Transcript Georgia and the Modern Civil Rights Movement

Georgia
and the
Modern Civil Rights
Movement
SS8H11 - The student will evaluate the role of
Georgia in the modern civil rights movement.
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SS8H11a - The student will describe the major developments in civil rights and
Georgia’s role during the 1940s and 1950s to include the roles of :
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Herman Talmadge
Benjamin Mays
1946 governor’s race
End of the white primary
Brown vs. Board of Education
Martin Luther King, Jr.
1956 state flag
In the 1940s and 1950s, Georgia took a central role in the
demand for change for African Americans in the U.S.
The influence of BENJAMIN MAYS, father of the
Modern Civil Rights Movement
• Minister & educator; President
of Morehouse College in Atlanta
• Influenced by the non-violent
teachings of Gandhi
• Believed that all human beings
must be treated with dignity
• Spoke out against segregation
before the Civil Rights
movement began
• Worked with the NAACP
• Became a teacher and fatherfigure (mentor) to Martin
Luther King, Jr.
The influence of MARTIN LUTHER KING, JR., leader of
the Modern Civil Rights Movement
• Born in Atlanta, GA
• Studied at Morehouse College under
Benjamin Mays
• Believed in non-violent methods of
protest to bring about change:
marches, demonstrations, and
boycotts.
• Led a bus boycott that ended bus
segregation in Montgomery, AL.
• Founded the Southern Christian
Leadership Conference (SCLC) to
lead anti-discrimination protests.
• Led March on Washington
• Won Nobel Peace Prize
THE GOVERNMENT GETS INVOLVED!!!
In 1946, the courts ruled that the Democratic white
primary in Georgia was an unconstitutional violation of
the 14th Amendment (the “equal protection” clause).
After the 1946 election of Herman Talmadge, and for a
time, several segregationists politicians were elected by
Georgia voters who worked to continue Jim Crow laws in
the state.
THE GOVERNMENT GETS INVOLVED!!!
• The “Three Governor’s Controversy” - In November 1946,
Eugene Talmadge was elected for a fourth term as
governor, but died before taking office. A struggle
ensued, with three men claiming the office.
Herman Talmadge - the son of Eugene Talmadge
Ellis Arnall - the current Governor
Melvin E. Thompson - the Lieutenant Governor
The contested election was challenged in court, and the GA Supreme
Court determined that M.E. Thompson was the legal governor. In
1948 a special election was held and Talmadge defeated Thomas.
The governors that followed the 1946 election were segregationists.
THE GOVERNMENT GETS INVOLVED!!!
Brown vs. Board of Education
• In 1954, the National Association for the Advancement of
Colored People (NAACP) won a landmark decision in the
United States Supreme Court.
• According to the Supreme Court, segregated schools were
unconstitutional (the “equal Protection” clause).
“Separate but equal”
was now illegal because.
SEPARATE IS NEVER EQUAL!!!
Many southern states protested the Supreme
Court’s decision,
including Georgia
MASSIVE RESISTANCE!!!
Brown vs. Board of Education
In 1956, to demonstrate its disagreement with the
decision,
GA changed its state flag to include the Confederate
battle flag.
By the 1960s, the Civil Rights Movement was well
underway and was gaining momentum
The founding of the SNCC
• Several students adopted King’s strategy of nonviolent protest and formed the Student
• Non-Violent Coordinating Committee.
• One of the leaders of SNCC was Georgia native
and Morehouse College graduate, Julian Bond.
Bond was later elected to the U.S. Senate for
Georgia.
• SNCC used sit-ins at lunch counters, Freedom
rides to raise awarness and later expanded to
promote voter registration in the South.
• Part of the Albany Movement
The Sibley Commission
• After schools were ordered desegregated in
1954 by the Brown decision, Georgia refused
to cooperate and threatened to stop funding
(through the General Assembly)
any schools that integrated.
• In 1960, Georgia’s government formed a
commission to ask Georgians how they felt
about the matter. The commission was led
by influential Atlanta lawyer John Sibley.
The Sibley Commission
According to the Commission’s findings...
GA had mixed feelings
Therefore, Sibley recommended:
a) Each school district should be able to decide
for itself their own policy on integration
b) State laws punishing integrated schools should
be repealed
John Sibley: head of the General Assembly Committee on Schools and Murphy chandler.
The Integration of
the University of Georgia
• By order of the U.S. District Court in Athens,
GA, the University of Georgia was ordered to
be integrated.
• Despite angry protests and threats, Charlayne
Hunter and Hamilton Holmes became the
first two African- Americans
to enroll at UGA.
The Albany Movement
From fall 1961 to summer 1962, a desegregation movement
took place in Albany, GA, involving the NAACP and
SNCC.
Goal - Bring national attention to the Civil Rights movement
by ending all types of segregation in Albany (buses,
trains, libraries, hospitals, juries, etc. ).
In order to draw American attention
to Albany, the NAACP and SNCC recruited
The Albany Movement
• Despite King’s assistance, the Albany movement
FAILED
• By December 1961, 500 protesters were arrested.
• Albany’s police chief used peaceful tactics to
avoid negative publicity.
• The NAACP and the SNCC were often at odds with
one another.
• The Albany movement did not concentrate on a
single kind of segregation –
IT TRIED TO DO TOO MUCH
The March on Washington
• In August 1963, more than 250,000 people
converged on Washington, D.C. to demand
equal rights for blacks.
• Here, Martin Luther King, Jr. delivered his
famous “I Have a Dream”speech ...
• As a result of this march
led to the Civil Rights
Act of 1964
The Civil Rights Act of 1964
• Washington led the Senate to consider passing
the Civil Rights Act, prohibiting discrimination in
all public places and making it illegal to
discriminate in employment on the basis of race
or sex.
http://www.todayingeorgiahistory.org/content/civil
-rights-act-1964
Voting Rights Act of 1965
This act prohibited states from imposing any
voting qualification on voting or denying the
rights of any citizen of the United States to
vote on account of race or color.
The Civil Rights Act of 1964
The Civil Rights Act was signed into law by
U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson, widely considered
the Civil Rights President.
• Johnson considered this his greatest achievement
as United States President.
The Election of Governor
Lester Maddox
• Lester Maddox became • In 1966, Maddox ran for
Governor and was elected.
a GA celebrity in 1964
when he chose to close • He surprised many by
his Atlanta restaurant
hiring more blacks for
rather than comply with
government jobs than any
the Civil Rights Act.
previous Governor of GA.
• Last segregationist governor
in Ga.
As Governor, he supported prison reform and increased
spending for GA’s universities. He also started “People’s
Day” where, once a month, average citizens could come talk to
the Governor directly at the Governor’s office.
Mayor Maynard Jackson
• By 1973, Atlanta’s
population became an
African- American majority.
• Maynard Jackson defeated
the popular Mayor Sam
Massell (who was popular
with blacks as well) to
become the first AfricanAmerican mayor of a major
American city.
One of GA’s greatest Civil Right’s leaders
was Andrew Young:
• In the 1950s and 1960s, Young
organized voter registration and
desegregation efforts in Albany
and other southern cities, trained
volunteers in non-violent protest.
• He worked closely with MLK, Jr.
and the SCLC.
• In 1972, Young was elected to the
U.S. House of Representatives, the
first black elected from GA since
Reconstruction.
Andrew Young
• In 1977, President Jimmy
Carter appointed Young to be
the U.S. Ambassador to the
United Nations.
• In 1981, he succeeded
Maynard Jackson as mayor of
Atlanta.
• In 1996, he served as cochairman of the Atlanta
Commission on the Olympic
Games (ACOG).
What do you remember about
the Modern Civil Rights Movement???
____1. Unsuccessful civil rights effort in Georgia.
A. Maynard Jackson
___ 2. Mentor to Martin Luther KIng
B. 1956 State Flag
___ 3. Most important Civil Rights leader; “I have a dream”
C. Lester Maddox
___ 4. Created to ask Georgians their opinion on desegregation
D. Martin Luther King
___ 5. Declared that school segregation is unconstitutional
E. Hamilton Holmes
___ 6. Georgia’s protest-response to the Civil Rights movement
F. Brown vs. BOE
___ 7. Closed his restaurant rather than serve blacks
G. Albany Movement
___ 8. One of the first two African-American students at UGA
H. Sibley Commission
___ 9. The first black mayor of Atlanta
I. Benjamin Mays
ENDURING UNDERSTANDINGS
Conflict causes changes in societies.
Respond in writing to the following:
In what ways were the modern Civil Rights
movement a conflict?
What changes resulted from the movement?
Jimmy Carter
39th President of the United States
State Senator
Governor-very popular
President of the United States
Winner of the Nobel Peace Prize
From Plains , Ga. Naval graduate
As governor:
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Jimmy Carter
As Governor:
Called for the end of racial
discrimination
He reorganized the state
government and state
agencies. Eliminated unneeded agencies-saved $$.
Improved Georgia’s education,
health, justice and mental
health systems.
Appointed more women and
minorities than previous
governors.
As President
Peace between Israel and
Egypt
Problems plagued his
presidency
Oil Embargo
Iranian Hostage crisis
High Interest Rates
Jimmy Carter
Since presidencyAuthor
Works with Habitat for Humanity
Noble Peace Prize for his continued peace efforts
and his unwavering support for human rights
End of the County Unit System
What was the county unit 1962-Supreme Court ruled it
system?
violated the “ one man,
one vote”
What group did it favor?
Reapportionments of
districtsGeorgia divides its districts
by geography not
population
Supreme Court: must be by
population
Results of Reapportionment
Effect on Georgia:
 Elections were more fair
 One man, one vote
 African Americans and whites who lived in
urban areas finally had an equal say
 African Americans were elected into public
office
2 Party System in GA
• Political Parties are organizations that seek to elect their
members to public office.
• The goal of the party is to control the government by
winning elections
• 2 main political parties: Democrats and Republicans
• In Primary elections Voters select the person who will
represent the party in the general election
• Primaries are open to members of both parties
• You may only vote in one party primary
Political Trends in Georgia
• After the Civil War in Georgia politics were dominated
by the Democratic Party
• Over the years GA has moved from a 1 Party to a 2
Party state.
Factors in this change:
1. End of the county unit system
2. Reapportionment
3. 1960’s civil rights movement
Rise of two party system in Georgia
So, which political party had been in control of
Georgia since Reconstruction?
Democrats
People started to shift with Roosevelt’s New Deal
policies.
Republicans favored “smaller federal
government” shifting some federal power back
to the states.
Shift slow at state and local level
2002 Georgia elected its first Republican governor
since Reconstruction: Sonny Perdue
2 Party System
Can you answer the Essential Question ???
• What is the difference between the one and two
party system in Georgia and how did the rise of the
latter impact Georgia?
• How has reapportionment affected the power of
political parties in Georgia?
Olympic Games in Georgia
1996
Impact on Georgia
Games held in Atlanta, Savannah, and Athens
Atlanta hub for conventions and sporting events
Busiest airport
Impact on Georgia
Construction
Jobs
Revenue
New developments
International recognition
Immigration
Georgia is now the eleventh largest state in the
nation, according to the Census Bureau. Next to
Florida, Georgia is the fastest growing state in
the South. Over the past 25 years, the state's
growth has been nearly double the overall rate
of increase for the nation. the state has surged
from 2.2 million inhabitants at the turn of the
20th century to over seven million today.
But could that population growth be too much
of a good thing?
Immigration
Why would people come to Georgia?
What groups came to Georgia during
different historical periods?
Immigration
1970’s-1980’s thousands of immigrants came to
Georgia. Mainly from Asian countries and from
Latin America
Hispanic Immigrants
Fastest growing culture
in the state
Since the 1990 census, new immigrant settlement
in Georgia has averaged over 10,000 per year.
Three industries helped bring Latino’s to
Georgia
Agricultural :
immigrants a source of cheap labor
Poultry industry
Carpet/Manufacturing
source of cheap labor to compete with world markets
Construction Industry
influx during Olympic games
Population Growth
Factors for Population Growth
• Good climate
• Good jobs
• Low cost of living
Immigration in Georgia
Pro’s
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Cheap labor
Growth of population
Revenue
People spending money
More representation in
government-voting
Con’s
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Illegal immigrants
Cost on schools
Health care
Public transportation
housing
Solutions
• Senate Bill 87passed in 2011 allows law
enforcement to ask about immigration status when
investigating and punishes those who use fake ID
to get jobs .
• Part of this law has been blocked by a federal
court.
Can you answer the following??
• What is the impact of immigration on our
state?
• Why has the population of Georgia increased
at a more dramatic rate when compared to
other states and regions?
Modern Georgia
Jimmy
Carter
End of the
county unit
system
New
Immigrants
Changing
times for
Modern
Georgia
Olympics
2 party
system