased much of the land in
Kentucky that was taken from the Cherokees.
The Wilderness Road
Quick Check
• What geographic features did Daniel Boone
encounter as he crossed the Cumberland
Gap?
• Where did settlements begin as a result of
Daniel Boone’s exploration?
Lesson 3: The Northwest
Ordinance
Read page 204
Read page 246
Take Notes
Northwest Ordinance
Allowed new lands to be organized as
territories and then as states when
their population of white settlers
reached a certain number.
This region later became the states of
Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan and
Wisconsin.
Northwest Ordinance
Provided public schools and outlawed
slavery in the region which was the first
time the government had taken a stand
against slavery.
However, this ordinance did force Native
Americans to give up their land and
move west.
Lesson 4: Louisiana Purchase
Louisiana Purchase
Thomas Jefferson made inquiries about buying land around New Orleans
from France to assist farmers along the Mississippi River who needed
to transport their products downriver to the French port of New
Orleans and store them before export. It was too costly to transport the
goods across the Appalachian Mountains so Jefferson’s foreign
ministers were authorized to offer France 10 million dollars for the port
city that controlled the Mississippi. However, before they could make
the offer, France surprised them by offering to sell the entire area of
Louisiana which encompassed the territory west of the Mississippi
River to present day Idaho and north to Canada for 15 million dollars
(less than 3 cents per acre) nearly doubling the size of the United States
at the time.
Lewis & Clark
Lewis & Clark
•
•
Lewis and Clark, with the help of Native American guides such as
Sacajawea, documented the land that was included in the Louisiana
Purchase and established the American claims to the Pacific Northwest
(then known as Oregon Country).
The expedition was commissioned by President Jefferson to explore
and map the area across the continent to the Pacific Ocean because of
secret negotiations for the purchase from France and because
Americans and others were still seeking the Northwest Passage. The
Louisiana Territory stretched from New Orleans at the mouth of the
Mississippi River to present-day Idaho and as far north as Canada.
Lewis & Clark
• During their travels, Lewis and Clark also passed through the
Oregon Territory establishing the basis for an American claim to
this land. In addition to mapping the areas they visited, the Lewis
and Clark expedition brought back information about the Native
Americans who lived in these regions as they tried to establish
peaceful relations. Their expedition also provided scientific
information and specimens of the plants and animals they
found.
Lesson 5: Zebulon Pike
Zebulon Pike
• Zebulon Pike located and
explored the upper regions
of the Mississippi River.
• Pike made treaties with the
Native Americans
• He mapped and claimed
lands for the United States
during the westward
expansion into uncharted
territories that stretched to
the Pacific Ocean and up to
the Oregon Country.
Zebulon Pike
• Because of his further explorations of the
southwest in Spanish territory, Pike’s Peak,
in present-day Colorado, is named in his
honor.
Quick Check
• What types of geographical features do you
infer Lewis & Clark encountered? What
about Zebulon Pike?
• Why do we know so much about Lewis &
Clark and so little about Zebulon Pike?
Let’s Compare
• Create a three panel foldable that explains the expeditions of
each pioneer/explorer we’ve discussed. Students should
include the date of the expedition, label on the map where the
expedition took place, the purpose, and the outcome.
Illustrations are expected.
Dates
location including geographic features
Purpose of the expedition
Outcome of the expedition
neatness/accuracy
15 points total
Lesson 6: Florida Purchase
Florida Purchase
● The FLORIDA Purchase, also known and the ADAMS-ONIS
TREATY was the result of conflict between SPAIN and the
United States.
● In 1818, Andrew Jackson was sent to Georgia to help end a
CONFLICT with NATIVE AMERICANS.
● Instead, Jackson INVADED Florida, which was a Spanish colony
and removed the Spanish governor from power.
● To AVOID A WAR, Spain sold Florida to the United States in
1819 for $5 MILLION and a CLEAR boundary between the
LOUISIANA TERRITORY and NEW SPAIN at the 42nd PARALLEL.
Lesson 7: Missouri
Compromise
The cotton gin
How do you think the invention of the cotton gin would influence the economy?
Do you think the cotton gin would have a positive or negative impact on westward
expansion?
Read pages 266267 and 294 in your
textbook.
Missouri Compromise
Because of the invention of the cotton gin, southern states were even
more dependent on slaves. Northern states had already begun
emancipating slaves and some wanted Missouri to emancipate as well.
Southern states worried that they would lose power in Congress if there
were more free states than slave states.
Missouri Compromise
This compromise tried to avoid future controversy by prohibiting slavery in
the Louisiana Territory north of the 36 30’ latitude line that was the
southern boundary of Missouri. The admission of Missouri as a slave state
was balanced by the admission of Maine as a free state. This kept the
states in balance until the admission of California in 1850.
Lesson 8: Indian Removal Act
of 1830
Indian Removal Act of 1830
Law passed by Congress and signed by President Jackson which provided
land and money for the president to use to enter treaties with the Native
Americans which forced them to leave their lands and move west past the
Mississippi River. Congress promised to move them to reservations, but
often broke their treaties.
Some tribes left voluntarily because they felt they had no choice. Other
tribes tried to live in harmony with Americans, but failed. Other tribes
(Seminole) tried to fight back through wars. Sometimes military action
had to be taken to force them to move.
Lesson 9: Trail of Tears
Trail of Tears of 1838
When the Cherokee tribe was forced off their lands, they took their
case to the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court ruled that they had
the right to keep their land. However, President Jackson ignored
the ruling and used the army to force them to move to Oklahoma.
The trail from their Cherokee homes in the Appalachian Mountains
to Oklahoma became known as the “Trail of Tears” because of the
harsh treatment they received. They were forced to travel on foot
and of the 15,000 Cherokee who were forced to move about onefourth of them didn’t survive the trip.
Comparing Native American Groups
The Seminoles
The Cherokee
-were helped by runaway slaves
-fought the forced removal by fighting physically
-fought back by taking their case to the Supreme
Court
-were affected by the Trail of Tears
Both Groups
-were forced from their land
-lived east of the Mississippi River
Lesson 10: Texas Annexation
Texas Annexation
● The annexation (capture or take-over) of Texas came nine years after the Texan
War for Independence from Mexico. Prior to Texan Independence, American
southerners has accepted Mexico’s invitations to move into the Texas territory.
● These cotton planters agreed to become Mexican citizens , convert to Catholicism,
and to follow Mexican laws in order to have access to more fertile land for cotton.
● When a new Mexican government came into power in Mexico and enforced its
control over Texas, including re-outlawing slavery, Texans rebelled and fought a war
to win their independence.
● Texans then wanted to become part of the United States. At first the US Congress
would not annex Texas because it would disrupt the balance of free and slave
states.
● As a result, Texas was an independent country for nine years!
● When James K. Polk won the presidency in 1844, the United States finally annexed
Texas because the president believed in Manifest Destiny (the belief that the US
should expand it borders west and south.
Texas Annexation
The annexation of Texas came nine years after the Texan War for Independence
from Mexico. Prior to Texan independence, American southerners had accepted
Mexico’s invitations to move into the Texas territory. These cotton planters
agreed to become Mexican citizens, convert to Catholicism, and to follow Mexican
laws in order to have access to more fertile land for cotton. When a new Mexican
government came into power in Mexico and enforced its control over Texas,
including re-outlawing slavery, Texans rebelled and fought a war to win their
independence. Texans then wanted to become part of the United States. At first,
the US Congress would not annex Texas because it would upset the balance of
slave and free states. As a result, Texas was an independent country for nine
years. When James K. Polk won the presidency in 1844, the United States finally
annexed Texas because the president believed in Manifest Destiny.
Lesson 10: Oregon Treaty
Oregon Treaty
The United States claimed the Oregon Territory based on the
explorations of Lewis and Clark. Britain also claimed this area.
Americans in search of economic opportunity in the fur trade
moved into the area. The farmers that followed the fur traders
wanted to be part of the United States. After much negotiation, the
Oregon Treaty was a compromise with Great Britain so as not to go
to war. Although some Americans wanted to claim land to the 54
40’ parallel, most American settlements were south of the claim
line and thus the compromise northern boundary of the United
States was set at the 49th parallel in 1846.
Lesson 11: Mexican Cession
Mexican Cession
●
●
●
●
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●
●
The Mexican Cession was the territory that the United States acquired as a result of winning the Mexican
War.
The Mexican War was the result of
○ Manifest Destiny,
○ the desire for Pacific ports,
○ and the annexation of Texas.
The United States wanted a port on the Pacific coast in the Mexican territory of California.
President Polk tried to buy this land, but the Mexicans would not sell it.
After Texas was annexed, the US sent American troops into an area on the border of Texas that the Mexican
government also claimed as their own. Shots were fired and the Mexican War began.
The US invaded Mexico and defeated the Mexican army, and won the war by taking the capital city.
Americas also “assisted” the Mexican citizens in California declaring their independence from Mexico known
as the Bear Flag Republic.
The treaty that ended the Mexican War ceded (gave up) the Mexican territory in what is now New Mexico
(the state), Arizona, California, Utah and Nevada to the United States in return for $15 million.
The Mexican Cession gave the United States access to Pacific ports and the soon to be discovered gold fields
of California.
Lesson 12: Compromise of
1850 & Fugitive Slave Act
Compromise of 1850
After the discovery of gold in 1849, people flocked to California
hoping to get rich quick. California applied to be admitted as a free
state. This compromise allowed CA to be a free state, but outlawed
slave trade in the nation’s capital, Washington, D.C.
It also allowed the remainder of the Mexican Cession to decide
whether or not the residents wanted to be free or slave states
through a vote known as popular sovereignty.
Fugitive Slave Act of 1850
Southerners were delighted with this new law that gave them more
opportunity to have their escaped slaves caught and returned to
their masters in the South.
This caused more controversy as free African Americans were
required to provide necessary proof or run the risk of being taken
and sold in the South. Many Northern states opposed this law and
passed personal liberty laws that legalized the disobedience of the
fugitive slave law.
Lesson 13: Kansas-Nebraska
Act & Dred Scott
Kansas-Nebraska Act
The Kansas-Nebraska Act was also the result of westward expansion. The
Kansas territory was in the northern part of the Louisiana Territory and
therefore, according to the Missouri Compromise, it could not be a slave
state. However, some politicians wanted to build a transcontinental
railroad through Kansas and they needed to get southern support. The
Kansas-Nebraska Act repealed the slavery line of the Missouri
Compromise. It allowed people in these territories to decide for
themselves whether or not to allow slavery. This was called popular
sovereignty. In order to affect the vote, northern abolitionists (freestates) and southern slave owners (slave states) moved into the Kansas
Territory until the election and then planned on moving back. Violence
erupted between towns purposefully populated by opposing camps. Soon
their fighting led people to call the area “Bleeding Kansas.”
Kansas-Nebraska Act
●
The Kansas-Nebraska Act was also the result of westward expansion.
●
The Kansas territory was in the northern part of the Louisiana Territory and therefore, according to
the Missouri Compromise, it could not be a slave state.
●
However, some politicians wanted to build a transcontinental railroad through Kansas and they
needed to get southern support.
●
The Kansas-Nebraska Act repealed (canceled) the slavery line of the Missouri Compromise. It allowed
people in these territories to decide for themselves whether or not to allow slavery. This was called
popular sovereignty.
●
In order to affect the vote, northern abolitionists (free-states) and southern slave owners (slave
states) moved into the Kansas Territory until the election and then planned on moving back.
●
Violence erupted between towns purposefully populated by opposing camps. Soon their fighting led
people to call the area “Bleeding Kansas.”
Dred Scott Decision
●
The Dred Scott decision was a test case taken by the SUPREME Court.
●
The case was comprised of a majority of pro-slavery SOUTHERNERS, to settle the
controversy over slaves taken or escaped to areas where slavery was not legal.
●
Dred Scott was a SLAVE whose master had taken him into free territory. When his owner
died, Scott took his case to the SUPREME Court to prove he was now a free man. The
Supreme Court decided that African Americans were NOT CITIZENS of the United
States, even if they had been born in the United States, and therefore they had no right to
take a case to the Supreme Court.
●
Furthermore, the court ruled that slaves were instead PROPERTY and they had no rights
at all and could be taken anywhere in the United States.
●
his ruling meant that slavery was LEGAL throughout the United States. This concept
cancelled all legislation that Congress had passed regarding the expansion of slavery,
including the MISSOURI Compromise.
●
Instead of settling the controversy over slavery, the Dred Scott decision made the
problem even worse.
Lesson 14: Reasons for
Migration
Reasons People Migrated West
Fur
Trappers
Moved West
to hunt furs
in the
wilderness.
Sold furs to
traders in
Europe for a
profit.
Farmers
Moved West
because of
the availability
of
inexpensive
farmland.
This made it
possible for
poor farmers
to own their
own land and
become selfsufficient.
Southern
farmers
moved to
Texas to plant
cotton.
Other
Settlers
Moved
West to
start a
new life
Miners
Moved West
for the
California
Gold Rush
hoping to get
rich quick.
Suppliers and
merchants
followed the
miners to sell
to them.
Mormons and
other
Religious
groups
Moved West
for religious
freedom.
Mormons
settled in
Utah.
Manifest
Destiny
Some
Americans
justified their
movement
West with the
idea of
Manifest
Destiny, a
God given
right to
expand and
claim lands
from coast to
coast.
Lesson 15: Hardships on the
Trails
Hardships on the Trails
Pioneers and settlers faced many hardships on their journeys
westward. They might have encountered broken axels,
accidents, bad weather, rough river crossings, limited food
supply, sickness, bandits, and/or unfriendly Native
Americans. The trip was particularly difficult on women and
children because due to limited room in the wagons, most had
to walk beside or behind the wagon throughout the trip. Most
settlers traveled the West in wagon trains. The success or
failure of the trip greatly depended on the degree of
cooperation and lack of conflict among the travelers as well
as the timing in accord with the weather.