Transcript China, Mexico and America as a New Imperial Powerx

JAPAN, CHINA, PANAMA
AND MEXICO
PEKING, CHINA
• The Forbidden City was the Chinese imperial
palace from the Ming dynasty to the end of the
Qing dynasty—the years 1420 to 1912. It is located
in the center of Peking (Beijing).
• The ancient city was closed to all foreigners until
1911. Pu Yi received one British tutor.
AMERICA & CHINA
• Trade occurred between the U.S. and China as early
as 1784
• Robert Morris, an American banker wanted trade for
tea in the U.S.
• Americans had North American Ginseng (healing
root)
• The Chinese wanted as few foreigners as possible in
their country. They believed that China was the
center of a square earth. Foreigners, they felt, had
nothing but trouble to offer China.
• Foreign devils!
• China was strict on trade with the Western countries
and allowed only one port open in 1784
CANTON, CHINA
• Canton, China was located about 12 miles inland
from Macao and was the center for world trade (in
China).
• Later named Guangzhou
CANTON, CHINA
OPIUM
• British merchants began carrying opium to China,
and many Americans followed suit. Opium, a drug,
created its own demand by making addicts of its
users.
• U.S. merchants found they could buy a pound of
opium in Turkey for $2.50 and sell it in Canton for
$10.00.
• A Chinese attempt to shut down the opium traffic
led to war with Britain.
CHINESE OPIUM WARS
• A collective term
used to describe two
major wars that
stemmed from
Chinese disputes over
British trade in China
• Greatly weakens the
Chinese Qing
Dynasty and reduces
China’s exclusion
from the rest of the
world
FIRST OPIUM WAR
• 1839 – 1842
• Fought over differing
viewpoints on
diplomatic relations,
commerce and justice
for foreign nationals
• Treaty of Nanking
• China has to pay Britain
for the war
• Have to open up five new
ports to the British
• Cede the island of Hong
Kong to the British
• Remains in English hands
until 1997!!!
TREATY OF NANKING 1842
• Opium War ended with a treaty that punished
China and opened four more ports to British
shipping.
• China cede the island of Hong Kong to the British
• Remained in English hands until 1997!!!
• Britain would try to create monopoly again with tea
for opium trade
• China had to pay 21 Million for lost revenue
TREATY OF NANKING
AMERICA AND CHINA
• Americans wanted in. President John Tyler sent
Caleb Cushing to negotiate treaty with Chinese
• America received same trade as Britain and
extraterritoriality which meant Americans accused
of crimes in China were to be tried by American
courts only.
SECOND OPIUM WAR
• 1856 – 1860
• This time it was the British
and the French against the
Chinese
• British and French are
granted permanent
diplomatic presence in
Beijing
• China has to pay for the war
again
• Freedom of religion is
established in China
• Christianity!
• Legalization of the Opium
trade
TREATY OF TIENTSIN 1885
• Britain, France, Russia, and the U.S. would have the
right to establish diplomatic legations (small
embassies) in Peking (a closed city at the time)
• Ten more Chinese ports would be opened for
foreign trade,
• The right of all foreign vessels including commercial
ships to navigate freely on the Yangtze River
• The right of foreigners to travel in the internal regions
of China, which had been formerly banned
• China was to pay an indemnity of four million in
silver to Britain and two million to France.
FIRST SINO-JAPAN WAR
1894-1895
• Japan and China battled
• Japan won
• Japan received Taiwan,
Laiodong Peninsula (Korean
area)
• World recognized power
shift from China to Japan
• Qing China humiliated
• Rise of Nationalists Sun Yat
sen 1911 revolution
JAPANESE TROOPS
UNEQUAL TREATIES 1840-1900
• Unequal treaty, The series
of treaties and agreements
in which China was forced
to concede many of its
territorial and sovereignty
rights with Western
imperialist powers.
• Essentially, China gave up
plenty of trade rights and
allowed military influence
in return
• WEAK CHINA!
COOLIES
• term for a locally sourced unskilled laborer hired by
a company, mainly from the Indian
subcontinent or Southern China
Stereotypes of the Chinese
Immigrant
Oriental [Chinese]
Exclusion Act,
1887
The Boxer Rebellion: 1900
The Peaceful Harmonious Fists.
“55 Days at Peking.”
THE BOXER REBELLION
• 1900 Rebellion in
which members of a
Chinese secret
society (Society of
the Righteous and
Harmonious Fists)
south to free their
country from Western
and Japanese
Influence
• 100,00 Civilians killed
by Boxers in total
CHINESE REBELS CALLED BOXERS
• The rebels, referred to by Westerners as Boxers
because they performed physical exercises they
believed would make them able to withstand
bullets, killed foreigners and Chinese Christians and
destroyed foreign property.
CHINESE REBELS CALLED BOXERS
• The rebels, referred to by Westerners as Boxers
because they performed physical exercises they
believed would make them able to withstand
bullets, killed foreigners and Chinese Christians and
destroyed foreign property.
QING EMPRESS DOWAGER CIXI
• On June 20, 1900, the Boxers began a siege of
Beijing’s foreign legation district (where the official
quarters of foreign diplomats were located.) The
following day, Qing Empress Dowager Tzu’u Hzi (or
Cixi, 1835-1908) declared a war on all foreign
nations with diplomatic ties in China.
MULTINATIONAL FORCE
• From June to August, the Boxers besieged the
foreign district of Peking (Beijing), China’s capital,
until an international force that included American
troops subdued the uprising.
• On August 14, after fighting its way through
northern China, an international force of
approximately 20,000 troops from eight nations
(Austria-Hungary, France, Germany, Italy, Japan,
Russia, the United Kingdom and the United States)
arrived to take Beijing and rescue the foreigners
and Chinese Christians.
BOXER PROTOCOL ON SEPTEMBER 7, 1901
• Boxer and Chinese government officials involved in
the uprising were to be punished, foreign legations
were permitted to station troops in Beijing for their
defense, China was prohibited from importing arms
for two years and it agreed to pay more than $330
million in reparations to the foreign nations involved.
END OF CHINESE DYNASTY SYSTEM
• The Qing dynasty, established in 1644, was
weakened by the Boxer Rebellion.
• Emperor Pu Yi, last emperor of China in 1908 at the
age of two
• Following an uprising in 1911, the dynasty came to
an end and China became a republic in 1912.
• Pu Yi was locked up in the Forbidden City protected
by original Manchurian guards until Chinese
communists kick him out during the 1920s
• Japan would take him in and place him in charge
of Manchuria (northern China) as a puppet to
Japan by 1931-1945.
EMPEROR PU YI
The Open Door Policy
Secretary John Hay.
Give all nations equal
access to trade in China.
Guaranteed that China would NOT be taken
over by any one foreign power.
The
Open Door
Policy
America as a Pacific Power
Commodore Matthew Perry
Opens Up Japan: 1853
The Japanese View
of Commodore
Perry
Treaty of Kanagawa: 1854
TREATY OF KANAGAWA
• Opens up two ports in Japan for trade with the
United States
• Opens up Shimoda and Hakodate
• Permits the establishment of a US consulate in
Japan
Gentleman’s Agreement: 1908
A Japanese note agreeing
to deny passports to
laborers entering the U.S.
Japan recognized the U.S.
right to exclude Japanese
immigrants holding passports
issued by other countries.
The U.S. government got the
school board of San Francisco
to rescind their order to
segregate Asians in separate
schools.
1908  Root-Takahira Agreement.
Root-Takahira Agreement: 1908
A pledge to maintain the status quo in the
Far East.
Recognition of China’s independence and
territorial integrity, and support for
continuation of the Open-Door Policy.
An agreement to mutual consultation in the
event of future Far Eastern crises.
Lodge Corollary to the Monroe
Doctrine: 1912
Senator Henry Cabot
Lodge, Sr. (R-MA)
Non-European powers,
like Japan, would be
excluded from owning
territory in the
Western
Hemisphere.
MEXICAN REVOLUTIONARY
NATIONALISTS
• Francisco Madero, Pascual Orozco,
Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata,
participated in the long and costly
conflict.
• Venustiano Corranzo-Wanted a
constitution for Mexico, something like
the U.S.
• Poncho Villa and Corranzo conflicted
over Mexico (even though both were
nationalists)
The Mexican Revolution: 1910s
Victoriano Huerta seizes control of Mexico
and puts Madero in prison where he was
murdered.
Venustiano Carranza, Pancho Villa, Emiliano
Zapata, and Alvaro Obregon fought
against Huerta.
The U.S. also got involved by occupying
Veracruz and Huerta fled the country.
Eventually Carranza would gain power in
Mexico.
The Mexican Revolution: 1910s
Emiliano Zapata
Pancho Villa
Venustiano Carranza
Porfirio Diaz
Francisco I Madero
PANCHO VILLA
• Mexican
Revolutionary who
was famous for his
fight against
Constitutionalists
Venustiano Carranze
• Also famous for his
many raids into
American territory
and evasion of
American General
John J. Pershing
REVOLUTIONARY AND HERO TO
MEXICO
• Villa subsequently led a raid against the
U.S.-Mexican border town of Columbus,
New Mexico in 1916. The U.S.
government sent U.S.
Army General John J. Pershing sent to
capture Villa in an unsuccessful ninemonth incursion into Mexican sovereign
territory.
• The chase ended when the United
States entered World War I and Pershing
was called back.
• Villa made an agreement with the
Mexican government, following the
ouster and death of Carranzo in 1920.
Wilson’s “Moral Diplomacy”
The U. S. should
be the conscience
of the world.
Spread democracy.
Promote peace.
Condemn colonialism.
U. S. Global Investments &
Investments in Latin America, 1914
U. S. Interventions in
Latin America: 1898-1920s
HAITI 1915
• Haitian president was assassinated. The U.S. sent 330 US
Marines who landed at Port-au-Prince, Haiti, on the
authority of US President Woodrow Wilson to safeguard
the interests of US corporations
U. S. Interventions in
Latin America: 1898-1920s
HAITI 1915
• Haitian president was assassinated. The U.S. sent 330 US
Marines who landed at Port-au-Prince, Haiti, on the
authority of US President Woodrow Wilson to safeguard
the interests of US corporations
PRESIDENT FRANKLIN D. ROOSEVELT
1934
• The US finally withdrew from Haiti in 1934 as part of
President Franklin Roosevelt's "Good Neighbor Policy",
which stressed co-operation and trade over military
force to maintain stability in the Americas.
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 1916-1924
• In 1916, the US government sent U.S. Marines in to
occupy the Dominican Republic, mostly because a
chaotic and unstable political situation there was
preventing the Dominican Republic from paying back
debts owed to the USA and other foreign countries.
• The U.S. led an 8 year occupation
Uncle Sam: One of the “Boys?”
Searching for Banditos
General John J. Pershing with Pancho
Villa in 1914.
Panama: The King’s Crown
PANAMA CANAL
PANAMA REVOLUTION OF
1903
• Panama Revolution of
1903
• United States
government supported
the separation of the
isthmus of Panama
from Columbia
• Occurred so that the
United States could
build the Panama
Canal
PANAMA INDEPENDENCE
• President Theodore Roosevelt gave tacit
approval to a rebellion by Panamanian
nationalists, which began on November 3,
1903. To aid the rebels, the U.S.-administered
railroad in Panama removed its trains from the
northern terminus of Colón, thus stranding
Colombian troops sent to crush the
insurrection. Other Colombian forces were
discouraged from marching on Panama by
the arrival of the U.S. warship Nashville.
• BIG STICK POLICY ENFORCEMENT!
PANAMA TREATIES
• Clayton-Bulwer Treaty 1850
Britain and U.S. sign treaty for future canal
(Honduras not Panama).Nothing came of this
• Hay – Pauncefote Treaty 1901
• Britain and US agree that U.S. build the Panama
Canal and have full control in its management and
regulation
• Hay Bunau Varilla Treaty 1903
• Provides the legal basis for the US construction of
the Panama Canal and the creation of the canal
zone (US Territory!)
• US Secretary of State John Hay
• Represented President T. Roosevelt (Imperialism)
• Lead negotiations with Panama over the Canal

PANAMA CANAL
• Almost immediately, the treaty was
condemned by many Panamanians as
an infringement on their country’s new
national sovereignty.
• Panama Canal Company constructed
the Panama Canal and opened in
1914!
THE CANAL AND
DISEASE
• William Gorgas
• An US army physician who
helped eradicate Yellow
Fever and Malaria from
Panama so that work on the
Panama Canal could
proceed
• Dr. Walter Reed --
• US doctor who drained
swamps to suppress Yellow
Fever during the building of
the Panama Canal
Panama Canal
TR in Panama
(Construction begins in 1904)
SPHERES OF INFLUENCE
• Western powers
asserted it’s
influence in areas of
economic, cultural
and political
interests without
direct control yet
were enforced with
military.
Our “Sphere of Influence”
1. MONROE DOCTRINE 1823
(AMERICAN HISTORY I REVIEW)
• President James Monroe
• Foreign Policy
• No new European colonies in
the Western Hemisphere;
existing colonies ok
• U.S wanted to protect South
America (trade, military)
• War would occur if any
European nation falted
Monroe Doctrine to the The
Roosevelt Corollary 1905
Chronic wrongdoing… may
in America, as elsewhere,
ultimately require
intervention by some
civilized nation, and in the
Western Hemisphere the
adherence of the United
States to the Monroe
Doctrine may force the
United States, however
reluctantly, in flagrant
cases of such wrongdoing
or impotence, to the
exercise of an
international police power .
2. ROOSEVELT COROLLARY
1904
• Basically, the United States will
intervene (military force) in Latin
American affairs if the countries
themselves could not keep their
affairs in order
• International Police Force!!!
BIG STICK POLICY
• T. Roosevelt’s foreign policy.
• Back up U.S. foreign policy with
military force if necessary.
Speak Softly,
But Carry a Big Stick!
GREAT WHITE FLEET 1907
• President T. Roosevelt ordered the United
States Navy battle fleet to complete a
circumnavigation of the globe from
December 16, 1907, to February 22, 1909
• 16 battleships and various escorts!
• Painted mainly white with red, white& blue
decor
• Show Patriotism/Nationalism
• Many western countries did the same
3. LODGE COROLLARY OF1912
Senator Henry Cabot
Lodge, Sr. (R-MA)
Republican and friend to
Theodore Roosevelt
European and Non-European
powers, like Japan, would be
excluded from owning
territory in the Western
Hemisphere.
(Japan secretly wanted to buy
Baja California from Mexico)
The Cares of a Growing Family
Constable of the World
Treaty of Portsmouth: 1905
Nobel Peace Prize for Teddy
Ended the Russo – Japan War
RUSSO JAPANESE WAR
• Fought between Russia and Japan over imperial
ambitions in Manchuria and Korea
• Russians suffer a devastating defeat at the battle of
Tsushuma, have to sue for peace
• War ends with the Treaty of Portsmouth
• President Theodore Roosevelt is instrumental in the
negotiations and wins the Nobel Peace Prize.
• Never actually goes to Portsmouth though
• (now has a Medal of Honor and the Nobel Peace Prize!)
TREATY OF PORTSMOUTH
• War ends
• President Theodore Roosevelt is instrumental in the
negotiations and wins the Nobel Peace Prize.
• Never actually goes to Portsmouth though
• Japan was recognized as a world power equal to
European powers
• Japan gains Korea and Taiwan as territories
JAPAN: YAMAMOTO’S SHIP NISSHIN
The Great White Fleet: 1907
THE GREAT WHITE FLEET
• United States Naval fleet that completes a
circumnavigation of the globe from December 16th,
1907, to February 22nd, 1909.
• Ordered by president Theodore Roosevelt
• Consisted of 16 battleships and various escort ships
• Wanted to demonstrate the growing American
military power and blue-water navy capability
• Hoped to enforce treaties and protect overseas holdings
• Think Big Stick!!!!!
Taft’s “Dollar
Diplomacy”
Improve financial
opportunities for American
businesses.
Use private capital to
further U. S. interests
overseas.
Therefore, the U.S.
should create stability and order
abroad that would best promote
America’s commercial interests.
GUNBOAT DIPLOMACY 1900
• Big Stick Policy & Roosevelt
• Americans use military ships, NAVY to enforce
foreign trade and treaties.
• Cuba
• PI, Pacific
• China
AFRICA
• Meanwhile, in Africa, England, France, Germany,
Italy and other industrial western countries carved
up Africa!
• the invasion, occupation, colonization and
annexation of African territory by European powers
• By 1914, 90% of Africa was under western control
• The only colony the United States had claim to
was Liberia which was established by the American
Colonization Society on January 7, 1822.
BOER WARS
• First Boer Wars 1880-1881
• Common term for African-speaking settlers in southern
Africa at the time
• Britain acquired colony in 1814
• Boers wanted slavery yet Britain outlawed it.
• Second Boer Wars 1900-1902
• Lord Kitchner of Britain used scorched earth policy,
concentration camps and supply control to win the
war
• Treaty of Vereenining signed and Union of South Africa
established.
RORKE’S DRIFT 1879
• Britain had to build a bridge in South Africa
• Zulu warriors headed by Shaka took 4,500 warriors
against 139 British troops headed by Lt. Chard
(Engineer) and Lt. Bromhead 24th Foot.
• Previously, Zulus wiped out 1,000 British soldiers
• British defended a small post and won!
JANUARY 22, 1879
• ”It was incomprehensible to the public in
Britain that 1,000 British infantry armed with
modern breach loading rifles could be
overwhelmed by native troops armed
principally with stabbing spears, it was
astounding that a handful of the same
troops could withstand the overwhelming
attack delivered against the mission station
later the same day.”
BERLIN CONFERENCE 1914
• Also known as the Congo Conference or West
Africa Conference regulated European
colonization and trade in Africa
• Eliminated or overrode most existing forms of
African autonomy and self-governance
• Cecil John Rhodes
PC was a British
imperialist,
businessman,
mining magnate,
and politician in
South Africa.