Transcript Cold War

World History
Reese
4.17.12
Yalta and Potsdam, 1945
The Big Three:
 U.S., USSR, Great Britain
Nuremberg Trials:
 Crimes against humanity
 Waging an aggressive war
 Violations of International law
Zones of Occupation: Germany
Self –Determination for Europe
Creation of the United Nations
Allied Zones of Occupation
The Cold War: Europe
The Iron Curtain
 Stalinization( Totalitarianism)
U.S. Foreign Policy:
Truman Doctrine: “Containment”
Marshall Plan /COMECON
NATO / Warsaw Pact
Brinkmanship / MAD
Berlin Blockade /Airlift
The Soviet Sphere /Satellite States
Truman Doctrine(Greece and Turkey ): “One of the primary objectives of the foreign policy of the
United States is the creation of conditions in which we and other nations will be able to work out a
way of life free from coercion. This was a fundamental issue in the war with Germany and Japan…I
believe that it must be the policy of the United States to support free peoples who are resisting
attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures. I believe that we must assist free
peoples to work out their own destinies in their own way. I believe that our help should be primarily
through economic and financial aid which is essential to economic stability and orderly political
processes.”
Marshall Plan: European Financial Assistance in Millions
Cold War: Europe
Berlin Blockade/Airlift, 1948-49
“Since the nuclear stalemate became apparent, the governments of East and West
have adopted the policy… 'brinksmanship.' This is a policy adapted from a sport
which, I am told, is practiced by some youthful degenerates. This sport is called
'Chicken!'.” –Russell, 1959
Mutually Assured Destruction(MAD)
H-Bomb, 1952/ Sputnik 1, 1957
United Nations Charter: Purposes and Principles
The Purposes of the United Nations are:
 To maintain international peace and security, and to that end: to take
effective collective measures for the prevention and removal of threats to
the peace, and for the suppression of acts of aggression or other breaches
of the peace, and to bring about by peaceful means, and in conformity
with the principles of justice and international law, adjustment or
settlement of international disputes or situations which might lead to a
breach of the peace;
 To develop friendly relations among nations based on respect for the
principle of equal rights and self-determination of peoples, and to take
other appropriate measures to strengthen universal peace;
 To achieve international co-operation in solving international problems of
an economic, social, cultural, or humanitarian character, and in promoting
and encouraging respect for human rights and for fundamental freedoms
for all without distinction as to race, sex, language, or religion; and
 To be a centre for harmonizing the actions of nations in the attainment of
these common ends
United Nations: The Security Council
Purpose: Maintain International Peace and Security
Membership:
 5 permanent members with veto power
(US, France, UK, China, Russia)
 10 rotating members (two year terms)
 9 votes to pass a resolution
 Decisions are binding on all UN member nations
Limits of the Security Council
 Decisions depend entirely on the interests of its member states/Veto
 Only international problems are within U.N. jurisdiction - Sudan/ Rwanda
 Primarily concerned with international peace and security - Iraq, 2003
 Lack of representation for the developing world/ Eurocentric
Cold War: Asia
Containment:
China: Mao v. Nationalist (Taiwan)
• Sino-Soviet Alliance, 1950-1960
Korea: Kim IL Song/ Kim Jong-Un
38th Parallel: DMZ
Domino Theory : “If we let Korea down, the Soviets will keep right on going and swallow
up one piece of Asia after another.... If we were to let Asia go, the Near East would collapse
and no telling what would happen in Europe.... Korea is like the Greece of the Far East. If
we are tough enough now, if we stand up to them like we did in Greece three years ago,
they won't take any more steps” – Truman, 1950
Cold War Asia: 2nd Indochina War
Vietnam
 1st Indochina War (France)
 WWII – Japanese Invade
 Ho Chi Minh
 Self-Determination
 Geneva Accords, 1954
 Viet Cong (Southern Insurgency)
U.S.
Domino Theory: Containment
 Geopolitics
“The Republic of Vietnam”
“For more than eighty years, the French imperialists, abusing the standard of Liberty,
Equality, and Fraternity, have violated our Fatherland and oppressed our fellow-citizens.
They have acted contrary to the ideals of humanity and justice.”
- Ho Chi Minh, Declaration of Independence, Democratic Republic of Vietnam, 1945
Latin America, 1900 – Present
Neo-Colonization (Yankee)
The Spanish American War, 1898
 Cuba -Platt Amendment
Banana Wars: 1898 - 1934
 See Map!
Roosevelt Corollary, 1904
 Panama Canal, 1904
Dollar Diplomacy, 1909-1913
 Nicaraguan occupation, 1912-1933
Depression (FDR) / Non-Intervention
Mexican Revolution, 1911-1920
 Zapata/ “Tierra y Libertad”
 Institutional Revolutionary Party
 “Tap of the Finger,” 1929 -2000
Good Neighbor Policy, 1933 to Cold War
Dollar Diplomacy: “To create stability abroad and through this stability promote
American commercial interest” / Loans
Neo-Colonization(Banana Wars), 1898 -1933
Cold War: Latin America
Guatemala: Jacobo Arbenz Guzaman
 United Fruit Company (Chiquita)
 42% of arable Land
 2% of pop. owned 72% of arable land
Agrarian Reform Law / 1954 CIA coup d'état
 Carlos Castillo Armas
 National Committee of Defense Against
Communism (CIA)
 Guatemalan Civil War, 1960-1996
Cuban Revolution:
 Dictator Fulgencio Batista
 Fidel Castro: PM/Pres., 1959 -2008
 Bay of Pigs, 1960/ Missile Crisis, 1962
“At the beginning of 1959, United States companies owned about 40 percent of the Cuban sugar
lands… 90 percent of the mines and mineral concessions, 80 percent of the utilities, practically
all the oil industry—and supplied two-thirds of Cuba's imports.” - JFK , 1960
Indigenismo: “To the Nicaraguans, to the Central Americans, to the Indo-Hispanic Race: I am a Nicaraguan
and I am proud because in my veins flows above all the blood of the Indian race…I am a mechanic, but my
idealism is based upon a broad horizon of internationalism, which represents the right to be free and to
establish justice, even though to achieve this it may be necessary to establish it upon a foundation of
blood. The oligarchs, or rather, the swamp geese, will say the I am a plebeian, but it doesn't matter. My
greatest honor is that I come from the lap of the oppressed, the soul and spirit of our race, those who have
lived ignored and forgotten, at the mercy of the shameless hired assassins who have committed the crime
of high treason, forgetful of the pain and misery of the Liberal cause that they pitilessly persecuted, as if we
did not belong to the same nation.” Sandino, Manifesto, 1927
Nicaragua:
U.S. Occupation, 1912 -1933
Augusto Cesar Sandino
 Rebellion, 1927 -1933
Anastacio Somoza Garcia
 Guardia Nacional
 Somoza Dynasty, 1927 -1979
Nicaraguan Revolution, 1960-1990
 Sandinista National Liberation Front
 Agrarian Reform Law, 1979-1986
 Reagan Doctrine: Contras
Venezuela: Hugo Chavez
Chavismo: Socialism of the 21st Century
Brezhnev Doctrine: “When forces that are hostile to socialism try to turn the
development of some socialist country towards capitalism, it becomes not only a problem
of the country concerned, but a common problem and concern of all socialist countries.”
The Soviet Bloc
Khrushchev (1953-1964):
 De-Stalinization
 “Peaceful competition”
with the West
 Hungarian revolt
Brezhnev(1964-1982):
 Strictly enforced party rule
 Brezhnev Doctrine of
Limited Sovereignty
 Dubcek - Prague Spring
(liberal socialism)
 Détente, 1969 - 1979
Yugo: Tito,1953 -1980
 Bosnian War, 1992-1995
The Velvet Revolution: The Strange Death of the Soviet Union
“The Soviet model was defeated not only on the economic and social levels; it was
defeated on a cultural level. Our society, our people, the most educated, the most
intellectual, rejected that model on the cultural level because it does not respect the
man, oppresses him spiritually and politically.” – Gorbachev
The Nature of Collapse
 Lack of legitimacy (Gov.)
 Econ: lack of consumer
goods, lack of worker
initiative
 Arms/Space race
 Centralized Party Control
- Politburo
 Afghanistan, 1980
- Mujahedeen
 Ethnic and Nationalistic
divisions (50% not Russian)
Gorbachev’s Revolution
The New Republics
Gorbachev (1985-1991):
 Perestroika
- Free Enterprise
 Glasnost
 Democratization
 Renounced Brezhnev
Doctrine, 1989
Poland:
Lech Walesa- Solidarity, 1980
Israeli-Palestinian Conflict
Zionism
Balfour Declaration, 1917
The Islamic Revolution:
Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO)
• Yasser Arafat
• Black September (Munich Massacre , ‘72)
1948 Arab-Israeli War: Palestinian Exodus / Israeli “Absentees” Property Law
1967 Six Day War: Israel captures West Bank and Gaza until 1993
“Zionism is a political movement organically associated with international imperialism… Israel is
the instrument of the Zionist movement, and a geographical base for world imperialism placed
strategically in the midst of the Arab homeland to combat the hopes of the Arab nation for
liberation, unity, and progress” - PLO, 1968
Pan-Arabism
Israeli Settlement in the West Bank
The Islamic Revolution and the Cold War
“for over seven years the United States has been occupying the lands of Islam in the
holiest of places, the Arabian Peninsula…the Americans’ aims behind these wars are
religious and economic, the aim is also to serve the Jew’s petty state and divert attention
from its occupation of Jerusalem and the murder of Muslims there. The best proof of this
is their eagerness to destroy Iraq, the strongest neighboring Arab state… to guarantee
Israel’s survival… The words of Almighty God: ‘and fight the pagans all together as they
fight you all together,’ and ‘fight them until there is no more tumult or oppression, and
oppression, and there prevail justice and faith in God’” - Osama bin Laden, 1998
Shah Reza Pahlavi (U.S. Backed)
Iranian Revolution,1979
Ayatollah Khomeini
Afghan-Soviet War, 1980
Mujahedeen/Taliban
The Arab World: A Region, Divided!
Sectarian Divisions: Sunnis and Shiites
 Iran -Iraq War/ Iraq Civil War, 2003
Ethnic Divisions: Israelis, Kurds…
Western Influence v. Islam
 Democratization?
Gov: Republic of Turkey
 Arab Spring: Libya, Egypt, Syria…
Islamic Republic of Iran
Nationalism:
 Pan-Arabism/Dar al Islam
Jihadist: Hezbollah, al-Qaeda
Economics: OPEC
Mao’s China
The Nationalist Party, 1912 – Taiwan
 Dem. + Capitalism
The People’s Republic of China,1949
The Great Leap Forward, 1958-1961
 Collectivization: Communes
 Industrialization: 5-Year Plans
 The Great Famine, 1958- 1962
- 20 to 30 Million Dead
Cultural Revolution, 1966-1976
 Purge: Counter- Revolutionaries
 Red Guards/ Little Red Book (Maoism )
Deng’ Revolution: The New China
Sino-Soviet Split, 1966
Tiananmen Square, 1989
Nixon Visits China, 1972
Deng Xiaoping, 1982-1987
Socialist Market Economy
 Central Planning (Command Econ.)
 State and Private Enterprise
4 Modernizations: Industry, Tech…
The Great Firewall of China
• 30,000 “Internet Police”
Globalization (Global Interdependence):
The increasing integration of the world in terms of
communications, culture, and economics across time and space.
Pre-1945:
 Distance mattered, space often measured in time
 Territorial boundaries kept things in and out
 Societies and cultures had spatial, geographic references
Before: Boundaries limited ideas, people and things
Today: Distance mostly irrelevant because of tech, migrations
Multi-National Corporations
Outsourcing and Labor Abuses
Delocalization: social and economic exchanges across great distances
McDonald’s: Expansion by Decade
Multi-National Corporations
Outsourcing and Labor Abuses
Delocalization: social and economic exchanges across great distances
Free Trade: NAFTA, European Union
Supranationalism: Econ/political shift toward regional and global structures
Globalization v. Sectional Nationalism
Supraterritoriality: the emergence of a new non-physical “place” or
a new global “on-line community”
Osama bin laden: al- Qaeda
Global Migrations
Deterritorialization: groups and cultures don’t have a territorial basis
North-South Gap: Developed v. Developing Nations
Democratization
Democratic Index, 2011