Transcript Chapter 7 PowerPoint-

Governing a New Nation
Washington Elected the First President
•The first national capital
was in New York City
(1789-1791).
•It moved to Philadelphia
in 1791 and remained
there until 1800.
•In 1800 the permanent
capital became
Washington, District of
Columbia
•The President lived in
“The President’s House”
Washington strongly
opposed political parties,
which he called “factions.”
First Cabinet
Members:
Henry Knox
Secretary of War
Thomas Jefferson
Secretary of State
Alexander Hamilton
Secretary of the Treasury
Edmund Randolph
Attorney General
Early Congressional Acts
• Judiciary Act of 1789
• The Bill of Rights
Bill of Rights = First
Ten Amendments to
the U.S. Constitution
1—Freedoms of religion,
speech, the press,
assembly, and
petition the
government for
redress of grievances
2— “Right to bear arms.”
3—Quartering of soldiers
4—Unlawful search and
seizure
5—8--Rights of the
accused
9 -10—Remaining rights
reserved to the states
Chisholm Vs. Georgia
• Chisholm (on behalf of R. Farquhar) sued Georgia
for payment for products Farquhar supplied
Georgia during the Revolutionary War
• Georgia did not show up for the trial, claiming it
was sovereign and could not be sued by an
individual
• Court ruled against Georgia and prompted 11th
amendment, giving states immunity in suits by
individuals or other states
Alexander Hamilton
• Concerned with the new country’s ability to pay
its war debt
• He did not think the states would give up power
easily
• He thought individual states would be unwilling
to make sacrifices for the larger nation
• He thought appealing to the financial best
interest of wealthy citizens would be more
beneficial to the country than appealing to the
common person
Hamilton, Tariffs and Taxes
• Knowing the debt must be paid off, Hamilton
proposed tariffs (import taxes) and excise
taxes (tax on a specific good)
• Manufacturing--tariff
• Whiskey—excise tax
Report on Public Credit
• Restructure federal debt
• Pay holders of bonds/certificates at face value,
regardless of who held them
• Pay off debt of states (known as
Assumption)—Southern states, who had
mostly paid their debts—were opposed to
this, but Hamilton wanted states to feel
beholden to the national government as well
as states to honor their debts.
Paying off creditors at face value
• Soldiers and others had sold their “IOUs” from
the colonial government at way under face
value. The buyers, who were wealthy
speculators, would now stand to make a
fortune if they were paid face value.
• Hamilton was sympathetic but insisted on
being a country that honored its debts, even if
it seemed unfair to the soldiers.
A Capital In the South
• In order to get the votes of Virginia’s delegates
to Congress, Hamilton agreed to moving the
U.S. capital to land on the border of Virginia
and Maryland. This enabled his bill to pass.
Infant Industries protection
• “Infant industries” are emerging industries in
a particular country that might not be able to
grow if they have to compete with better
developed companies in other countries.
• Hamilton got a few tariffs passed in order to
protect manufacturing, something he saw as
the future of the economy of New England.
Bank of the United States
• Modeled after the Bank of England
• Private bank but the government would be
the major stockholder
• Could hold excess money, print paper money,
provide for a badly needed stable monetary
system
• “not worth a Continental”
Bank of the United States--Opposition
• States thought a national bank would
compete with their state banks, driving them
out of business
• Jefferson strongly opposed this, saying their
was no specific authorization in the
Constitution for this
• Anti-Federalists saw this as too much power to
the federal government
Hamilton cites
“Necessary and Proper Clause”
• At Washington’s request, Hamilton wrote a
rebuttal to Jefferson’s arguments
• Hamilton cited Article I, Section 8 of the
Constitution that gave the government the
right to create institutions “necessary and
proper” to carry out the duties required by
the Constitution.
“Necessary and Proper Clause”
“The Congress shall have Power - To make all
Laws which shall be necessary and proper for
carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers,
and all other Powers vested by this
Constitution in the Government of the United
States, or in any Department or Officer
thereof.” --Section 8, Clause 18, U.S.
Constitution
Bank of the
United States
• The Federalist-dominated
Congressed passed the
Bank of the United States
in 1791
• Against Jefferson’s
advice, Washington
signed the bill into law
• Chartered for twenty
years
• Sale of bank stock was a
huge success (20%
owned by government,
rest by people)
Whiskey Rebellion
1794
• Pennsylvanians strongly
opposed to the Whiskey Tax
• Defiant distillers tarred and
feathered revenue officers
reminiscent of the Stamp
Tax days
• Washington ordered militia
to halt the rebellion, led
them himself part of the
way, rest with Hamilton
Two Philosophies
Hamiltonian
Jeffersonian
• Federalist
• Favored manufacturing, urban
society
• Closely allied with Great
Britain
• Thought that what the
Constitution did not
specifically forbid, it permitted
• Anti-Federalist
• Favored rural, agricultural
society
• Closely allied with France
• Thought that what the
Constitution did not specific
permit, it forbade
Hamiltonians vs. Jeffersonians
• Believed in government
by the upper classes
• Government should
foster business but not
interfere with it.
• Foreign trade is of key
importance
• Believed in the rule of the
(literate) people
• Thought the best
government was the one
that governed the least
• Proponent of free speech
“Those who own the
country ought to run the country?
Who would have said,
Hamilton?
Jefferson?
“Those who own the country ought to
run the country.”
Hamilton
Spain expands in North America
(map as of 1784)
Disputed Land
Claims, 1783-1796
•New Orleans was
closed by the Spanish
to American goods
•Spanish were trading
with Indians to keep
peace
•Spain was trying to
bribe some
westerners in
Kentucky and
Tennessee to become
Spanish citizens
America and Its
Natives
• Treaty of New York
• Alexander McGillivray
• Choctaws and Chickasaws
• Yazoo Tract
•Georgia sells Yazoo lots
• Harsher policy toward Ohio
Valley Indians
•Treaty of Greenville 1795
•General “Mad” Anthony
Wayne
• Benevolent policy toward
Indians elsewhere
• Treaty of New York
renounced in 1792
French Revolution
•1789, bloody overthrow
began the Reign of
Terror where enemies of
the revolution were
executed
•French revolutionaries
thought Americans
would support them
•1793 France declared
war on Spain and Great
Britain
Proclamation of Neutrality
• Passed in 1794
• Washington wants to stay out of conflict
between France and European countries
• Southerners are sympathetic to French
because of slave uprisings in French Caribbean
islands (Anti-Federalist stand)
• Northerners need British trade and dislike the
new French disdain for religion in favor of
reason (Federalist stand)
Sample Test Question
50. President Washington's Neutrality Proclamation of
1793 was issued in response to
• (A) Spanish expansion in the Southeast
• (B) Dutch economic activity in the mid-Atlantic states
• (C) Canadian alliances with northern American Indians
• (D) French diplomatic overtures to invoke the FrancoAmerican Alliance
• (E) English boycotts of selected American agricultural
products and manufactures
Sample Test Question
50. President Washington's Neutrality Proclamation of
1793 was issued in response to
• (A) Spanish expansion in the Southeast
• (B) Dutch economic activity in the mid-Atlantic states
• (C) Canadian alliances with northern American Indians
• (D) French diplomatic overtures to invoke the FrancoAmerican Alliance
• (E) English boycotts of selected American agricultural
products and manufactures
Citizen Genet—French
• French Minister to the US
• Tried to get Americans to
battle British
• Made Elijah Clarke (GA)
and George Rogers Clark
(KY) generals
• Ordered to leave by
Washington
• Eventually become US
citizen
Impressment
• British policy of
stopping American
ships and taking ships
• Required American
sailors to join the British
navy by force
• British also plundered
the cargo of these ships
Jay Treaty
• John Jay, Chief Supreme
Court Justice, went to
Britain to stop
impressment
• Treaty did not stop
impressment, only
addressed British military
posts in western territory
• Ratified but extremely
unpopular
• Actually beneficial
• 1794
Pinckney Treaty
• Thomas Pinckney, US
minister to Spain
• Negotiated opening
lower Mississippi to
trade without duties
• Recognized border of
Florida as 31st parallel
• Popular, hailed a huge
success
• 1795
Washington Retires to Mt. Vernon
• Sets precedent of two
term President
• Farewell address warns
against parties
(“factions”)
• Cautions against getting
involved in other
countries’ battles with
each other
Election of 1796
John Adams
Thomas Jefferson
Federalist
Democratic-Republican
John Adams
• More comfortable with
ideas than people
• Wife Abigail a strong
influence
• Not strongly supported
by other Federalists
• Religious
• From Massachusetts
XYZ Affair
Charles Talleyrand
• French angered by Adams victory
• Threatened to hang Americans found
on British ships (including impressed)
• Adams sent delegation to negotiate
• Talleyrand, French minister, refused
to meet Americans
• Sent three unnamed agents (later
called X, Y and Z in Congressional
hearings) to ask for bribe before
negotiations could begin
• Negotiators left in anger
• Adams and negotiators hailed as
heroes for standing up to French
XYZ Affair
• The fallout from this French fiasco continued on
into the elections for Congress in 1798, which the
Anti-French Federalists dominated.
• Common slogan was, “Millions for defense, but
not a cent for tribute.” Tribute means bribery
money.
• With prior experience from Citizen Genet and
other underhanded French tactics, people began
to believe the French had spies in the US.
• Congress supported building up the military,
something favored by Federalists anyway.
Alien and Sedition Acts, 1798
The threat of spies was used to pass these laws:
1) Naturalization Act—increase from 5 to 14
years the time for immigrants to become citizens
2) Alien Acts—deport dangerous aliens anytime
and detain aliens in wartime
3) The Sedition Acts—illegal for newspapers to
criticize either the President or Congress and
imposed heavy penalties for editors who violated
the law.
To protest, Kentucky and Virginia passed resolutions
opposing the Sedition Act that proved hard for
the Federal government to combat.
Election of 1800
John Adams
Thomas Jefferson
Federalist
Democratic-Republican
Electoral College Crisis of 1800
Aaron Burr
• Jefferson ran for President,
Burr for VP
• No constitutional distinction
between electoral votes for
President and votes for VP
• Electoral vote tied 73-73
• House of Representatives
decides with one vote/state
• Tied 35 times over 6 days
• Hamilton threw his support
to Jefferson, calling him a
“by far less dangerous
man.”
• Led to 12th Amendment