Transcript Chapter 9 PPT

CHAPTER 9: EXPANSION
LEADS TO CONFLICT
Big Picture: Between 1830 and 1860
Americans by the thousands migrated
westward into the frontier wilderness.
In 1846, souring relations led to war
between Mexico and the United
States, and the outcome defined
America’s borders.
CHAPTER 9 SECTION 1:
MANIFEST DESTINY
Main Idea: Americans in large
numbers followed trails to the West
in the 1840s and 1850s
Americans Head West
Manifest Destiny
Reasons to Migrate West
• Population and size of country
grew rapidly by the 1840s
• Many Americans believed the
idea that the nation had a Godgiven right to all of North
America
• Little thought was given to the
impact on others of this belief
• Believed in manifest destiny
• Mountain men went to trap and
trade
• Missionaries hoped to convert
Native Americans to Christianity
• Lumberjacks and miners went
to capitalize on natural
resources
• Farmers moved for vast, rich
land
• Entrepreneurs knew if they
were first to set up shop the
greater their chance for success
What does the artist try to portray?
Major Western Trails
The Santa Fe and Oregon Trail
• Santa Fe Trail: 800-miles from Independence, MO to Santa Fe, NM
• Began as a trade route; by the 1840s, it served as a route for
migrants heading west
• Oregon Trail: 2,000-miles
from Independence, MO
to Willamette Valley in OR
• Parts of it used by Native
Americans for centuries,
Lewis and Clark used
parts on their expedition,
along with fur traders and
mountain men
The Mormon Trail
• 1830, Joseph Smith founded the
Church of Jesus Christ of Latterday Saints in NY, called Mormons
• In 5 years they attracted some
8,000 followers
• They faced hostility for their
beliefs, like men being able to
have several wives
• They migrated to area around
Great Salt Lake (present-day
Utah) with Brigham Young
The Gold Rush
Gold Fever
Rush to California
• Gold is discovered in the
American River in 1848  many
headed to CA to strike it rich!
• Most in the US did not believe
until President James K. Polk
announced he believed the
supply to be large and found in
various places
• The gold rush is the mass
migration of miners and
businesspeople to CA
• The migrants that left for CA in
1849 were called forty-niners
• More than 80,000 arrive
• 80% are from the US
• Most traveled over land; others
booked passage on a ship
Booming Cities
• Upon reaching CA, most
miners moved into mining
camps in the gold fields
• Others, especially
businessmen, settled in the
cities
• San Francisco in 1848 had 800
people, one year later more than
25,000
• by 1860 it was home to some
60,000 people
Major Effects of Westward Migration
The Oregon Treaty
• James K. Polk, presidential
candidate, campaigned to
secure the region of OR for
the US
• “Fifty-four Forty or Fight!” was
talking about the 54º40’ N
latitude which marked the
northern boundary of Oregon
Country
• Polk won presidency but
retreated from his pledge and
settled at the 49th parallel
with Great Britain
Communication Links
• Westward migration led to a
need for better communication
• Butterfield Trail, private
stagecoach line ran
• Pony Express, relied on young
riders and fast horses
• Telegraph linked East to West
and made the Pony Express
obsolete
• The greatest effect was on the
Native Americans whose life
was changed forever.
Chapter 9 Review
Write the Question and the Answer
Chapter 9 Section 1
1. What factor triggered the largest wave of
migration to the West?
2. Why was a journey west in the 1840s and 1850s a
huge adventure?
3. What effect might the railroad have on the land in
the western part of the United States?
CHAPTER 9 SECTION 2:
TEXAS INDEPENDENCE
Main Idea: American settlers in
Texas revolted against the Mexican
government and created the
independent Republic of Texas.
The Spanish Settle Texas
• Hundreds of
Native American
groups had lived
in TX for
thousands of
years
• Spanish were the
first Europeans to
visit Texas
• They attempt to settle Texas with the mission systemsmall settlement started with goal to convert Native
Americans to Catholicism
• Usually included a fort
• They believed it would make the Native Americans loyal
to the Spanish – they did not.
Americans Move into Texas
• Moses Austin (1820), former banker,
proposed a plan to the Spanish to settle
Texas
• Austin died before he could start the colony
• Stephen Austin (his son) carried out his
plans
• 1823, he established his colony
• Mexico had gained its independence from
Spain
• It granted large pieces of land to
empresarios-contractors who agreed to
start colonies
• By 1830 more than 30,000 settlers in TX
• 4,000 were Tejanos-Texans of Mexican heritage
The Texas Revolution
Conditions of Settling Texas
• Become Mexican citizen
• Adopt the Roman Catholic religion
• Outlawed slavery
• Most settlers did not comply
• Believed they were Americans
who happened to live in Mexico
and remained loyal to the US
• Mexicans grew concerned
• Cancelled empresario contracts
• Put tariffs on trade with US
• Angered settlers
Tensions in Texas
• 1827, US offers to buy Texas and
Mexico refuses
• Texans began to protest, which
grew bloody
• Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna
became president of Mexico
• Texans attack Mexican force at
Gonzales and won
• Start of Texas Revolution
• Texans formed a government
• Sam Houston given task of raising
army
The Alamo
• Texan forces captured
San Antonio, which
contained a fort called
the Alamo
• Santa Anna led an
army of 6,000 to the
fort
• William Travis, Texan
leader, only had 200
• Nearly all were killed when the Mexican army attacked
• Texans were also defeated at Refugio and Goliad (Mexican
army massacred prisoners)
• Santa Anna followed
Houston’s forces to San
Jacinto
• Texans defeated the
Mexicans and captured
Santa Anna
• Santa Anna was forced
to sign the Treaties of
Velasco
• Texas became a
separate nation called
the Republic of Texas
Chapter 9 Review
Write the Question and the Answer
Chapter 9 Section 2
4. List at least 2 main goals of the Spanish mission
system.
5. How were the tensions within Texas similar to
those between the United States and Mexico?
6. How did the American losses at the Alamo affect
the Texas Revolution?
CHAPTER 9 SECTION 3:
WAR WITH MEXICO
Main Idea: Soon after annexing
Texas, the United States declared
war on Mexico
The Annexation of Texas
Pro-Annexation
Anti-Annexation
• Americans believed in manifest
destiny-adds large land area to
country
• Texas Revolution just like
American Revolution
• Texas allowed slavery, meaning
more political power
• Fear of bearing substantial
Texas debt
• Opposed spread of slavery
increasing voting power in
Congress
• Nothing in Constitution about
admitting an independent
nation
Annexation approved
Texas apart of the US
December 29, 1845
Tensions Led to MexicanAmerican War
Texas Annexation
• 1836, Texas gained
independence from Mexico
• TX boundary is still disputed by
the Mexican government
• US 1st recognized Nueces River as
boundary; Texans claimed it was
further south at the Rio Grande
• President Polk wanted the land
between Texas and the Pacific
Ocean
• Polk sent a special messenger to
Mexico (1845) and offered to pay
$30 million for New Mexico and
California; ,messenger ignored
• Meanwhile, Polk ordered General Zachary Taylor to advance
into the disputed territory between the Nueces and Rio
Grande
• Polk used April 25th skirmish as an excuse to request Congress
to declare war on Mexico
• Ignoring boundary was in dispute, Polk charged the Mexicans
had “invaded our territory and shed the blood of our fellowcitizens on our own soil.”
• US declared war on Mexico May 13, 1846
Fighting the War
• US uses aggressive strategy to win
• General Stephen Kearny easily captured towns hoping to gain
control of California
• Rebels forced Mexican government to sign treaty turning over CA
on June 14, 1846 ~ became Republic of California
• General Winfield Scott landed at the Gulf and led forces inland to
Mexico City in Sept. 1847
• Within months, US forces had captured NM and CA, Mexico’s
capital fell  government
Results of the War
• Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
• Signed in 1848
• Mexico forced to turn over to the
US a huge tract of land (Mexican
Cession)
• US paid Mexico $15 million and drop
the $3 million damages
• Gadsden Purchase
• 1853
• Clarified the treaty boundary and
transferred more land to the US
• Polk pleased, not all Americans
proud of war
• Debate continues today over
justification
Chapter 9 Review
Write the Question and the Answer
Chapter 9 Section 3
7. Why was the Mexican government angry about
the annexation of Texas?
8. What controversial action did President Polk take
that may have resulted in the war with Mexico?
9. How did the United States take advantage of its
military victories over Mexico?
Chapter 9 Review
Write the Question and the Answer
President James Polk strongly supported the territorial expansion
of the United States.
“To enlarge [the United States] is to extend the dominions of
peace over additional territories and increasing millions...my
duty [is] to assert and maintain ...the right of the United States
to that portion of our territory which lies beyond the Rocky
Mountains...The world beholds the peaceful triumphs of the
industry of our emigrants...The jurisdiction of our
laws...should be extended over them in the distant regions
which they have selected for their homes”
~ President James K. Polk, Inaugural Address
10. What does Polk see as his duty?
11. What reasons does Polk give to support U.S.
expansion?
Chapter 9 Review
Write the Question and answer
“The whole country, from San Francisco
to Los Angeles, and from the sea shore
San Francisco
to the base of the Sierra Nevada
resounds with the sordid cry of ‘gold,
GOLD, GOLD!’ while the field is left halfplanted, the house half-built, and
everything neglected but the
manufacture of shovels and pickaxes.”
~ San Francisco Californian, May 29, 1848
12. What does “the whole country”
refer to?
A. The Sierra Nevada
B. The United States
C. farmers
D. much of California
Los Angeles