Transcript Chapter 6-7 - History 17

Chapter 6
The Revolution Within
A New America
• The American Revolution took three
forms: a struggle for national
independence, a phase in a long-term
worldwide contest among European
empires, and a conflict over what kind of
nation the new America would become.
Democratizing Freedom
• The Dream of Equality
–America had the potential to
become very democratic.
• wide property distribution
• the absence of a legally established
hereditary aristocracy
• weak established churches
Questioning Liberty
• The idea of liberty caused people to
questions both British and domestic
American institutions.
• So did the notion of equality now enshrined
in the Declaration of Independence.
• This caused many in the social order
deemed inferior—women, slaves and free
blacks, servants and apprentices—to
question the authority of their superiors.
Democratizing Freedom
• Expanding the Political Nation
–For free white men the revolution had
very democratic effects
• Lessened limitation of political
participation to property owners.
–“democracy” - came to mean a form of
government that served the interests of
all people not the Elite
Equality
• In the colonies that became states,
members of all classes debated universal
male suffrage, religious toleration, and
even the abolition of slavery. Demands by
disenfranchised militiamen for the right to
elect their officers and vote in political
elections established a precedent for
enfranchising veterans.
New State Constitutions
• Every state adopted a new constitution during
or after the Revolution.
• Almost all Americans agreed that their state
government should be republican—meaning
that authority should rest on the consent of the
governed
• But Americans disagreed about the form
republican governments should take to best
promote the public good.
New State Constitutions
• Many, like John Adams, argued that the new
constitutions should establish governments
that reflect the division of the society between
the wealthy, to be represented in the
legislature’s upper house, and the ordinary, the
lower house.
• A powerful governor and judiciary would act
as a check on the power of one class to infringe
on the rights of the other class.
New State Constitutions
• Every state except Pennsylvania, Vermont, and
Georgia established two-house legislatures, but
only Massachusetts gave its governor the
power to veto laws passed by the legislature.
• Americans preferred a strong legislative
branch.
Democratizing Freedom
• The Revolution in Pennsylvania
– The Revolution’s radicalism was most evident in
Pennsylvania, where almost all the colonial elite
opposed independence
– Their opposition opened space for proindependence forces, mainly lower class to organize
into militias led by men of modest means.
• Example: Thomas Paine and Benjamin Rush
– These men criticized property qualifications for
voting and office-holding.
Democratizing Freedom
• The Right to Vote
– Far more controversial were limits on voting
and office-holding.
– While conservatives tried to restrict these
rights to property owners, arguing that men
without property were too dependent on
others to have their own judgment, radicals
such as Thomas Paine wanted to eliminate
traditional social ranks.
Democratizing Freedom
• Democratizing Government
–The new state constitutions reflected the
balance of power between conservatives
and radicals.
–Southern states such as Virginia and
South Carolina were least democratic
–land holding elites control politics
– must own property for voting
–the legislature elected the governor.
Democratizing Freedom Con’t
• Democratizing Government
–The more democratic constitutions
moved toward making voting an
entitlement, rather than a privilege, but
they did not establish universal male
suffrage. Only Vermont did not require
voters to own property or pay taxes
Democratizing Freedom Con’t
• Ultimately the Revolution greatly expanded
voting rights.
• By the 1780s, except in Virginia, Maryland,
and New York, a large majority of adult white
men met voting requirements.
• New Jersey (alone) in its constitution allowed
all inhabitants with property to vote. This
allowed women to vote in that state until the
vote was restricted to men there in 1808.
Toward Religious Toleration
• The Revolution also expanded religious
freedoms.
• Catholic Americans
– The deep anti-Catholicism of colonial
America was weakened by the Revolution.
– Once the Congress formed an alliance with
the Catholic nation of France in 1778, and
after France proved essential to American
victory, Catholics were seen as having a role
in the new nation.
Toward Religious Toleration
• The Founders and Religion
– Revolutionary leaders like Thomas Jefferson,
John Adams, James Madison and Alexander
Hamilton wanted to avoid the religiousdriven political conflict that had engulfed
Europe for centuries.
– Remember that they were also skeptics and
rationalists steeped in Enlightenment
philosophy
Toward Religious Toleration
• Separating Church and State
– The push to separate church and state
united Deists like Thomas Jefferson and
evangelical Protestants who sought to
protect religion from the corruptions of
government. Throughout the new United
States, states deprived the established
churches of their public funding and special
legal privileges, and several state
constitutions guaranteed the “free exercise
of religion.”
Toward Religious Toleration
• Jefferson and Religious Liberty
– In 1779, he wrote a “Bill for Establishing
Religious Freedom” for the Virginia
legislature. It was adopted in 1786, only after
much controversy.
 “Be it therefore enacted by the General
Assembly, That no man shall be compelled to
frequent or support any religious worship,
place, or ministry whatsoever, nor shall be
enforced, restrained, molested, or burdened in
his body or goods, nor shall otherwise suffer
on account of his religious opinions or belief;
but that all men shall be free to profess, and by
argument to maintain, their opinions in
matters of religion, and that the same shall in
nowise diminish, enlarge, or affect their civil
capacities.”
– Thomas Jefferson
Toward Religious Toleration
• The Revolution and the Churches
– While the Revolution expanded religious
freedom, its emphasis on individual rights
also challenged religious institutions and
authority. How?
– Yet, by allowing for the growth of different
denominations, the separation of church and
state actually expanded religion’s influence
in American society.
A Virtuous Citizenry
• Though they separated church and state, the
revolution’s leaders were not anti-religious.
– Even Deists who opposed organized churches
thought that religious values were the foundation of
a republic’s morality.
• Revolutionary leaders worried about the
character of citizens, especially their virtue—
their ability to sacrifice self-interest for the
public good
Defining Economic Freedom
• Toward Free Labor
– As wage labor became more common, and as
republican citizenship seemed not to go with
the restraints of apprenticeship and
indentured servitude, more white men
insisted on economic freedom.
– a distinction had hardened between freedom
and slavery AND a northern economy based
on “free labor” and Southern Slavery based
economy.
Defining Economic Freedom
• The Soul of a Republic
–Men such as Thomas Jefferson saw land
ownership for all white men as the key
to ensuring a republican future for the
nation. Many Americans thought the
abundance of land, much of it occupied
by Indians, would ensure republican
liberty and social equality.
The Limits of Liberty
• The Indians’ Revolution
–Indians particularly faced the
Revolution as a loss of freedom. After
the American Revolution, Americans
continued to move westward and claim
Indian lands east of the Mississippi.
Indian Land and White Freedom
• White Freedom, Indian Freedom
–Independence created state
governments that were democratically
accountable to voters who wanted
Indian lands.
–Many, including Thomas Jefferson, saw
the war as an opportunity to secure
more land and “liberty” for white
Americans by expelling or conquering
the Indians.
Slavery and the Revolution
• The Language of Slavery and Freedom
– The war presented an opportunity for
freedom. In 1776 about 500,000 people were
slaves.
– Slavery was central to the language of the
revolution. Other than “liberty,” it was the
word most often used in this era’s legal and
political writings.
– Even slave owners fighting the British
expressed that they were “enslaved” by their
enemies.
Slavery and the Revolution
• Obstacles to Abolition
– Slavery was entrenched in every American State
– While writing the Declaration of Independence,
Thomas Jefferson owned more than 100 slaves.
– The rights of self-government and the protection
of property from government control, some
argued, prevented the government from
interfering with their human property.
– Government intervention with their slave
property, these whites complained, would make
slaves of them.
Slavery and the Revolution
• The Cause of General Liberty
– Only with the Revolution, however, did
slavery emerge as a subject of public debate
and controversy.
• Petitions for Freedom
– African-Americans were the most persistent
advocates of freedom as a universal entitlement,
– In the early 1770s, enslaved blacks in New England
presented petitions to courts and legislatures asking
to end the tyranny which Americans exercised over
their slaves.
Slavery and the Revolution
• British Emancipators
– 100,000 Escape to fight for British
– Of those 20, 000 face being returned to their
owners like George Washington, who
insisted that they be returned
• Voluntary Emancipations
– In the 1780s, a significant number of
slaveholders, especially in Virginia and
Maryland, emancipated their slaves. This
happened only very rarely in the other
southern states.
Slavery and the Revolution
• Abolition in the North
– Between 1777, when Vermont’s new
constitution prohibited slavery, and 1804,
when New Jersey banned slavery, every state
north of Maryland moved towards
emancipation.
– This was the first time in history that
legislatures had acted to end slavery.
However, most northern laws allowed for
gradual emancipation. Children were Freed.
Slavery and the Revolution
• Free Black Communities
– Emancipation in the North, however gradual,
came to distinguish free from slave states,
and northern abolition, voluntary
emancipation in the south, and slave
escapees created large free black
communities for the first time in American
history.
Daughters of Liberty
• Revolutionary Women
– At least one woman disguised herself as a
man, enlisted in the Continental army, and
fought in several battles.
– Protested
– Raised Funds
– They became more political
• Gender and Politics
– Nevertheless, gender remained an important
boundary of freedom in America.
Daughters of Liberty
• Republican Motherhood
– Yet the Revolution did improve the status of many
women. The ideology of “republican motherhood”
produced by the revolution gave women the
responsibility to train future citizens
– Revolutionary leaders believed that the nation’s
morality would be developed by women within the
household
• The Arduous Struggle for Liberty
George Washington
• Gives up his command in 1783.
Surrenders power as Commander.
• Washington’s greatest legacy may be
civilian control of the military. He took
direction from Congress, even when he
believed they were wrong. Frustrated by
the inadequate support of Congress, he
nevertheless never broke away from
them.
Washington’s Resignation
• When he assumed power during the war
Washington had said, “I shall constantly
bear in mind that as the sword was the
last resort for the preservation of our
liberties, so it ought to be the first to be
laid aside when those liberties are firmly
established” Now he followed through
with that promise by immediately
relinquishing power.
Washington’s Resignation
Washington’s Resignation (Houdon’s
Richmond Statute)
Character of the American Revolution
A Conservative Revolution?
• The American Revolution is often characterized
as an intellectual event
• The leaders of the American Revolution were
uniquely sober men, not revolutionaries in the
classic sense.
• The American Revolution did not lead to chaos,
a “reign of terror,” or the imposition of a
dictator The American Revolutionaries did not
devour their own. They also did not
redistribute property and, arguably, never
abandoned the rule of law
But was it Conservative in Its
Effects?
• Many historians argue, however,
that a profound social revolution
was both cause and consequence
of the American Revolution.
Consequences of the Revolution
• The Revolution branded slavery as at least a
suspect institution. If “all men were created
equal,” then how was slavery justified?
• It is estimated that 100,000 blacks escaped
during the American Revolution.
• More slaves escaped during the American
Revolution than in any other time before the
Civil War.
– Want to Canada
– Went to Great Britain
– Lived on Indian Lands
Creation of American Identity and
Nationhood
• The American Revolution brought many
Americans together for the first time.
• It began the process of creating a nation
from states.
• Many Americans fought in the Revolution
as it came through their state.
• Congressmen supported the war effort
when it came through their state.
The American Revolution and American
Exceptionalism
• Many Americans define the significance of the
United States in terms of the Revolution that
created it.
• Our sense of national purpose, our sense of
nationhood, and our belief that we are an
exceptional nation (one blessed by God with
exceptional liberty and that our values and
form of government are superior to others)
come out of the American Revolution.
Discussion of American Exceptionalism
• Thomas Paine – “the cause of America is in a
great measure the cause of all mankind.”
• Paine explaining British defeat: You “cannot
conquer an idea with an army.”
• The American Revolution was an intensely
religious war at least in the sense that many
Americans came to think that God had made
them different for a reason and had great plans
for them.
The American Revolution as the
Beginning to the End of
Colonialism
• Finally, the American Revolution is
the first battle in what would become
the most sustained source of conflict
in the 19th and 20th centuries: battles
by colonial dependencies to gain
independence.
New Land For a
New Nation
What is the Northwest Territory?
• Northwest
Territory- a
designated area of
land that includes
the states of Illinois,
Indiana, Michigan,
Ohio, Wisconsin,
and parts of
Minnesota.
The Revolutionary War and Land
• Great Britain has ceded (or given up) all
lands extending to the Mississippi River.
• The new government (Articles of
Confederation) need to figure out what to
do.
• The states began making claims in the
newly won territory extending to the
Mississippi River.
A Solution
• Thomas Jefferson wants to see
the land become new, separate
states (where slavery will not
exist after 1800).
• Congress meets and passes the
Land Ordinance of 1785- a law
that established the Northwest
Territory and formed a political
system for the region; land
would be sold at public
auction.
What Was Solved?
• Since Congress could NOT tax the
citizens, selling land at a public
auction would help to benefit the
new U.S. government and solve the
greatest problem…
• Debt
Land For Service
• The United States
government was unable to
pay most veterans of the
American Revolution.
• The value of Continental
bank notes had dropped
substantially.
• To repay the veterans,
Congress offered them land
in the Northwest Territory.
The Northwest Ordinance of 1787
• Northwest Ordinance of 1787- a law that
established the Northwest Territory and
formed a political system for the region.
–When the territory reaches 5,000 free, adult
males they can elect a state legislature.
–When the territory reaches 60,000 they can
draft a state constitution and apply to
Congress to become a state.
How it was Divided
• The Northwest Territory
lands were to be
surveyed and divided up
into
• Townships- the largest
division of land that was
typically 36 square miles
and divided into 36 onesquare mile sections.
• Each 1-mile section was
640 acres. To put it in
perspective…
Map 7.2 Western Ordinances, 1785–1787
Give Me Liberty!: An American history, 3rd Edition
Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company
Land Grabbing
• Because of the vast amount of land available, the
Confederation Congress prepared the surveyed
townships for public auctions.
• 31 of the 36 sections in each township would be
made available to the general public in a land
auction.
• Land was available for $1 per acre!
• All money raised from the initial auctions to the
public would be given to Congress to help the new
U.S. government get its footing.
The Catch…
• In this situation, the public auctions were
ONLY available to citizens who could
purchase an entire section of 640 acres
initially.
• Therefore, all bidding BEGAN at $640 ($1
per acre).
• Land speculators who made a bid and
won a section could sell individual,
smaller portions of it AFTER the initial
auction and make a profit.
Off Limits Land
• Veterans of the war were reserved
four sections in each township for
payment.
• Section 16 of the township was
reserved for a school. Why do you
think schools would be important in
this new territory?
So what is the main purpose the Ordinance?
• Provided the basis for temporary governance
as a territory and eventual entry into the
United States as states.
• It set some precedents that influenced how the
United States would be governed in later years.
• New states were to be admitted “into the
Congress of the United States, on an equal
footing with the original States.” …meaning
there would be no colonization of the lands as
there had been under Great Britain.
• “Schools and the means of education” were to
be encouraged.
Was the Northwest
Territory empty?
Who lived there?
Revolution and Land
• While Americans considered this area empty, it
was inhabited by 100,000 Indians.
• Congress and the West
– When Congress declared independence from
Britain, it argued that Indians had forfeited their
rights to the land when they sided with the British
• Settlers and the West
– The war’s end caused a huge number of Americans
to migrate westward . They believed their right to
take western lands was essential to American
freedom.
Challenges to the New
Government
GEORGE WASHINGTON
1789-1797
George Washington’s Presidency
• April 30, 1789 Washington (Virginia)
is inaugurated (sworn in) as
President.
• John Adams (Mass.) becomes the
Vice-President.
George Washington’s Presidency
• Washington establishes many
governmental precedents.
• PRECEDENT: an example that would
become a standard practice.
I.
Establishment of the Court System
• Federal Judiciary Act of 1789: passed by
Congress.
1. Created an independent federal court
system with the Supreme Court and lower
level courts.
2. The U.S. Supreme Court is to have a
Chief Justice and five associate justices.
3. Washington appoints John Jay as Chief
Justice.
II.
Establishment of the
Presidential Cabinet
A. The Constitution allows Congress to
create departments to help the President
– the Cabinet.
B. The first Presidential Cabinet had four
departments:
The First Presidential Cabinet
1. Secretary of War (Henry Knox) oversee the
nation’s defenses.
The First Presidential Cabinet
2. Secretary of State (Thomas Jefferson) oversee
the relations between the U.S. and other
countries.
The First Presidential Cabinet
3. Secretary of the Treasury (Alexander
Hamilton) to manage the government’s
money.
The First Presidential Cabinet
4. Attorney General (Edmond Randolph) to
advise the government on legal matters.
Whiskey Rebellion
• To help pay off the war debt, Washington
started to tax whiskey
– What does this remind you of?
• Whiskey is an alcoholic beverage or Spirit as it
was often called
• The farmers who grew the grain to make the
whiskey were angry.
Why whiskey?
• Farmers had a hard time getting their grain to
market, so they turned their grain into whiskey,
which was easier to transport.
• They got more money for the whiskey anyway.
• Farmers traded the whiskey for salt, sugar, and
other goods.
• Farmers used whiskey as money to get
whatever supplies they needed.
• Farmers did not have the money to pay for the
tax.
The Rebellion
• In the summer of 1794, a group of farmers in
Western Pennsylvania rebelled against the
whiskey tax and staged the Whiskey Rebellion.
• One group beat up a tax collector and coated
him with tar and feathers.
– Remind you of anything?
Why do you think tax collectors were
tarred and feathered?
The Government Responds
• Alexander Hamilton, Secretary of the Treasury,
wanted the government to look strong. He
encouraged President Washington to stop the
revolt.
• Federal troops, led by Washington, marched to
Western Pennsylvania and put down the revolt.
• Washington had proved that the government would
deal with people not obeying the law.
Why do you think Washington chose to lead the troops
himself?
The Growth of the TwoParty System
Federalists vs. Democratic
Republicans
Political Parties
• Despite Washington’s wishes and warnings,
political parties began to form.
• The first two political parties were the
Federalists and Democratic-Republicans.
(Anti-Federalist).
• The Federalists wanted a strong national
government. The Democratic-Republicans
thought a strong national government would
lead to tyranny.
Hamilton versus Jefferson
• Alexander Hamilton led the Federalists.
• Thomas Jefferson led the DemocraticRepublicans.
• Northern merchants and manufacturers
became Federalists.
• Southern farmers and workers became
Democratic-Republicans
Divisions Develop Immediately
• Strong centralized
Government
• Limited power in the
central government
• Government as the
engine of the economy
• American people as the
engine of the economy
• Federal power over
state power
• State power over
federal power
Alexander Hamilton
• Background
–Served as Washington’s
aid during the war
–Favored national
sovereignty and a
strong, active national
government
Hamilton and Financial Plans
• Report on Public Credit
– The report analyzed the financial standing of the United
States of America advocated for First Bank of the United
States
• Report on Manufactures
– A Report to congress on how to stimulate the economy.
• Excise Taxes
– Place an excise tax, meaning a tax on a specific product,
on distilled spirits (alcohol)
• Whiskey Rebellion
Opposition to Hamilton’s Plan
• Report on Public Credit
– Who would benefit? Who would lose?
• First Bank of the United States
– Was this a constitutional action?
• Report on Manufactures
– What is the vision for the United States?
• Excise Taxes
– Are you replacing an old tyranny with a new one?
• Federalists
• Democratic
Republicans
• Wealthy, commercial
interests
• Cities, New England
• Anglophiles
• Poor to middle-class,
agriculture
• Farmlands, South
• Francophiles
Washington’s Farewell Address
• Before he retired, Washington gave a farewell
address (speech). In it he:
– Warned against political parties - he thought they
caused arguments, go tin the way.
– Urged the nation to remain neutral and not
become involved in foreign alliances/wars.
– Warned against a powerful military.
– Urged Americans to maintain and value a sense
of national unity.
Adams
Jefferson
1796 Election Results
John Adams Becomes
• After Washington retired, his
Vice-President, John Adams
became the second
president.
• Thomas Jefferson came in
second. He became VicePresident.
nd
2
President
XYZ Affair
• The U.S. was having problems with France.
They were seizing American ships so they
couldn’t trade with England.
• Adams sent men to France to work out the
problems.
– lbridge Gerry, Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, and John
Marshall
• They met with French negotiators, who later
became known as X,Y,Z after Adams changed their
names when releasing the negotiations to the
public.
• X,YZ, demanded that talks would occur only if the
Americans agreed to loan France $10 million and to
pay the minister a bribe of $250,000.
• Meanwhile, Americans refused and began to fight
back.
• U.S. Navy began to fight the French in the
Caribbean
• The French ultimately realized their mistakes and
called for peace with America.
• The incident became known as the XYZ Affair.
Alien and Sedition Acts
• President Adams was criticized for the XYZ
affair by Democratic-Republican newspapers.
• He blamed the papers and new immigrants for
his problems.
• To silence his critics, the Alien and Sedition
Acts were passed.
• These acts targeted aliens —immigrants who
were not yet citizens.
• One act increased the waiting period for becoming
a U.S. citizen from 5 to 14 years.
• Other acts gave the president the power to arrest
disloyal aliens or order them out of the country
during wartime.
• A fourth act outlawed sedition. Saying or writing
anything false or harmful about the government
became illegal. Newspaper editors were arrested.
• Many people thought the Alien and Sedition Acts
violated the First Amendment.
Thomas Jefferson’s
Presidency
1801-1809
President Thomas Jefferson
• March 4, 1801
– Thomas Jefferson is the
first President inaugurated
in the new capital city of
Washington D.C.
– He delivers his first
inaugural address. This
address outlines what he
feels are the essential
principles of government.
First Inaugural Address
• Essential Principles of Government
– “equal and exact justice to all men”
– “peace, commerce, and honest friendship
with all nations”
– “the support of state governments”
– “the preservation of general government”
– punishment for those who choose to revolt
– compliance with the decisions of the majority
First Inaugural Address
• Essential Principles of Government
Cont…
–“a well disciplined militia”
–honest payment of debts
–maintaining a sound economy
–proper distribution of information
–freedom of religion
–freedom of the press
Louisiana Purchase
• April 30, 1803
–Robert Livingston & James Monroe signed
the Louisiana Purchase Treaty in Paris
–The United States paid $15 million for the
land, roughly 4 cents per acre
–The purchase added 828,000 square miles
of land west of the Mississippi to the United
States
–July 4 the Louisiana Purchase is publicly
announced
Maps of the Louisiana Purchase
Lewis and Clark Expedition
• January 18, 1803
– Jefferson asks Congress for
funds to explore the land west of the Mississippi
– His goal is to find a water route to the Pacific
• May 1804
– Meriwether Lewis and William Clark depart on
the expedition
Lewis and Clark Expedition
• January 18, 1803
–Jefferson sends a secret message to
congress regarding the Lewis and Clark
Expedition
–In this message Jefferson asks for
permission to establish trading with the
Indians
Second Inaugural Address
• Delivered on March 4, 1805
• Stresses the importance of American
neutrality in matters of foreign affairs
• Outlines the Louisiana Purchase and the
processes by which the original inhabitants of
the land will become citizens of the United
States
• Stresses the importance of harmony amongst
all inhabitants of America
Embargo Act of 1807
• 1803 - Renewal of the Napoleonic Wars between
France and Great Britain
• America was once again trapped between the two
nations
• Jefferson wanting to stay neutral proposed an
embargo on all foreign trade
• This was highly unsuccessful and devastated the
American Economy
• The Non-Intercourse Act of 1809 was put in place to
repeal the unsuccessful Embargo Act
Chapter 8
Securing the Republic, 1790–
1815
Politics in an Age of Passion
• Hamilton’s Program
– To establish the government’s
creditworthiness, Hamilton proposed that it
pay off at full face value all national and state
debts from the Revolution. He wanted to
create a new national debt, issued as interestbearing bonds to government creditors, that
would tie wealthy investors to the national
government.
Politics in an Age of Passion
• The Jefferson-Hamilton Bargain
–A compromise secured Hamilton’s
fiscal program, minus subsidies for
factories, in exchange for locating
the nation’s capital between
Virginia and Maryland. This
became Washington, D.C.
Politics in an Age of Passion
• An Expanding Public Sphere
– The partisanship of the 1790s expanded
the public sphere and the democratic
content of American freedom. It increased
the number of citizens who attended
political events and read newspapers.
Ordinary men never before active in
politics wrote pamphlets and organized
political meetings.
Politics in an Age of Passion
• The Rights of Women
– Women were still not part of the body
politic. Although women were counted in
determining representation in Congress
and nothing in the Constitution explicitly
limited rights to men, the document and
almost all Americans assumed that politics
was an exclusively male sphere.
The Adams Presidency
• The Haitian Revolution
– Jeffersonians who celebrated the French Revolution as
an advance for liberty were horrified by the slave
revolt in 1791 in St. Domingue, France’s most
treasured colonial possession, an island of sugar
plantations . The slaves defeated British and French
forces sent to suppress the rebellion, and they declared
an independent nation in 1804.
– The revolt affirmed the universal appeal of freedom in
this age of revolutions, and fostered hopes of freedom
among America’s slaves.
Jefferson in Power
• Judicial Review
– The Supreme Court under Chief Justice John
Marshall, a Federalist and Adams appointee,
increased its power during Jefferson’s
administration. In Marbury v. Madison (1803), the
Marshall Court established the right of the
Supreme Count to determine whether an act of
Congress violates the Constitution—the power
known as “judicial review.” The Marshall Court
also soon established the right of the nation’s
highest court to determine the constitutionality of
state laws.
The War of 1812
Causes of the War of 1812
The War Begins
The Effects of the War on America
The Presidency of James Madison
• Elected in 1808
• Virginian lawyer and
student of history
• Wrote a large part of the
U.S. Constitution
• Stood barely 5’4” and 120
pounds but, an
intellectual ahead of his
time
Causes for the War of 1812
• The British Navy is taking
American sailors from
American ships to sail on
British ships. This is called
impressment.
• British sailors leave British
ships to sail on American
ships because they are
treated better and get paid
very well
Causes for the War of 1812
• The British army is
supporting Native American
resistance to Anglo
expansion on their land.
Causes for the War of 1812
• The United States has a
desire to expand into more
territory like British Canada
• The real cause for this land
grab is because of a poor
transportation system and
effects from the Embargo
Act
• Americans believe that
seizing more land will end
the depression
Causes for the War of 1812
• The United States wants
to prove to Britain that
the victory of the
American Revolution
was not luck.
• Americans demand
respect from the world.
Tecumseh and Indian Nationalism
• Tecumseh, a Shawnee chief
attempts to unify Indian
tribes that have been
removed from the Ohio River
Valley
• His brother, the Prophet
preached that Indians should
reject White ways and
embrace their heritage
• The brothers have a large
following but their hopes are
destroyed at the battle of
fallen Timbers
American Shortcomings in The War of
1812
• The military is poorly trained and led
• The U.S. navy is no match for the British navy
• American forces attempt to seize Canada but
are poorly led and militia forces
• Americans are forced to fight a defensive war
against an invading professional army
The Battle of Thames
• October 5, 1813, British
and Indian forces are
defeated by American
forces in Canada
• Tecumseh’s death ends
Indian resistance in the
Ohio River Valley
The Death of Tecumseh
The British Burn the Capital
• August 1814, the British
Army invades the United
States and marches on
Washington D.C.
• After a brief fight the city
surrenders and nearly all
government buildings are
razed by fire
• Madison rallies the American
public after this defeat
“The Star Spangled Banner”
• Francis Scott Key, a prisoner on a British barge
witnessed the British bombardment of Fort
McHenry, near Baltimore for 12 hours
• In the morning he observed that the American flag
still flew over the fort and writes a poem called “The
Defence of Ft McHenry” it eventually becomes a song
“The Star Spangled Banner”
• Americans rally to the war effort after the capital is
burnt down
“The Star Spangled Banner”
Things that make you go hmmm
• The Treaty of Ghent on
December 24, 1814 ends
the War of 1812. The war
is considered Staus quo
ante bellum
• The Hartford Convention,
several New England
states fear that the war is
lost and actually talk
about becoming another
country
The Battle of New Orleans
• The American forces are
a multicultural motely
band of experienced
soldiers and warriors
• The British, a trained
army are virtually
mauled by American
forces hiding behind
earthworks and cannons
The Battle of New Orleans
• American forces at New
Orleans are led by General
Andrew Jackson whose army
inflicts great casualties on the
British army
• Andrew Jackson will be
associated with winning the
war. People assume that this
victory is responsible for
ending the war.
A map of the Battle of New
Orleans
The Battle of New Orleans
The Impact of the War of 1812
1. A sense of nationalism sweeps America.
Nationalism is a belief and sense of pride in
one’s country based on it’s achievements.
2. The nation will embark on foreign trade and
begin to build a transportation system in the
United States.
3. Native American resistance will be removed
from the Ohio River Valley permanently
opening the Midwest for expansion.