Transcript Cold War - cloudfront.net

The Cold War, 1945-1991
United States of
America
Union of
Soviet Socialist Republics
USA
USSR
Churchill, Roosevelt and Stalin at Yalta
February 4 - 11, 1945
The Soviet
Union prior to
World War II
As the Soviets
pushed back
the Nazis, they
claimed new
territory.
They took part
of Finland
They took
Estonia
They took
Latvia
They took
Lithuania
They took
part of Poland
for White
Russia
They took
part of
Romania for
the Ukraine
They took part
of
Czechoslovakia
for White
Russia
They took a
part of
Germany
The U.S.S.R.
expanded their
territory and
the number of
republics
Potsdam
Conference
July 17 to
August 2, 1945
Following up on the Yalta
Conference, the Allied Powers
met again after Germany’s
surrender to discuss what do in
Europe.
Churchill, Roosevelt, Stalin
Attlee, Truman and Stalin at
Potsdam
July 31, 1945
Churchill, Truman, Stalin
July 17, 1945
February 11,
1945
How are Constitutional governments “weaker”
than authoritarian governments?
Is the period 1945-1963 a time of peace or war?
Germany was
partitioned by the
Allies after the war
Austria would
also be divided
The city of Berlin
was also
partitioned
There was the
American
sector
the French
sector
the British
sector
and the
Soviet sector
Portions were
given to Poland
and the Soviets
Austria would
eventually be
unified
The divisions of
Germany and
the city of Berlin
East and West Germany
and East and West Berlin
Poland would
fall under
Soviet
influence
Poland would
also gain
parts of
Germany
Czechoslovakia
was last in
Eastern Europe to
fall under Soviet
dominance
Hungary
would also fall
under Soviet
control
Romania
would follow
Soviet
direction
Bulgaria
would also
come into the
Soviet sphere
For a time,
Albania will be
under Soviet
direction
East
Germany
would be a
satellite state
as well
The division between
the two sides would
come to be called the
Iron Curtain
George Kennan (19042005) was the
architect of the theory
of “containment.”
Although a principle
participant in the
Marshall Plan and
Truman Doctrine,
Kennan moved to a
more moderate
position by the mid1950s and even
opponent of Cold War
diplomacy by the
1970s
"The issue that
faces us are
momentous
involving the
fulfillment or
destruction not
only of this
Republic but of
civilization
itself."
NSC-68
A classified
document until the
1970s, it was written
in 1950 for President
Truman and became
the basis for U.S.
Cold War policy until
the 1970s.
The Truman Doctrine
oGreat Britain called for the
United States to take its
place in aiding Greece and
Turkey against communist
aggression
oTruman gave a speech in
1947 calling for the
Republican Congress to
support increasing aide to
nations fighting the spread
of communism (specifically
Greece and Turkey)
oThe Truman Doctrine is the
United States will use its
financial and military
resources to fight against
the spread of communism
The Marshall Plan (1947-1951)
•Financial aid from the U.S. to
Europe
•Goal #1: avoid repeat of WWI
•Goal #2: curb rising power of
communism in Western Europe
•Offered to all of Europe
•$3,000,000,000 in aid over 4
years
•Soviet Union rejected offer (Soviet
Satellites included)
Accomplished Truman Doctrine
goal by stabilizing Western Europe
and putting them on the path to
economic recovery
The architect of the
Marshall Plan was
Truman’s Secretary of
State George C. Marshall
Berlin Airlift (June 1948-May 1949)
31 American and
40 British pilots
lost their lives
200,000+
flights
+$2
billion
cost in
today’s
money
International Organizations
•United Nations
•OAS - Organization of American States
International Alliances
•NATO - North Atlantic Treaty
Organization
•Warsaw Pact
•SEATO - Southeast Asia Treaty
Organization
United Nations
(1945)
Peace Keeping
organization
created to
provide
collective
security to the
world’s nations
General Assembly: 177 nations
Security Council: 15 nations (10 2-yr
terms by regional voting)
Permanent Security Council: 5 nations
(USA, Great Britain/UK, France,
USSR/Russia, China
Venezuela
Colombia
Ecuador
Brazil
Peru
Bolivia
United States
Argentina
Uruguay
Dominican
Haiti Republic
Mexico
Guatemala Honduras
El Salvador Nicaragua
Costa Rica
Panama
21
nations
Organization of American States (OAS) 1948
Antugua and Barbuda
St. Kitts and Nevis
Dominica
St. Vincent and the Grenadines
St. Lucia
Grenada
Barbados
Trinidad and Tobago
Venezuela
Guyana
Suriname
Colombia
Ecuador
Canada
Brazil
Peru
Bolivia
United States
Argentina
Uruguay
The Bahamas
Dominican
Haiti Republic
Mexico
Belize Jamaica
Guatemala Honduras
El Salvador Nicaragua
Costa Rica
Panama
35
nations
Organization of American States (OAS) today
Truman’s Re-Election of
1948
Dixiecrats
Polling showed Thomas Dewey (RNY) was ahead leading into the
election. Early results led people to
go to bed believing Dewey was the
next president.
were
Democrats
upset by
Truman’s
decision to
de-segregate
the military.
Many felt
Truman
couldn’t win
re-election
without the
“Solid
South.”
Truman’s election in 1948 (with
Democratic control of both
Houses of Congress) showed the
country was strongly behind the
Democratic ideals of FDR’s New
Deal
Truman’s Fair Deal
oSpawned from FDR’s “Second Bill
of Rights”
ofederal government is
responsible for people obtaining
employment, food, shelter,
education, and health care
oSimilar to Europe’s “welfare state”
oTaft-Hartley Act of 1947
oreversed the Wagner Act, 1935
olimited ability of unions to strike
and prevented radicals from
leadership roles
**Truman vetoed the Taft-Hartley
Act but his veto was overridden by a
Republican Congress
oOpposed segregation as it issued an
invitation to communism
After World War II,
western democracies
were concerned about
Soviet expansion
North Atlantic Treaty Organization, 1949
Iceland
Norway
Denmark
United
Kingdom
Netherlands
Belgium
Luxembourg
10 European
nations along
with Canada and
the U.S. created
NATO
France
North Atlantic Treaty Organization, 1949
Greece and
Turkey would
join Nato in
1952
Turkey
NATO, 1952
West Germany
would be added
in 1955
NATO, 1955
East
Germany
In 1955, the Soviet
Union, East Germany
and 6 other Eastern
European nations
created the Warsaw
Pact
Poland
Hungary
Romania
Soviet Union
Bulgaria
Warsaw Pact, 1955
East
Germany
Poland
The border nations
became known as
Satellite States and,
along with the U.S.S.R.,
became known as the
Soviet Bloc
Hungary
Romania
Soviet Union
Bulgaria
Unlike NATO, the
Warsaw Pact was less
than voluntary. Most
attempts to move away
from the alliance were
met with military force.
Albania was able to
break away, severing
military ties in 1962
and withdrawing
completely in 1968
By the end of
the 80’s, most of
Europe was
divided into one
camp or the
other
Berlin Wall August 1961-November 1989
oBuilt by East Germany (and USSR) in August 1961 to
stop its people from escaping into West Berlin
oBecame the literal symbol of the Cold War
oPresidents Kennedy and Reagan gave famous
addresses from the Brandenburg Gate near the Wall
View from West Berlin of “the Death Strip”
The ‘Asian’ Cold War
oThe USA failed to understand and
recognize Asian communism versus
European communism
oCold War fears led the USA to support
anti-communist governments despite their
own lack of democratic style-regimes
Jiang Jieshi
(Chaing Kai-shek)
Was an ally of the
United States
during World War II
and led the
Chinese
Nationalists
against the
growing rise of
communism in
mainland China
Mao Zedong (Tse-tung)
The Long March
covered over
6,000 miles and
lasted over a year.
70-90% of the
100,000 who
began died.
Taiwan
In 1949 the
Communists
forced the
Nationalists to
retreat to
Taiwan.
“The Theme of
China Lost” by
Dean Acheson
Truman Doctrine vs Brezhnev Doctrine
•NSC-68 & George Kennan
•1956 Hungary Invasion
•1968 Prague Spring invasion of Czechoslovakia
U.S.S.R.
EUROPE
Korea
China
Japan
India
Philippines
AFRICA
Pacific Ocean
Indian Ocean
The Korean
Peninsula
China
Japan
At the end of
World War II,
Korea was
divided in two at
the 38th Parallel;
the north being
communist and
the south a freely
elected
democracy.
Seoul
Pusan
On June 25,
1950, North
Korea invaded
South Korea,
quickly taking
the capital city of
Seoul and
pushing almost
to Pusan by
September.
Inchon
In September,
1950, United
Nations forces,
led by U.S.
General Douglas
MacArthur, with
a surprise
landing at
Inchon.
Seoul
Pusan
China
Seoul
U.N. forces
swiftly liberated
the South and, in
November, had
pushed the North
Koreans almost
to the Chinese
border at the
Yalu River.
China
Seoul
In late
November, 1950,
China came to
the aid of the
North, sending in
300,000 troops
and driving the
U.N. forces back.
Seoul
By January,
1951, the
Communists had
retaken Seoul
and made their
deepest push of
this offensive.
Truman and
MacArthur got into
a disagreement
about the course
of the war—
namely the use of
nuclear weapons
against China.
MacArthur went on
Congressional trial
in the summer of
1951 and was
removed from
command.
The “Old Soldier”
“I am closing my 52 years of
military service. When I joined
the Army, even before the turn
of the century, it was the
fulfillment of all of my boyish
hopes and dreams. The world
has turned over many times
since I took the oath on the
plain at West Point, and the
hopes and dreams have long
since vanished, but I still
remember the refrain of one of
the most popular barrack
ballads of that day which
proclaimed most proudly that
‘old soldiers never die; they just
fade away’.”
His farewell speech was
interrupted by ovation 50 times
Douglas MacArthur
(1880-1964)
•At age 25, named youngest
ever Major General
•Served in World War I (19171918)
•Superintendent of West Point
(1919-1922)
•President of US Olympic
Committee (1928)
•Organized the Civilian
Conservation Corps (1933)
•US Armed Forces Far East
Commander (1941-1945)
•Oversaw occupation of Japan
(1945-1951)
•Led United Nations Command
in Korean War (1950-1951)
Chinese forces crossing the Yalu River (Oct. 1950)
This was the first racially
integrated army since the War
for Independence
The
“Forgotten
War”
Over 44,000
Americans
died or went
missing
during the
Korean War
Panmunjom
Seoul
By 1952, the U.N.
forces had
recaptured Seoul
and most of
South Korea.
Peace talks
began at
Panmunjom. In
July, 1953, a
cease-fire was
signed.
Before
After
5,000,000
people
lost their
lives in
the
Korean
war
Korea before and after the war.
SEATO
Southeast Asia Treaty
Organization
(1954-1977)
Designed to promote
democracy among Southeast
Asian nations in acceptance
of the Domino Theory
War Hero General
•Elected in 1952 (1953-1961); 34th US
President
•First Republican elected since 1928
•Continued New Deal programs (even
expanded Social Security)
•Relied heavily on VP Nixon
•Used CIA to
depose
communists in
Iran, Guatemala,
Congo, and began
Bay of Pigs
preparations
Eisenhower Doctrine
Nations could request U.S.
military aid if their nation was
being threatened by
Eisenhower with
the Shah of Iran.
aggression.
The Shah became
close allies with
the West during
the 1950s
Issued in response to two
issues:
1. USSR influence and attempts
to spread communism (Middle
East)
2. Need to fill void left by
colonial powers Great Britain
and France
Brinkmanship
John Foster Dulles,
Eisenhower’s
Secretary of State,
felt the best way to
deal with communism
was 1) threaten
nuclear war and 2)
work covertly to
overthrow communist
aggressors in 3rd
world nations
This philosophy became known during the Cold War
as Mutually Assured Destruction, or MAD
Civil Rights and the
Cold War
•Supported the end of segregation
in federal issues, but not federal
authority over state issues
•Created the Civil Rights
Commission to investigate
Southern violations of federal law
•Enforced civil rights legislation
when federal law was violated
(Little Rock Nine)
The
MilitaryIndustrial
Complex
Competition for the 3rd World
The world’s a chess board
Asia, Africa, and Latin America
FIRST WORLD
SECOND WORLD
THIRD WORLD
Why did those nations take the
money and surrender sovereignty?
EUROPE
ASIA
Libya
Egypt
Chad
Sudan
Ethiopia
Cameroon
Congo
(Zaire)
Uganda
Kenya
Tanzania
Angola
Zambia
Mozambique
Madagascar
There were
strong efforts by
the U.S. and
U.S.S.R. to
influence
governments in
emerging nations
such as Egypt
and the Congo
(Zaire). This
included money
and military aid.
The Suez Crisis (1956)
•Egypt recognized the
People’s Republic of China
•Egypt nationalized the canal
•Britain, France, and Israel
militarily seized the canal
•US and USSR agreed at UN
that the tripartite aggressors
should withdraw
Known as the
tripartite
aggressors, the
Sinai War began
due to fears of
possible Soviet
aggression with
Egypt against
Israel
U-2 Spy Plane Incident
oU-2 planes fly at extreme
high altitude (65,000 feet)
oShot down May 1, 1960
oPiloted by Francis Gary
Powers
oUSA initially denied
existence of plane and its
mission, then claimed it was
a NASA flight
oForced to admit it was
spying on USSR when
Premier Krushchev
produced pictures of
nuclear and military
technology taken by the U-2
oEscalated the Cold War
U.S.S.R.
EUROPE
China
India
Japan
Vietnam
Philippines
AFRICA
Pacific Ocean
Indian Ocean
Taiwan
Myanmar
Dien Bien Phu
China
South China Sea
(Burma)
Laos
Hanoi
Gulf of
Tonkin
Vietnam,
along with
Thailand
Cambodia and
Cambodia
Laos, was part
Saigon
of French
Indochina
until
1954
Vietnam
Taiwan
Myanmar
Dien Bien Phu
China
South China Sea
(Burma)
Laos
Hanoi
Gulf of
Tonkin
In 1954,
nationalist
forces led by
Thailand
Ho Chi Minh
Cambodia
defeated the
Saigon
French at
Dien Bien Phu
Vietnam
North Vietnam
Myanmar
Dien Bien Phu
(Burma)
Laos
China
South China Sea
Hanoi
Gulf of
Tonkin
Thailand
Cambodia
Saigon
The Domino
Theory
became a
guiding force
in U.S. policy
South Vietnam
North Vietnam
Myanmar
Dien Bien Phu
(Burma)
Laos
China
Hanoi
Gulf of
Tonkin
Thailand
Cambodia
Saigon
South China Sea
Fearing an
expansion of
communism,
the U.S. led an
effort which
divided
Vietnam
South Vietnam
North Vietnam
Myanmar
Dien Bien Phu
(Burma)
Laos
China
South China Sea
Hanoi
Gulf of
Tonkin
Thailand
Cambodia
Saigon
Ho Chi Minh’s
forces
controlled
North
Vietnam
South Vietnam
North Vietnam
Myanmar
Dien Bien Phu
(Burma)
Laos
China
South China Sea
Hanoi
Gulf of
Tonkin
A
government
Thailand
headed by
Cambodia
Ngo Dinh
Saigon
Diem
controlled
South Vietnam South
Vietnam
North Vietnam
Myanmar
Dien Bien Phu
(Burma)
Laos
China
Hanoi
Gulf of
Tonkin
Thailand
Cambodia
Saigon
South China Sea
Diem’s
dictatorial
leadership
led many to
resist his
government
South Vietnam
North Vietnam
Myanmar
Dien Bien Phu
(Burma)
Laos
China
Hanoi
Gulf of
Tonkin
South China Sea
This
resistance, the
Viet Cong,
Thailand
worked with
Cambodia
North Vietnam
Saigon
against Diem’s
regime in the
South Vietnam South
North Vietnam
Myanmar
Dien Bien Phu
(Burma)
Laos
China
South China Sea
Hanoi
Gulf of
Tonkin
The U.S. sent
military
Thailand
advisors and
equipment to
Cambodia
Saigon aid the South
beginning in
the 1950’s
South Vietnam
North Vietnam
Myanmar
Dien Bien Phu
(Burma)
Laos
China
Hanoi
Gulf of
Tonkin
South China Sea
Diem is
assassinated in
a military coup
Thailand
and fear of a
Cambodia
communist
Saigon
takeover of the
South rises in
South Vietnam 1963
North Vietnam
Myanmar
Dien Bien Phu
(Burma)
Laos
China
South China Sea
Hanoi
Gulf of
Tonkin
In 1964, the U.S.
reports an
Thailand
attack on U.S.
destroyers by
Cambodia
Saigon patrol boats in
the Gulf of
Tonkin
South Vietnam
The Gulf of Tonkin
Resolution in 1964
allowed LBJ to use
conventional military
troops in Vietnam
without a declaration of
war.
North Vietnam
Myanmar
Dien Bien Phu
(Burma)
Laos
China
South China Sea
Hanoi
Gulf of
Tonkin
President
Johnson
begins
Thailand
bombing of
North Vietnam
Cambodia
in 1965
Saigon
South Vietnam
North Vietnam
Myanmar
(Burma)
Dien Bien Phu
China
South China Sea
Nixon begins
withdrawing
troops in 1969
while bombing
Thailand
communist
Cambodia
supply lines
Saigon
and bases in
Cambodia
South Vietnam
Laos
Hanoi
Gulf of
Tonkin
North Vietnam
Myanmar
Dien Bien Phu
(Burma)
Laos
China
Hanoi
Gulf of
Tonkin
South China Sea
A peace
agreement was
signed in 1973
Thailand
and the U.S.
Cambodia
began pulling
Saigon
out of Vietnam
South Vietnam
China
Myanmar
(Burma)
Laos
South China Sea
Hanoi
Gulf of
Tonkin
Thailand
Ho
Cambodia Chi
Minh
City
The
communists
took control
of all of
Vietnam in
1975
The Bay of Pigs Invasion (April 1961)
Bay of Pigs
The Cuban Missile Crisis (Oct. 1962)
United States
Gulf of Mexico
Mexico
Cuba
Puerto
Rico
Haiti
Belize
Guatemala
Honduras
El Salvador
Jamaica
Dominican
Republic
Caribbean Sea
Nicaragua
Costa Rica
Venezuela
Panama
Colombia
Fidel Castro forces Batista to flee Cuba –
January 1, 1959
United States
Gulf of Mexico
Mexico
Cuba
Puerto
Rico
Haiti
Belize
Guatemala
Honduras
El Salvador
Jamaica
Dominican
Republic
Caribbean Sea
Nicaragua
Costa Rica
Venezuela
Panama
Colombia
Cuba becomes a communist state and
allies itself with the Soviet Union
United States
Gulf of Mexico
Mexico
Cuba
Puerto
Rico
Haiti
Belize
Guatemala
Honduras
El Salvador
Jamaica
Dominican
Republic
Caribbean Sea
Nicaragua
Costa Rica
Venezuela
Panama
Colombia
In 1962, U.S. spy planes discover Soviet
offensive missiles in Cuba
United States
Gulf of Mexico
Mexico
Cuba
Belize
Guatemala
Honduras
El Salvador
Puerto
Rico
Dominican
Republic
Caribbean Sea
Nicaragua
Costa Rica
Venezuela
Panama
Colombia
After a Soviet denial, the U.S. enacted a
shipping “quarantine”- a blockade would be
an act of war
United States
Gulf of Mexico
Mexico
Cuba
Belize
Guatemala
Honduras
El Salvador
Puerto
Rico
Dominican
Republic
Caribbean Sea
Nicaragua
Costa Rica
Venezuela
Panama
Colombia
As Soviet ships approached Cuba carrying
more weapons, they were intercepted by U.S.
Naval forces
United States
Gulf of Mexico
Mexico
Cuba
Belize
Guatemala
Honduras
El Salvador
Puerto
Rico
Dominican
Republic
Caribbean Sea
Nicaragua
Costa Rica
Venezuela
Panama
Colombia
As Soviet ships approached Cuba carrying
more weapons, they were intercepted by U.S.
Naval forces
United States
Gulf of Mexico
Mexico
Cuba
Belize
Guatemala
Honduras
El Salvador
Puerto
Rico
Dominican
Republic
Caribbean Sea
Nicaragua
Costa Rica
Venezuela
Panama
Colombia
To avoid confrontation, the Soviets circled back
The U.S. won the standoff!!
United States
Gulf of Mexico
Mexico
Cuba
Belize
Guatemala
Honduras
El Salvador
Puerto
Rico
Dominican
Republic
Caribbean Sea
Nicaragua
Costa Rica
Venezuela
Panama
Colombia
The world seemed doomed to nuclear war for
a period of about 13 days
United States
Gulf of Mexico
Mexico
Cuba
Belize
Guatemala
Honduras
El Salvador
Puerto
Rico
Dominican
Republic
Caribbean Sea
Nicaragua
Costa Rica
Venezuela
Panama
Colombia
U.S.: full withdrawal of nuclear missiles in Cuba
U.S.S.R.: promise to never invade Castro’s Cuba & removal of
some intercontinental missiles in Greece & Turkey
Cold War Timeline in Latin America
1954—CIA aids coup of Guatemala
1959—Fidel Castro’s coup creates pro-USSR government
1960—CIA supports coup in El Salvador
1961—CIA trains 1,400 Cuban exiles for Bay of Pigs invasion
1961—CIA-backed coup overthrows communist friendly
Ecuador
1963—CIA-backed coup overthrows suspected communist
leader in Dominican Republic
1964—U.S. military aids coup in Brazil after leader
nationalized oil industry
1973—U.S. aids coup in Chile because he opposes
communism (he terminates civil liberties in Chile)
1980—U.S. supports anti-communist regime in El Salvador
1981—CIA aids “Contras” in Nicaragua
1983—U.S. trains Mejia to start coup in Guatemala
1983—U.S. invades Grenada to stop communist revolution
1989—U.S. invades Panama to oust Noriega for drug
trafficking
The Soviet Union’s Vietnam
Afghanistan
•USSR invasion in 1979
Soviet
Union
EUROPE
Turkey
Iraq
China
Iran
Saudi
Arabia
India
AFRICA
Indian Ocean
During the
1970’s
Afghanistan
had a proSoviet regime
Soviet
Union
EUROPE
Turkey
Iraq
China
Iran
Saudi
Arabia
India
AFRICA
Indian Ocean
In 1979, the
Soviets
invaded
Afghanistan
Soviet
Union
EUROPE
Turkey
Iraq
China
Iran
Saudi
Arabia
India
AFRICA
Indian Ocean
In 1989, the
Soviets
withdrew from
Afghanistan
Cold War Sports
The Olympics
o1972 Munich Summer Games
o1980 Winter Olympics (Lake Placid, New
York)
o1980 Summer Olympics (Moscow, Russia)
o1984 Summer Olympics (Los Angeles,
California)
The first rule of Olympic competition was amateur
athletes instead of professional. The two great problems
of Cold War Olympics were:
1. Soviet Bloc athletes trained full-time but maintained
amateur status—giving them an unfair advantage
2. Judged events were susceptible to “Western” or
Communist bias
Palestinians storm the Olympic Village and murder 11
Israeli athletes in the middle of the games
The United States men’s
basketball team had
never lost an Olympic
game until the gold
medal match between
the USA and USSR in
1972.
The USSR was granted
several “do-overs” until
they finally scored in the
final seconds to defeat
the USA at the buzzer.
To this day, every USA
player has refused to
accept their silver
The USSR’s dominance
in hockey was
undeniable. They had
captured nearly every
world title and Olympic
gold since 1956. The
1980 USSR hockey
team defeated the NHL
All-Stars 6-0 and had
defeated Team USA in
an exhibition less than
a month before 10 to 3.
Trailing 2 goals to 3 in
the final period Team
USA scored 2
unanswered goals to
complete “the Miracle
Following the Soviet invasion of
Afghanistan, President Jimmy
Carter gave the USSR an
ultimatum to withdraw or the
United States would boycott the
Moscow Summer Games in the fall
of 1980.
Los Angeles 1984 Summer Games
In retaliation for the 1980 Moscow Boycott, the
USSR and the Soviet Bloc skipped the Olympics
in the United States. Unlike the previous games,
their non-attendance was not the financial
punishment that the United States delivered to
the communists in 1980.
Israel and Middle East
Conflict
The World War I British mandate of Palestine
1917 – Balfour Declaration
Palestine existed as a
mandate through World
War II.
Zionists wanted a Jewish
homeland created there.
The predominantly Arab
population living there
wanted their freedom
granted but without an
increase in the Jewish
population.
•Key Geographical Points
•Galilee along the border with
Christian dominated Lebanon
•The strategic Golan Heights
taken from Syria
•Arab Palestinian dominated
Gaza Strip and the West Bank
•The holy city of Jerusalem,
sacred to Jews, Christians and
Muslims
•The historic Dead Sea
•The historically Egyptian Sinai
Peninsula
•The Suez Canal, Gulf of Suez
and Gulf of Aqaba; all important to
Israel for trade
•Palestine existed as a
mandate through World
War II.
•Zionists wanted a
Jewish homeland created
there.
•The predominantly Arab
population living there
wanted their freedom
granted but without an
increase in the Jewish
population.
In 1947 it was proposed
that Palestine be divided
into two separate nations
– the Arab state of
Palestine
In 1947 it was proposed
that Palestine be divided
into two separate nations
– the Arab state of
Palestine
In 1947 it was proposed
that Palestine be divided
into two separate nations
– the Arab state of
Palestine
In 1947 it was proposed
that Palestine be divided
into two separate nations
– the Arab state of
Palestine
In 1947 it was proposed
that Palestine be divided
into two separate nations
– the Arab state of
Palestine and the Jewish
state of Israel.
In 1947 it was proposed
that Palestine be divided
into two separate nations
– the Arab state of
Palestine and the Jewish
state of Israel.
In 1947 it was proposed
that Palestine be divided
into two separate nations
– the Arab state of
Palestine and the Jewish
state of Israel.
In 1947 it was proposed
that Palestine be divided
into two separate nations
– the Arab state of
Palestine and the Jewish
state of Israel.
In 1947 it was proposed
that Palestine be divided
into two separate nations
– the Arab state of
Palestine and the Jewish
state of Israel. This would
divide the territory. In
1948, the United Nations
adopted the proposal.
Israel’s Arab neighbors
attacked within 24 hours
of the creation of the state
of Israel.
Israel’s Arab neighbors
attacked within 24 hours
of the creation of the state
of Israel.
In a few months, Israel
had defeated their
attackers and controlled
half of what had been the
Arab Palestine. The
Eisenhower Doctrine and
a pro-Israeli foreign policy
placed the United States
in the middle of the
conflict.
In a few months, Israel
had defeated their
attackers and controlled
half of what had been the
Arab Palestine.
In a few months, Israel
had defeated their
attackers and controlled
half of what had been the
Arab Palestine.
In a few months, Israel
had defeated their
attackers and controlled
half of what had been the
Arab Palestine.
In a few months, Israel
had defeated their
attackers and controlled
half of what had been the
Arab Palestine.
Palestine and Israel by
the end of 1949.
In the Six Day War of
1967, Israel took the West
Bank
In the Six Day War of
1967, Israel took the West
Bank and the Gaza Strip,
ending the existence of
Palestine
In the Six Day War of
1967, Israel took the West
Bank and the Gaza Strip,
ending the existence of
Palestine. They also took
the Sinai Peninsula from
Egypt
In the Six Day War of
1967, Israel took the West
Bank and the Gaza Strip,
ending the existence of
Palestine. They also took
the Sinai Peninsula from
Egypt and the Golan
Heights from Syria.
By the end of 1967, Israel
was nearly four times its
original size.
Palestine ceased to exist,
being absorbed by her
Arab neighbors and then
Israel.
Egypt had their enemy,
Israel, just across the
Suez Canal.
In the late 1970’s, the
U.S. sponsored meetings
between Israel and Egypt
leading to the Camp
David Accords and a
strained peace.
In 1982, the Sinai was
returned to Egypt.
In the late 1970’s, the
U.S. sponsored meetings
between Israel and Egypt
leading to the Camp
David Accords and a
strained peace.
In 1982, the Sinai was
returned to Egypt.
In the late 1970’s, the
U.S. sponsored meetings
between Israel and Egypt
leading to the Camp
David Accords and a
strained peace.
In 1982, the Sinai was
returned to Egypt.
In the late 1970’s, the
U.S. sponsored meetings
between Israel and Egypt
leading to the Camp
David Accords and a
strained peace.
In 1982, the Sinai was
returned to Egypt.
In 1993, an historic
agreement between
Israel and the PLO gave
limited autonomy to the
Palestinians in the West
Bank under the
Palestinian Authority led
by Yasir Arafat.
In 1993, an historic
agreement between
Israel and the PLO gave
limited autonomy to the
Palestinians in the West
Bank under the
Palestinian Authority led
by Yasir Arafat.
In 1993, an historic
agreement between
Israel and the PLO gave
limited autonomy to the
Palestinians in the West
Bank under the
Palestinian Authority led
by Yasir Arafat.
In 1993, an historic
agreement between
Israel and the PLO gave
limited autonomy to the
Palestinians in the West
Bank under the
Palestinian Authority led
by Yasir Arafat. Recent
events have all but wiped
out the hope that
agreement brought to the
region.
Collapse of the Soviet Union
ECONOMIC
•command economy
•military costs
•low production levels
POLITICAL
•resistance of Satellite States and non-Russian
republics
•corruption
•lack of freedom (glasnost & perestroika)
Soviet Union
As the Soviet hold
weakened, the
Satellite States
began to establish
themselves
independently
Poland
East
Germany
Czechoslovakia
Hungary
Romania
Bulgaria
Non-Russian Republics
• Estonia
• Uzbekistan
• Latvia
• Turkmenistan
• Lithuania
• Kyrgyzstan
• Belarus
• Tajikistan
• Ukraine
• Armenia
• Moldova
• Georgia
• Kazakhstan
• Azerbaijan
Russia
Estonia
Latvia
Lithuania
Belarus
Germany Poland
Ukraine
Moldova
Romania
Africa
The Soviet Union dissolved
and the non-Russian
republics began to set up
their own governments
Russia
EUROPE
Kazakhstan
Georgia
Uzbekistan Kyrgyzstan
Armenia Azerbaijan
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
AFRICA
The Soviet Union
dissolved and
the non-Russian
republics began
to set up their
own
governments
Collapse of the Soviet
Union
Reagan vs. Gorbachev
In 1989, the
Communist hold
began weakening
and in 1991 the
Warsaw Pact was
dissolved
Germany
The re-unification of
Germany led to the
former East German
territory becoming
part of NATO
Political concerns led to
the creation of the
Partnership for Peace in
1994 which included,
among other nations,
Russia and most of the
former Warsaw Pact states
Poland
Czech Republic
Hungary
Poland, Hungary
and the Czech
Republic were
admitted to
NATO in 1999
Estonia
Latvia
Lithuania
Slovakia
Slovenia
Romania
Bulgaria
In 2003, Latvia,
Lithuania, Estonia,
Slovakia, Slovenia,
Romania and
Bulgaria were
conditionally
admitted
Albania and
Macedonia are
on a candidate
waiting list for
membership
Macedonia
Albania
Croatia
Croatia has applied
for membership and
is waiting to hear
about becoming a
candidate
Venezuela
Colombia
Ecuador
Brazil
Peru
Bolivia
United States
Argentina
Uruguay
Dominican
Haiti Republic
Mexico
Guatemala Honduras
El Salvador Nicaragua
Costa Rica
Panama
21
nations
Organization of American States (OAS) 1948
Caribbean Sea
Barbados
Trinidad and Tobago
Venezuela
Colombia
Ecuador
Brazil
Peru
Bolivia
United States
Argentina
Uruguay
Gulf of Mexico
Dominican
Haiti Republic
Mexico
Guatemala Honduras
El Salvador Nicaragua
Costa Rica
Barbados and
Trinidad &
Tobago added
Panama
Organization of American States (OAS) 1967
Venezuela
Colombia
Ecuador
Brazil
Peru
Bolivia
United States
Argentina
Uruguay
Dominican
Haiti Republic
Mexico
Jamaica
Guatemala Honduras
El Salvador Nicaragua
Costa Rica
Panama
Jamaica
added
Organization of American States (OAS) 1969
Grenada
Venezuela
Colombia
Ecuador
Brazil
Peru
Bolivia
United States
Argentina
Uruguay
Dominican
Haiti Republic
Mexico
Guatemala Honduras
El Salvador Nicaragua
Costa Rica
Grenada added
Panama
Organization of American States (OAS) 1975
Venezuela
Suriname
Colombia
Ecuador
Brazil
Peru
Bolivia
United States
Argentina
Uruguay
Dominican
Haiti Republic
Mexico
Guatemala Honduras
El Salvador Nicaragua
Costa Rica
Panama
Suriname
added
Organization of American States (OAS) 1977
Dominica
St. Lucia
Venezuela
Colombia
Ecuador
Brazil
Peru
Bolivia
United States
Argentina
Uruguay
Dominican
Haiti Republic
Mexico
Guatemala Honduras
El Salvador Nicaragua
Costa Rica
Panama
Dominica and
Saint Lucia
added
Organization of American States (OAS) 1979
Antugua and Barbuda
St. Vincent and the Grenadines
Venezuela
Colombia
Ecuador
Brazil
Peru
Bolivia
United States
Argentina
Uruguay
Dominican
Haiti Republic
Mexico
Guatemala Honduras
El Salvador Nicaragua
Costa Rica
Panama
Antigua &
Barbuda and
Saint Vincent &
the Grenadines
added
Organization of American States (OAS) 1981
Venezuela
Colombia
Ecuador
Brazil
Peru
Bolivia
United States
Argentina
Uruguay
The Bahamas
Dominican
Haiti Republic
Mexico
Guatemala Honduras
El Salvador Nicaragua
Costa Rica
Panama
The Bahamas
added
Organization of American States (OAS) 1982
St. Kitts and Nevis
Venezuela
Colombia
Ecuador
Brazil
Peru
Bolivia
United States
Argentina
Uruguay
Dominican
Haiti Republic
Mexico
Guatemala Honduras
El Salvador Nicaragua
Costa Rica
Panama
St. Kitts and
Nevis added
Organization of American States (OAS) 1984
Venezuela
Colombia
Ecuador
Canada
Brazil
Peru
Bolivia
United States
Argentina
Uruguay
Dominican
Haiti Republic
Mexico
Guatemala Honduras
El Salvador Nicaragua
Costa Rica
Panama
Canada
added
Organization of American States (OAS) 1990
Venezuela
Guyana
Colombia
Ecuador
Brazil
Peru
Bolivia
United States
Argentina
Uruguay
Dominican
Haiti Republic
Mexico
Belize
Honduras
Guatemala
El Salvador Nicaragua
Costa Rica
Panama
Belize and
Guyana
added
Organization of American States (OAS) 1991
Antugua and Barbuda
St. Kitts and Nevis
Dominica
St. Vincent and the Grenadines
St. Lucia
Grenada
Barbados
Trinidad and Tobago
Venezuela
Guyana
Suriname
Colombia
Ecuador
Canada
Brazil
Peru
Bolivia
United States
Argentina
Uruguay
The Bahamas
Dominican
Haiti Republic
Mexico
Belize Jamaica
Guatemala Honduras
El Salvador Nicaragua
Costa Rica
Panama
35
nations
Organization of American States (OAS) today
Victory in the Cold War and the
results elsewhere in the World
Socialism/Communism failed
in practical use in world
history. Even China has
opened its global economy in
order to expand its world
power.
The Goddess of Democracy, carved and
erected in Tiananmen Square in 1989