Transcript cont.

Chapter Introduction
Section 1 The Nixon Administration
Section 2 The Watergate Scandal
Section 3 Ford and Carter
Section 4 The “Me” Decade:
Life in the 1970s
Chapter Summary
Chapter Assessment
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Chapter Objectives
Section 1: The Nixon Agenda
• Describe Nixon’s domestic agenda.
• Discuss Nixon’s foreign policy achievements.
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Chapter Objectives
Section 2: The Watergate Scandal
• Describe the character of Richard Nixon and
the attitude of his White House.
• Explain the Watergate scandal and discuss
its effects.
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Chapter Objectives
Section 3: Ford and Carter
• Explain the reasons for economic troubles in
the United States during the 1970s.
• Discuss Jimmy Carter’s domestic and foreign
policies.
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Chapter Objectives
Section 4: The “Me” Decade:
Life in the 1970s
• Explain the emergence of new spiritual
movements and religions.
• Discuss the disappearance of some traditional
values during the 1970s.
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Why It Matters
The protests of the 1960s were passionate
and sometimes violent. The nation elected
President Nixon on a promise to uphold
the values of what Nixon called “Middle
America.” In foreign policy, Nixon charted
a new path with a historic visit to China.
At home he introduced “New Federalism.”
In 1974 the Watergate scandal forced
Nixon to resign. Presidents Ford and
Carter faced an economic downturn and a
major energy crisis.
The Impact Today
Experiences of the 1970s have had an
impact today.
• The Watergate scandal has left many
Americans less confident in political
leaders.
• The Department of Energy, created
by President Carter, still exists as a
cabinet-level agency.
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continued
on next slide
Guide to Reading
Main Idea
President Nixon sought to restore law and order
and traditional values at home and to ease Cold
War tensions abroad.
Key Terms and Names
• Southern strategy
• Henry Kissinger
• revenue sharing
• détente
• impound
• summit
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Guide to Reading (cont.)
Reading Strategy
Organizing As you read about President Nixon’s
administration, complete a graphic organizer
similar to the one on page 832 of your textbook
by listing his domestic and foreign policies.
Reading Objectives
• Describe Nixon’s domestic agenda.
• Discuss Nixon’s foreign policy achievements.
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Guide to Reading (cont.)
Section Theme
Global Connections One of President Nixon’s
most dramatic accomplishments was changing
the relationship between the United States,
Communist China, and the Soviet Union.
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Appealing to Middle America
• Many Americans supported the
government and longed for an end
to the violence of the 1960s.
• The 1968 Republican presidential
candidate, Richard Nixon, appealed
to the people whom he called “Middle
America.”
• He promised them peace in Vietnam,
law and order, a streamlined
government, and a return to
conservative values.
(pages 832–835)
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Appealing to Middle America (cont.)
• The Democratic nominee, Hubert
Humphrey, and a third party-candidate,
George Wallace, could not stop Nixon.
• He won, receiving 43.4 percent of the
popular vote.
(pages 832–835)
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Appealing to Middle America (cont.)
• Much of Nixon’s success in the election
came from the South.
• Nixon had promised to appoint
conservatives to the federal courts,
to name a Southerner to the Supreme
Court, to oppose court-ordered busing,
and to choose a vice president
acceptable to the South.
• As a result, a large number of white
Southerners left the Democratic Party
and voted for Nixon.
(pages 832–835)
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Appealing to Middle America (cont.)
• After his election victory, Nixon began
the Southern strategy to win even more
Southerners to the Republican Party.
• He took steps to slow desegregation.
• To keep his promise of law and order,
Nixon set out to battle American crime.
Nixon criticized the Supreme Court
regarding expanded rights for accused
criminals.
• He appointed several conservative judges
to the Supreme Court, including one from
the South.
(pages 832–835)
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Appealing to Middle America (cont.)
• Nixon’s Republican leaders dismantled
several federal programs and gave more
control to state and local governments.
• Under Nixon’s New Federalism program,
Congress passed a series of revenuesharing bills that provided federal funds
to state and local agencies.
• Intended to give state and local agencies
increased power, it actually led to a
greater dependency on federal funds.
(pages 832–835)
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Appealing to Middle America (cont.)
• In 1969 Nixon proposed replacing the
existing Aid to Families with Dependant
Children (AFDC) welfare program with
the Family Assistance Plan.
• The plan would give needy families
a guaranteed yearly grant of $1,600.
• The program won House approval but
was later defeated in the Senate.
(pages 832–835)
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Appealing to Middle America (cont.)
Why did Richard Nixon appeal to “Middle
America” in the 1968 presidential election?
He aimed many of his campaign messages
to “Middle America.” He promised them
“peace with honor” in Vietnam, law and
order, a streamlined government, and a
return to more conservative times.
(pages 832–835)
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Nixon’s Foreign Policy
• President Nixon’s administration focused
mainly on the subject of foreign affairs.
• Nixon chose former Harvard professor
Henry Kissinger as his national
security adviser.
• Nixon and Kissinger put their foreign
policy in place and attempted friendlier
relations with the Soviet Union and
China.
(pages 835–837)
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Nixon’s Foreign Policy (cont.)
• Nixon was anti-Communist but came to
reject the idea of a bipolar world with
the United States and the Soviet Union
confronting each other.
• Nixon felt the “multipolar” world would
need a different approach.
• With the help of Kissinger, Nixon created
the approach of détente, or relaxation of
tensions between the United States and
its two major Communist rivals–the Soviet
Union and China.
(pages 835–837)
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Nixon’s Foreign Policy (cont.)
• Nixon argued that the United States had
to build a better relationship with its rivals
to ensure world peace.
• To ease tensions with China, Nixon
lifted trade and travel restrictions and
withdrew the Seventh Fleet from
defending Taiwan.
• In February 1972, Nixon took a historic
trip to China, where both leaders
agreed to better relations between the
nations.
(pages 835–837)
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Nixon’s Foreign Policy (cont.)
• After learning of the negotiations between
the United States and China, the Soviet
Union suggested an American-Soviet
summit, or high-level diplomatic meeting,
in May 1972.
• Nixon became the first president since
World War II to visit the Soviet Union.
• During the summit, the countries
signed the first Strategic Arms
Limitation Treaty (SALT I) to limit
nuclear arms.
(pages 835–837)
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Nixon’s Foreign Policy (cont.)
• The countries agreed to increase trade
and the exchange of scientific
information.
(pages 835–837)
Nixon’s Foreign Policy (cont.)
What views on foreign policy did President
Nixon and his national security adviser
Henry Kissinger share?
Both believed in a gradual withdrawal from
Vietnam, a practical approach to foreign
policy to continue to contain communism,
and the use of engagement and
negotiations to achieve international goals.
(pages 835–837)
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Checking for Understanding
Define Match the terms on the right with their definitions on
the left.
__
A 1. to take possession
A. impound
__
C 2. a meeting of heads of
government
B. détente
__
B 3. a policy which attempts to
relax or ease tensions
between nations
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C. summit
Checking for Understanding (cont.)
Describe Nixon’s New Federalism
policy.
He granted federal funds to state
and local agencies.
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Reviewing Themes
Global Connections What were the
results of Nixon’s policy of détente?
Détente eased tensions between the
United States and the Soviet Union
and led to more normal relations
between the U.S. and China.
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Critical Thinking
Evaluating How did Nixon’s China visit
affect Soviet relations?
The Soviet Union became more
accommodating to the United States.
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Analyzing Visuals
Analyzing Political Cartoons Study
the cartoon on page 836 of your
textbook. What is the artist’s message
about the impact of the arms buildup
on the average citizen in both the Soviet
Union and the United States?
The arms race burdened citizens.
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Close
Discuss Nixon’s foreign policy
achievements.
Guide to Reading
Main Idea
During his second term, President Nixon became
embroiled in a scandal that ultimately forced him
to resign.
Key Terms and Names
• Sam J. Ervin
• impeach
• John Dean
• Federal Campaign
Act Amendments
• executive privilege
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Guide to Reading (cont.)
Reading Strategy
Taking Notes As you read about the Watergate
scandal, use the major headings of the section
to create an outline similar to the one on page
838 of your textbook.
Reading Objectives
• Describe the character of Richard Nixon and
the attitude of his White House.
• Explain the Watergate scandal and discuss
its effects.
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Guide to Reading (cont.)
Section Theme
Government and Democracy The Watergate
scandal intensified the lingering distrust of
government that had grown in the United
States during the Vietnam War.
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The Roots of Watergate
• The Watergate scandal began as the
Nixon administration attempted to cover
up its involvement in the break-in at the
Democratic National Committee (DNC)
headquarters, as well as other illegal
actions committed during Nixon’s reelection campaign.
• Richard Nixon had become defensive,
secretive, and resentful of his critics
during his long and difficult climb to
the presidency.
(pages 838–840)
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The Roots of Watergate (cont.)
• He went as far as creating an “enemies
list,” naming people from politicians to
members of the media.
• In an effort to win re-election, Nixon and
his team looked for ways to gain an edge
anyway they could.
• On June 17, 1972, five Nixon supporters
broke into the Democratic Party’s
headquarters to locate campaign
information and install wiretaps on
telephones.
(pages 838–840)
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The Roots of Watergate (cont.)
• Discovered by a security guard, the
burglars were arrested.
• One of the burglars, James McCord,
was an ex-CIA official and a member
of the Committee for the Re-election
of the President (CRP).
• As the questions about the break-ins
began, the cover-up started.
• Although it is thought that Nixon did
not order the break-in, it is believed
that he did order the cover-up.
(pages 838–840)
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The Roots of Watergate (cont.)
• Most Americans believed the president
when he claimed he had no involvement
in the break-in, and Nixon won re-election
in 1972.
(pages 838–840)
The Roots of Watergate (cont.)
Why was Nixon’s hope of re-election
uncertain?
Although he had a high approval rating
after the summit meetings, the unpopular
Vietnam War still dragged on. Nixon’s staff
was worried about the close margin of the
1968 victory.
(pages 838–840)
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The Cover-Up Unravels
• In 1973 the Watergate burglars went
on trial.
• Defendant James McCord agreed
to cooperate with the grand jury
investigation and the Senate’s Select
Committee on Presidential Campaign
Activities, established under Senator
Sam J. Ervin of North Carolina.
• McCord’s testimony created a floodgate
of confessions, and officials and White
House staff exposed illegalities.
(pages 840–842)
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The Cover-Up Unravels (cont.)
• Counsel to the president John Dean
leveled allegations against Nixon
himself.
• John Dean testified before Senator
Erwin’s committee that Attorney
General John Mitchell ordered the
Watergate break-in and Nixon was
active in its cover-up.
(pages 840–842)
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The Cover-Up Unravels (cont.)
• On July 16, White House aide Alexander
Butterfield testified that Nixon had
ordered a taping system installed in the
White House to record all conversations
to help him write his memoirs once he
left office.
• These tapes were sought by all groups
investigating the scandal. Nixon refused
to hand over the tapes, pleading
executive privilege–the principle that
White House conversations be kept
confidential to protect national security.
(pages 840–842)
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The Cover-Up Unravels (cont.)
• In the fall of 1973, Vice President Spiro
Agnew was forced to resign after it was
discovered he had taken bribes from
state contractors while governor of
Maryland.
• The Republican leader of the House of
Representatives, Gerald Ford, became
the new vice president.
(pages 840–842)
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The Cover-Up Unravels (cont.)
• Nixon released edited transcripts of the
tapes in April 1974, claiming they proved
him innocent.
• Investigators went to court again to force
Nixon to turn over unedited tapes.
• In July the Supreme Court ruled that
Nixon had to turn over the unedited
tapes.
(pages 840–842)
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The Cover-Up Unravels (cont.)
• The House Judiciary Committee voted
to impeach, or officially charge Nixon
of presidential misconduct.
• On one of the tapes was found
evidence that Nixon had ordered the
CIA to stop the FBI’s investigation of
the break-in.
• On August 9, 1974, Nixon resigned,
and Gerald Ford became the 38th
president of the United States.
(pages 840–842)
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The Cover-Up Unravels (cont.)
What did the House Judiciary Committee
charge against Nixon?
Nixon was charged with obstructing justice
in the Watergate cover-up, misuse of
federal agencies to violate the rights of
citizens, and defying the authority of
Congress by not turning over the tapes
and other materials the committee had
requested.
(pages 840–842)
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The Impact of Watergate
• Watergate prompted the implementation
of several new laws limiting the power of
the executive branch and reestablishing
a greater balance of power.
• The Federal Campaign Act Amendments
limited campaign contributions and set up
an independent agency to administer
stricter election laws.
• The Ethics in Government Act required
financial disclosure by high government
officials in all three branches of
government.
(page 842)
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The Impact of Watergate (cont.)
• The FBI Domestic Security Investigation
Guidelines restricted the bureau’s political
intelligence-gathering activities.
• Watergate left Americans distrustful
of public officials.
• Other Americans felt that Nixon’s
impeachment and resignation proved
that in the United States, no one is
above the law.
(page 842)
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The Impact of Watergate (cont.)
What did the Watergate scandal do to
Americans?
It left many Americans with a deep distrust
of public officials. Some Americans felt that
Nixon’s impeachment and resignation
proved that in the United States, no one
is above the law.
(page 842)
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Checking for Understanding
Define Match the terms on the right with their definitions on
the left.
__
A 1. principle stating that
communications of the
executive branch should
remain confidential to
protect national security
__
B 2. to formally charge a public
official with misconduct in
office
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A. executive
privilege
B. impeach
Checking for Understanding (cont.)
Evaluate the effects of the Watergate
scandal on the way American citizens
viewed the federal government.
Many citizens distrusted the federal
government, especially the presidency,
while some saw the events as proof that
no one is above the law.
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Reviewing Themes
Government and Democracy How did
the Watergate scandal alter the balance
of power between the executive and
legislative branches of government?
It led to laws that limit the power of the
executive branch.
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Critical Thinking
Evaluating How did the discovery
of the White House tapes change
the Watergate cover-up investigation?
It led to an abuse of executive privilege,
but resulted in proof of Nixon’s guilt.
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Analyzing Visuals
Analyzing Photographs Study the
photograph on page 841 of your
textbook. How would you describe the
scene of Nixon’s leave-taking? What in
the photo suggests that this is a formal
occasion? Why do you think this
ceremony might be important for the
nation?
Answers will vary.
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Close
Explain the Watergate scandal and
discuss its effects.
Guide to Reading
Main Idea
During the 1970s, Presidents Gerald Ford and
Jimmy Carter attempted to lead the United States
through both domestic and foreign crises.
Key Terms and Names
• inflation
• Helsinki Accords
• embargo
• Department of
Energy
• stagflation
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Guide to Reading (cont.)
Reading Strategy
Organizing As you read about the administrations
of Presidents Ford and Carter, complete a
graphic organizer similar to the one on page 843
of your textbook listing the causes of economic
problems in the 1970s.
Reading Objectives
• Explain the reasons for economic troubles in
the United States during the 1970s.
• Discuss Jimmy Carter’s domestic and foreign
policies.
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Guide to Reading (cont.)
Section Theme
Economic Factors A weakening economy and
growing energy crisis marred the terms of
Ford and Carter.
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The Economic Crisis of the 1970s
• During the 1970s, the economic
prosperity of the 1950s and 1960s
began to disappear.
• The economic troubles began under
Lyndon Johnson’s leadership.
• He increased federal deficit spending to
fund the Vietnam War and the Great
Society program without raising taxes.
• Pumping large amounts of money into
the economy created inflation, or a rise
in the cost of goods.
(pages 843–845)
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The Economic Crisis of the 1970s
(cont.)
• In 1973 the Organization of
Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)
announced an embargo, or the stopping
of shipping, of petroleum to countries that
supported Israel.
• The price of a barrel of crude oil increased
from $3 in 1973 to $30 in 1980.
• Even before the embargo, President
Nixon and Congress imposed price
controls on gasoline and heating oil.
• After OPEC raised its prices, the price
controls created an oil shortage.
(pages 843–845)
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The Economic Crisis of the 1970s
(cont.)
• Increased international competition
for manufactured goods added to
the economic problems.
• U.S. factories closed, and workers
lost their jobs.
• The U.S. economy faced “stagflation”–
the economic dilemma that combined
rising prices with economic stagnation.
(pages 843–845)
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The Economic Crisis of the 1970s
(cont.)
• Nixon focused on controlling inflation
by cutting spending and raising taxes.
• Congress and many Americans
opposed Nixon’s idea of a tax hike,
as well as his other ideas on how
to end stagflation.
(pages 843–845)
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The Economic Crisis of the 1970s
(cont.)
What caused the economic crisis of
the 1970s?
(pages 843–845)
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The Economic Crisis of the 1970s
(cont.)
The crisis began to take shape in the mid-1960s when
Lyndon Johnson significantly increased federal deficit
spending to fund both the Vietnam War and the Great
Society program without raising taxes. This pumped
large amounts of money into the economy, which caused
inflation. The rising cost of raw materials, especially oil,
also added to inflation. In 1973 OPEC announced an
embargo on petroleum to countries that supported Israel.
OPEC also greatly raised the price of crude oil. High
prices for gasoline and home heating oil meant
Americans had less money to spend on other goods,
which forced the economy into a recession. By the early
1970s, the U.S. economy suffered from stagflation–a
(pages 843–845)
combination of inflation and recession.
Ford Takes Over
• On September 8, 1974, President Gerald
Ford granted a full pardon to Richard
Nixon.
• Ford’s approval rating plunged from 71
percent to 50 percent.
(pages 845–846)
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Ford Takes Over
• By 1975 the American economy was
in its worst recession since the Great
Depression.
• Ford attempted to revive the economy,
but his Whip Inflation Now (WIN)
plan failed.
• He tried to limit federal authority, balance
the budget, and keep taxes low.
• He also vetoed more than 50 bills that
Congress had passed during the first
two years Ford had served there.
(pages 845–846)
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Ford Takes Over (cont.)
• Ford continued the foreign policy
of Nixon.
• In August 1975, Ford met with leaders
of NATO and the Warsaw Pact to sign
the Helsinki Accords.
(pages 845–846)
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Ford Takes Over (cont.)
• Under the accords, the parties
recognized the borders of Eastern
Europe established at the end of World
War II.
• The Soviets promised to uphold certain
basic human rights but later went back
on this promise, which turned many
Americans against détente. Southeast
Asia also continued to be a concern for
Ford when Cambodia seized an
American cargo ship, the Mayaguez.
(pages 845–846)
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Ford Takes Over (cont.)
• In the election of 1976, Democratic
candidate Jimmy Carter won with 50.1
percent of the popular vote.
• Carter was seen as a person of high
morals and an upstanding personality.
(pages 845–846)
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Ford Takes Over (cont.)
Why did Ford pardon Nixon?
He wanted to avoid the division that
charges against Nixon and a public
trial would create.
(pages 845–846)
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Carter Battles the Economic Crisis
• President Carter focused most of his
attention on the energy crisis. His efforts
were unsuccessful.
• Carter proposed a national energy
program to conserve oil and to promote
the use of coal and renewable energy
sources.
• He had Congress create the Department
of Energy.
• He asked Americans to reduce energy
consumption, which most Americans
ignored.
(pages 846–847)
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Carter Battles the Economic Crisis
(cont.)
• Scholars have suggested that
Carter’s difficulties in solving the nation’s
economic problems were the result of
his lack of leadership and inability to
work with Congress.
• A 1979 public opinion poll showed that
Carter’s popularity had dropped lower
than President Nixon’s rating during
Watergate.
(pages 846–847)
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Carter Battles the Economic Crisis
(cont.)
How did President Carter propose to
improve the economy?
(pages 846–847)
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Carter Battles the Economic Crisis
(cont.)
He tried to end the recession and reduce
unemployment by increasing government spending
and cutting taxes. Inflation increased, however,
so he decided to delay the tax cuts and vetoed
spending programs he had proposed to Congress.
He reduced the money supply and raised interest
rates. He tried to rally American support for a war
against rising energy consumption. He proposed
a national energy program to conserve oil and to
promote the use of coal and renewable energy
sources. He created the Department of Energy.
He asked Americans to reduce energy
consumption.
(pages 846–847)
Carter’s Foreign Policy
• President Carter’s foreign policy focused
on human rights.
• Carter won Senate ratification of two
Panama Canal treaties, which
transferred control of the canal to
Panama on December 31, 1999.
(pages 847–849)
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Carter’s Foreign Policy (cont.)
• President Carter singled out the Soviet
Union as a violator of human rights
because of its practice of imprisoning
people who protested against the
government.
• Tensions deepened as the Soviet Union
invaded the Central Asian nation of
Afghanistan in December 1979.
• Carter responded with an embargo on
grain to the Soviet Union and a boycott of
the Summer Olympic Games in Moscow.
(pages 847–849)
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Carter’s Foreign Policy (cont.)
• In 1978 Carter helped get a historic
peace treaty, known as the Camp David
Accords, signed between Israel and
Egypt.
• Most Arab nations in the region opposed
the treaty, but it marked the first step
toward peace in the Middle East.
(pages 847–849)
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Carter’s Foreign Policy (cont.)
• In 1979 Iran’s monarch, the Shah, was
forced to flee, and an Islamic republic
was declared.
• The Shah was supported by the
United States.
• The religious leader Ayatollah Khomeini
distrusted the United States.
• Revolutionaries entered the American
embassy in Tehran and held 52
Americans hostage.
(pages 847–849)
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Carter’s Foreign Policy (cont.)
• The hostages would not be released until
Carter’s last day in office, some 444 days
in captivity.
(pages 847–849)
Carter’s Foreign Policy (cont.)
What were President Carter’s foreign
policy successes?
(pages 847–849)
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Carter’s Foreign Policy (cont.)
President Carter’s foreign policy focused on human
rights. Carter won Senate ratification of two
Panama Canal treaties, which transferred control
of the canal to Panama on December 31, 1999.
He singled out the Soviet Union as a violator of
human rights because of its practice of imprisoning
people who protested against the government.
Carter placed an embargo on grain to the Soviet
Union and a boycott of the Summer Olympic
Games in Moscow. In 1978 Carter helped get a
historic peace treaty signed between Israel and
Egypt, known as the Camp David Accords.
(pages 847–849)
Checking for Understanding
Define Match the terms on the right with their definitions on
the left.
__
B 1. a government ban on trade
with other countries
A. inflation
__
A 2. the loss of value of money
C. stagflation
__
C 3. persistent inflation combined
with stagnant consumer
demand and relatively high
unemployment
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B. embargo
Checking for Understanding (cont.)
Identify the achievement and failure
President Carter experienced in the
Middle East during his administration.
The achievement was the Camp David
Accords, and the failure was the hostage
crisis in Iran.
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Reviewing Themes
Economic Factors How did President
Carter attempt to deal with the nation’s
energy crisis?
Carter proposed a national energy
program to conserve oil and promote the
use of renewable energy sources,
created the Department of Energy, and
deregulated the oil industry.
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Critical Thinking
Evaluating Do you think President Ford
should have pardoned Richard Nixon?
Why or why not?
Answers will vary.
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Analyzing Visuals
Analyzing Photographs Study the
photograph on page 848 of your
textbook. What effect do you think
images such as this one had on
Americans who were living or traveling
in other countries?
They would fear attacks on themselves.
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Close
Discuss Jimmy Carter’s domestic and
foreign policies.
Guide to Reading
Main Idea
In the midst of widespread cynicism about their
leaders and concerns about the economy,
Americans sought fulfillment and escape during
the 1970s.
Key Terms and Names
• New Age
movement
• guru
• All in the Family
• disco
• transcendental
meditation
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Guide to Reading (cont.)
Reading Strategy
Categorizing As you read about life in the United
States in the 1970s, complete a graphic
organizer similar to the one on page 850 of your
textbook by listing the changes that occurred in
family life during that time.
Reading Objectives
• Explain the emergence of new spiritual
movements and religions.
• Discuss social changes of the 1970s.
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Guide to Reading (cont.)
Section Theme
Culture and Traditions Even after the
turbulent 1960s, American culture continued
changing to reflect new trends and ideas.
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to listen to the audio again.
The Search for Fulfillment
• Writer Tom Wolfe labeled the 1970s
the “me decade,” referring to the
self-absorbed attitude of the
American people.
• Some young Americans looked for
fulfillment through an array of secular
movements and activities that made up
the New Age movement.
• Believers in the movement felt that people
were responsible for and capable of
everything.
(pages 850–852)
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The Search for Fulfillment (cont.)
• They believed spiritual enlightenment
could be found in common practices.
• Some Americans looked to new
religions or cults.
• Many new religions originated in Asia
and centered on the teachings of a
guru, or a mystical leader.
(pages 850–852)
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The Search for Fulfillment (cont.)
• One of the best known gurus, Maharishi
Mahesh Yogi, led a religious movement
known as transcendental meditation,
in which it was thought that with daily
meditation and silent repetitive mantras,
peak intelligence, harmony, and health
could be reached.
• By 1970, 60 percent of all women
between the ages of 16 and 24 had
joined the workforce.
(pages 850–852)
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The Search for Fulfillment (cont.)
• American family life changed with the
increase in women working outside
of the home.
• This resulted in smaller families, parents
and children spending less time together,
and a rise in divorce rates.
(pages 850–852)
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The Search for Fulfillment (cont.)
Why did some young Americans look to
the New Age movement for fulfillment?
Some young men and women were
disenchanted with the conventional
religions of their parents.
(pages 850–852)
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Cultural Trends in the 1970s
• Television changed during this time,
reflecting many of the changes taking
place in society.
• The Mary Tyler Moore Show placed an
unmarried woman with a meaningful
career at the center of the show.
• Taboo subjects like racism were
addressed in the 1971 show
All in the Family.
(pages 852–854)
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Cultural Trends in the 1970s (cont.)
• By carefully mixing humor and sensitive
issues while not preaching to the
audience, the show made viewers
examine their own feelings about
social issues.
• The music of the 1970s had a softer,
more reflective, and less political sound.
• The rise of disco music became the
craze in African American and Latin
nightclubs.
(pages 852–854)
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Cultural Trends in the 1970s (cont.)
• The fast pace and loud persistent beat
attracted fans.
• Several other fads became popular during
this “me” decade. Skateboards,
T-shirts with personalized messages,
mood rings, and citizens band (CB) radios
all became popular during the 1970s.
• Fitness was a trend in the 1970s.
• Aerobic fitness was introduced, and men
and women began running and joining
gyms as a social activity.
(pages 852–854)
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Cultural Trends in the 1970s (cont.)
Why was disco well suited for the “me”
generation?
The music allowed people dancing to it to
assume greater prominence than the music.
(pages 852–854)
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Checking for Understanding
Define Match the terms on the right with their definitions on
the left.
__
C 1. popular dance music
characterized by hypnotic
rhythm, repetitive lyrics, and
electronically produced
sounds
__
A 2. a person with knowledge or
expertise, especially a
religious teacher and spiritual
guide in Hinduism
__
B 3. a technique of meditation in
which a mantra is chanted as
a way of achieving peak
intelligence, harmony, and
health
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A. guru
B. transcendental
meditation
C. disco
Checking for Understanding (cont.)
Summarize the basic beliefs of followers
of transcendental meditation.
They believed in daily meditation and
mantras as a way of achieving peak
intelligence, harmony, and health.
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Reviewing Themes
Culture and Traditions What new
cultural trends affected American society
in the 1970s?
Television dealt with controversial issues,
transcendental meditation, disco and a
new fashion developed, and fitness
became a craze in the 1970s.
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Analyzing Visuals
Analyzing Photographs Study the
photographs in the “What Life Was Like”
feature on pages 852–853 of your
textbook. How have popular music and
fashion changed since the 1970s?
Dance music has become more varied,
and fashions have become less tailored
and more casual.
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Close
Discuss whether some traditional values
became weaker during the 1970s.
Reviewing Key Terms
Define Match the terms on the right with their definitions on
the left.
__
G 1. persistent inflation combined with
stagnant consumer demand and
relatively high unemployment
__
B 2. a policy which attempts to relax
or ease tensions between nations
__
F 3. a government ban on trade with
other countries
__
A 4. to take possession of
__
D 5. principle stating that
communications of the executive
branch should remain confidential
to protect national security
__
C 6. a meeting of heads of
governments
Click the mouse button or press the
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A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.
I.
J.
impound
détente
summit
executive
privilege
impeach
embargo
stagflation
guru
transcendental
meditation
disco
Reviewing Key Terms (cont.)
Define Match the terms on the right with their definitions on
the left.
__
H 7. a person with knowledge or
expertise, especially a religious
teacher and spiritual guide in
Hinduism
__
E 8. to formally charge a public
official with misconduct in office
__
J 9. popular dance music
characterized by hypnotic
rhythm, repetitive lyrics, and
electronically produced sounds
__
I 10. a technique of meditation in
which a mantra is chanted as
a way of achieving peak
intelligence, harmony, and health
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.
I.
J.
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Space Bar to display the answers.
impound
détente
summit
executive
privilege
impeach
embargo
stagflation
guru
transcendental
meditation
disco
Reviewing Key Facts
What were the main aspects of
President Nixon’s domestic and foreign
policies?
Nixon’s domestic policy focused on the
New Federalism, and his foreign policy
focused on détente.
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Reviewing Key Facts (cont.)
What was the impact of the Watergate
scandal on the American people?
Most Americans lost trust in public
officials.
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Reviewing Key Facts (cont.)
Why did President Nixon freeze wages
and prices in the early 1970s?
President Nixon believed wage and
price freezes would stop stagflation,
a combination of rising prices and
economic stagnation.
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Reviewing Key Facts (cont.)
What factors caused economic problems
in the United States in the 1970s?
Rising oil prices, increased international
competition, low job training for new jobs,
and a decline in manufacturing caused
economic problems in the 1970s.
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Reviewing Key Facts (cont.)
What changes in family life occurred in
the United States in the 1970s?
Changes in family life included smaller
families, more divorces, parents and
children spending less time together, and
women becoming more active in the
workplace and outside the home.
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Critical Thinking
Analyzing Themes: Government and
Democracy How did the Watergate
scandal affect the relationship among
the three branches of government?
The Supreme Court forced the president to
yield presidential privilege, thus decreasing
the power of the executive branch.
Congress passed laws establishing a
greater balance of power, requiring
financial disclosure from all branches of
government, and establishing independent
counsel to investigate wrongdoings of
government officials.
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Critical Thinking (cont.)
Evaluating What impact did cultural
phenomena such as disco music, the
use of CB radios, and exercise trends
have on the U.S. economy?
Disco music led to the opening of dance
clubs; millions of people bought CB
radios; and exercise clubs opened
throughout the country. Each helped the
economy expand.
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Economics and History
The graph on page 857 of your textbook shows inflation
rates in the United States from 1960 to 1992. Study the
graph and answer the questions on the following slides.
Economics and History (cont.)
Interpreting
Graphs How did
the nation’s
inflation rate
change between
1965 and 1980?
The inflation rate
increased from
under 2 percent in
1965 to over 12
percent in 1980.
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Economics and History (cont.)
Determining
Cause and Effect
What factor was
most important
in causing this
change?
The rise in the
price of crude oil
was the biggest
factor for the
ballooning rate
of inflation.
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Directions: Choose the phrase that best completes the following
sentence.
As a political conservative, President Nixon wanted to
A
increase federal spending on welfare programs.
B
take more aggressive federal action to speed
desegregation.
C
return power to state governments.
D
appoint activist-minded justices to the Supreme Court.
Test-Taking Tip Think of the meaning of political
conservative: someone who believes that the federal
government’s role in society should be limited. Choose
the answer that best reflects this meaning.
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What did the impeachment process test?
The impeachment process checked the
system of checks and balances.
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“Ping-Pong” Diplomacy In April 1971, nearly a year before President
Nixon made his historic trip there, Communist China welcomed a
different kind of U.S. delegation–the American ping-pong team. When
the team received their surprise invitation, Time magazine called it “the
ping heard round the world.” The nine players, four officials, and two
spouses who arrived on the Chinese mainland were the first Americans
to enter China since the Communist takeover in 1949.
In another example of the continuing efforts to normalize relations with
China, Ling-Ling and Hsing-Hsing arrived at the National Zoo in 1972.
A gift from China, the rare giant pandas attracted visitors and
volunteers. In addition, the pair provided a wealth of scientific
knowledge about the endangered panda. Following the deaths of
Ling-Ling and Hsing-Hsing in 1992 and 1999, the National Zoo made
arrangements to borrow two new pandas from China. Tian-Tian and
Mei Xiang arrived in December 2000.
Put on a Happy Face Throughout the 1960s and 1970s,
the nation experienced a “button craze” as people expressed
themselves by pinning buttons with slogans to their clothing.
The most popular button actually said nothing at all. In 1971
Americans began buying a yellow button with a simple smile
on it. By the fall of 1971, marketers estimated that more than
20 million smile buttons had been sold, making it the most
popular fad item since the hula hoop.
In the late 1990s the United States Postal Service issued
a series of stamps depicting the twentieth century. The
“Celebrate the Century” series featured 15 stamps for each
decade. The ubiquitous smiley face was one of the images
selected for the 1970s series. Two other stamps, one
depicting disco and the other featuring 1970s fashion, also
commemorated the 1970s.
Henry Kissinger and his family fled Nazi Germany
in 1938. He studied at Harvard and later became
a professor there. In 1973 he shared the Nobel
Peace Prize with North Vietnamese leader
Le Duc Tho.
August 8, 1974, is the date Richard Nixon
announced his resignation. On the same day
in 1815, Napoleon Bonaparte sailed for Saint
Helena to spend the rest of his life in exile.
OPEC
Jimmy Carter
Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding slide.
OPEC is responsible for approximately 40
percent of the world’s oil production and controls
75 percent of the world’s proven oil reserves.
After his inauguration, Jimmy Carter and his
family chose to walk up Pennsylvania Avenue
from the Capitol to the White House instead of
riding in the traditional limousine. The gesture
symbolized Carter’s desire to lead a simple life
even while in the White House.
In January 1977, ABC broadcast the Roots
miniseries. Based on the 1976 novel by Alex
Haley, the program traced the history of an
African family’s struggle with slavery through
several generations. The miniseries became
a surprise hit. Media coverage of the Roots
phenomenon indicated that restaurants and
shops noticed a decline in business during the
broadcast.
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to listen to the audio again.
Fads Popular fashion fads of the 1970s
included platform shoes for men, leisure suits,
tank tops, and Farrah Fawcett hairdos.
Analyzing Secondary
Sources
Your textbook, like many other history books,
is a secondary source. Secondary sources
draw from primary sources to explain a topic.
The value of a secondary source depends on
how its author uses primary sources. Learning
to analyze secondary sources will help you
figure out whether those sources are
presenting a complete and accurate picture
of a topic or event.
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to listen to the audio again.
Analyzing Secondary
Sources
Learning the Skill
To determine whether an author uses primary sources
effectively, ask these questions:
• Are there references to primary sources in the text,
footnotes, or acknowledgments?
• Who are the authors of the primary sources? What
insights or biases might these people have?
• Is the information from the primary sources interwoven
effectively to support or describe an event?
• Are different kinds of primary sources considered? Do
they represent varied testimony?
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Analyzing Secondary
Sources
Learning the Skill (cont.)
• Is the interpretation of the primary sources sound
and logical?
Analyzing Secondary
Sources
Practicing the Skill
In the excerpt on the next slide from The Cold War,
1945–1987, author Ralph B. Levering discusses
President Carter’s China policy. Carter sent his national
security adviser, Zbigniew Brzezinski, to China to
encourage better relations and thus put pressure on the
Soviets. As you read, identify the primary sources
Levering uses to make his argument. Then answer the
questions on the following slides.
Analyzing Secondary
Sources
Practicing the Skill (cont.)
During his trip to Peking, Brzezinski did everything he could to please
the Chinese leaders…He stressed repeatedly the evil nature of the
Soviet Union…Upon his return, Brzezinski told a New York Times
reporter that trip was intended to “underline the long-term strategic
nature of the United States’ relationship to China.”
…Soviet leaders were deeply concerned. An editorial in Pravda on May
30, 1978, stated that Brzezinski “stands before the world as an enemy
of détente.”
Pravda also blamed China, stating on June 17 that “Soviet-American
confrontation…is the cherished dream of Peking.” On the whole, U.S.
officials were not displeased by the Kremlin’s anger and concern;
perhaps it would make Soviet leaders more anxious to conclude the
SALT negotiations and more inclined to show restraint in the Third
World.
Analyzing Secondary
Sources
Practicing the Skill (cont.)
1. What kind of primary source does Levering use twice
in this passage?
Levering uses an editorial in a newspaper twice.
2. Do you think this kind of primary source has any
possible weaknesses?
The reporter could be using the quote out of
context. The Pravda editorials, as all editorials, are
opinions. Since the Soviet state ran Pravda, articles
and editorials uniformly reflected government policy.
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Analyzing Secondary
Sources
Practicing the Skill (cont.)
3. Would the use of government documents strengthen
the author’s argument? Why or why not?
Answers will vary.
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No, Nixon would still
have won the
majority of electoral
votes.
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