Transcript APUSH - Notes Imperialism and SPAM War

Mr. King
Central Cabarrus HS
Background
• After Civil War,
Americans interested
in
– Reconstructing the
South
– Settling the West
– Building up industry
• Not wanting to
expand
Change of Course
• Opinion on expansion begins to
shift in 1880s  Why?
- Desire to make U.S. a world
power
• Imperialism: Where a stronger
country forces their way of life
on a weaker country
Has the US done this
already?
• Monroe Doctrine
• Manifest Destiny
• Frederick Jackson
Turner’s Thesis
– US will expand
beyond its borders
to continue the
frontier
1. Thirst for New Markets
U. S. Foreign Investments: 1869-1908
1. Thirst for New Markets
• Need new trade partners to
sell overflow of goods
• Needed raw materials for
factories
American Foreign Trade:
1870-1914
2. Desire for Military Strength
2. Desire for Military
Strength
• Admiral AlfredT.
Mahan
– Wrote “The
Influence of Sea
Power on the
World”
• Argued that control
of the sea was key to
world dominance
• US builds up Navy to
get this control
• World enters into a
Naval Arms Race
U.S.S. Olympia
Penns Landing, Pa.
• USS Flagship Georgia
 The Great White Fleet and
Japan
• US fleet (8 ships) sent
out to show the US
naval strength around
the world
• Commodore Matthew
Perry brings US ships
into Japan
– Japan had been
closed to all
foreigners
• Perry threatened Japan
to open trade with US
• Japan worked out a
deal to open trade to
the United States
Treaty of Kanagawa: 1854
Ends 200 yr. policy of seclusion!
3. Cultural Superiority
• Social Darwinism
- Survival of the
fittest
- U.S. needed to
“civilize” the inferior
people of the world
(Seen as part of
Manifest Destiny)
3. Cultural Superiority
The White Man’s
Burden
The Hierarchy
of Race
-Rudyard Kipling
The White Man’s
Burden
The White Man’s
Burden
Religious/Missionary Interests
•American
Missionaries
in China, 1905
• Acquiring “Seward’s Icebox”
- 1867: Secretary of
State William
Seward bought
Alaska from Russia
for $7.2 million
(.02/acre)
- People thought this
was a bad deal and
called it “Seward’s
Folly”
“Seward’s Folly”: 1867
$7.2 million
“Seward’s Icebox”: 1867
• U. S. Missionaries in Hawaii
- Imiola Church: first built in the late 1820s
• U. S. View of Hawaiians
- Hawaii becomes a U. S. Protectorate in 1849
by virtue of economic treaties.
• Hawaiian Queen Liliuokalani
“Hawaii for the
Hawaiians!”
• U. S. Business Interests In
Hawaii
1875 – Reciprocity Treaty
(Hawaiian sugar – tax free)
1890 – McKinley Tariff
placed a tax on imported
sugar)
1893 – American
businessmen backed an
uprising against Queen
Liliuokalani.
Sanford Ballard Dole
proclaims the Republic
of Hawaii in 1894.
• To The Victor Belongs the Spoils
- Hawaiian
Annexation
Ceremony, 1898
•
1887: U.S. builds naval base at Pearl Harbor
1,117 of 1,400 crew died
Mr. King
Central Cabarrus HS
Problems in Cuba
• Cubans rebelled between 186878 fighting for independence
from Spain, but it failed
• US did not want to get invovled
• José Martí launched another
war for independence from Spain
in 1895.
- Destroyed property, especially
American owned sugar mills
and plantations  Why?
- to provoke U.S. intervention to
help rebels free Cuba
Spanish Misrule in Cuba
Problems in Cuba
• U.S. public opinion split
– U.S. businesses supported Spain 
business interests
– American public were for the Cuban
rebel cause
• Spanish General Valeriano
Weyler
– Put many civilians in barbed-wire
concentration camps
• Congress asked President
Cleveland to recognize plight of
the Cubans, but he refused
– “I vow that if Congress declared war,
the commander in chief would not
issue the necessary order to mobilize
the army.”
Valeriano Weyler’s
“Reconcentration” Policy
Yellow Journalism
• What is yellow journalism?
– Sensational style of writing that exaggerates the news to lure
and enrage readers
• New York Journal was owned by William Randolph
Hearst
• New York World was owned by Joseph Pulitzer
• Both men did anything to increase war fever
• “You furnish the pictures and I’ll furnish the war”
– Hearst to photographer Frederick Remington
 What are the dangers of Yellow Journalism?
“Yellow Journalism” & Jingoism
Joseph Pulitzer
William Randolph Hearst
Hearst to Frederick Remington:
You furnish the pictures,
and I’ll furnish the war!
The de Lome Letter
• McKinley used diplomacy to mediate the
conflict between Spain and Cuba
• Spanish Minister to U.S. wrote a letter calling
McKinley “weak”
• Cuban rebel stole it and Hearst published it
• de Lome resigned and Spain apologized
• Did it really matter what De Lome wrote?
De Lôme Letter
Criticized President
McKinley as weak and a
bidder for the admiration
of the crowd, besides
being a would-be politician
who tries to leave a door
open behind himself while
keeping on good terms
with the jingoes of his
party.
Theodore Roosevelt
Assistant Secretary
of the Navy in the
McKinley
administration.
Imperialist and
American nationalist.
Criticized President
McKinley as having
the backbone of a
chocolate éclair!
Resigns his position to
fight in Cuba.
Explosion of the Maine
• President McKinley ordered
the U.S.S. Maine to Cuba to
bring home American citizens
in danger and to protect U.S.
property
• February 15, 1898 the ship
mysteriously exploded killing
all 260 men on board
• Hearst and Pulitzer
sensationalized the story
blaming Spain
– “REMEMBER THE MAINE,
TO HELL WITH SPAIN”
• All the sailors died
Remember the Maine
and to Hell with Spain!
Funeral for Maine
victims in Havana
WAR!
• April 9: Spain agreed to all U.S. demands
including a 6 month cease-fire
• April 11: McKinley asked Congress for authority
to use force against Spain
• April 20: US declared war
• Why did McKinley declare war despite Spanish
concessions?
The Spanish-American War (1898):
“That Splendid Little War”
War in the Philippines
• April 30: U.S. fleet under the
command of Commodore
George Dewey destroyed
the entire Spanish fleet at
Manila
• Over next 2 months, US
troops fought alongside
Filipino rebels
• Spanish troops surrendered
in Manila in August to the
United States
Commodore Dewey on
the cruiser Olympia
Dewey Steaming Toward Manila Bay!
Dewey Captures Manila!
Invasion of Cuba
• U.S. had only 125,000 men that volunteered and sent to
training camps
• June 1898: US Army set sail for Cuba
• July 1st : Rough Riders (led by Theodore Roosevelt)
and 2 African-American regiments captured Kettle Hill
and cleared the way to capture San Juan Hill
• July 3rd: Spanish fleet tried to escape Santiago harbor
but was destroyed
The
“Rough
Riders”
The Treaty of Paris: 1898
Cuba was freed from Spanish rule.
Spain gave up Puerto Rico and the island of
Guam.
The U. S. paid Spain
$20 million for the
Philippines.
The U. S. becomes
an imperial power!
Jingoism: extreme patriotism
by using violent foreign policy
The American Anti-Imperialist
League
Founded in 1899.
Mark Twain, Andrew
Carnegie,and William
Jennings Bryan among
the leaders.
Campaigned against
the annexation of the
Philippines and other
acts of imperialism.
The Imperialist Taylor
Our “Sphere of Influence”
10,000 miles from tip to tip!