Transcript Chapter 13 Challenge and Transition in East Asia

Chapter 19
Independence and Nationalism in the
Developing World
Lesson 1
South and Southeast Asia
East and West Pakistan
What events led to the creation of Bangladesh?
•
East Pakistan and West Pakistan were
separate regions, divided by Indian
territory.
•
Their different geographic characteristics
caused them to have different economic
interests.
•
The government of Pakistan was located in
West Pakistan.
•
East Pakistan felt ignored and declared
independence in 1971.
•
East Pakistan became independent
Bangladesh after civil war.
Jawaharlal Nehru
What was Jawaharlal Nehru’s role in India?
•
Worked with Gandhi for independence
•
Led governing Congress Party
•
Guided socialist economy (state ownership of
major industries, utilities, and transportation;
private ownership of farms and small
businesses)
•
Adopted foreign policy of non-alignment—not
taking sides in Cold War
Indira Gandhi
What was Indira Gandhi’s role in India?
•
Was daughter of Jawaharlal Nehru
•
Served as prime minister, 1966–1984
•
Led during time of religious and ethnic strife
•
Opposed separatist movements
•
Used military to defeat Sikh rebellion in
Punjab
•
Was assassinated by Sikh bodyguards in
1984
Mother Teresa
What was Mother Teresa’s role in India?
•
Was Catholic nun working in Kolkata slums
during 1950s and 1960s
•
Aided poor and helped sick and dying
•
o
Founded India’s first home for sick and
dying, as well as homes for lepers,
orphans, and homeless children
o
Founded Missionaries of Charity—
congregation of Roman Catholic women
devoted to helping poor
Was awarded 1979 Nobel Prize for Peace
Indonesian Independence
What role did the Cold War play in independence for
Indonesia?
•
Sukarno proclaimed a republic in the Dutch
colony of Indonesia.
•
The Netherlands resisted Sukarno’s
independence movement.
•
The Indonesian Communist Party tried to seize
power.
•
The United States, wanting to avoid a
Communist takeover, pressured the
Netherlands to support Sukarno.
•
The Netherlands recognized the Sukarno-led
Republic of Indonesia in 1949.
Myanmar’s Movement for Democracy
What events mark the struggle for democracy in
Myanmar?
•
Aung San led movement for Burmese
independence in 1947.
•
Great Britain granted independence to Burma
(Myanmar) in 1948.
•
Military rulers took control of government in
Myanmar.
•
Aung San Suu Kyi (Aung San’s daughter) led
new democracy movement in 1988.
•
Suu Kyi’s party won elections in 1990, but
military refused to hand over power; Suu Kyi
was placed under house arrest.
The Khmer Rouge
How did the Khmer Rouge impact Cambodia?
•
Slow population growth in Southeast Asia led to
military or one-party rule in many countries.
•
Communist governments ruled Cambodia and
Laos in 1975.
•
Pol Pot led Khmer Rouge in Cambodia.
•
Khmer Rouge massacred more than 1 million
Cambodians.
Uprisings in the Philippines
•
Authoritarian Philippine president
Ferdinand Marcos was charged with
corruption and forced to flee in 1986.
•
Corazon Aquino, wife of murdered
opposition leader, became president.
•
Another Philippine leader was ousted for
corruption in 2001.
•
Gloria Arroyo promised integrity in
government.
•
Antigovernment terrorism continues to be
problem in Philippines.
Chapter 19
Independence and Nationalism in the
Developing World
Lesson 2
The Middle East
Pan-Arabism
•
Ideology calling for cultural and political unity
among Arab states.
•
Promoted by Gamal Abdel Nasser of Egypt.
o
•
Nasser opposed foreign influence and the
creation of Israel as Jewish state.
Egypt united with Syria as the United Arab
Republic in 1958.
o Syria withdrew from the union in 1961.
•
Nasser wanted oil wealth more evenly
distributed to improve the standard of living
among Arab peoples. Oil-rich Arab nations were
suspicious of oil-poor Egypt’s intentions.
Wars Involving Iraq
Iraq-Iran War: 1980–1988
•
Iraqi leaders under Saddam Hussein were mostly Sunni
Muslims, and Iranians were mostly Shia Muslims.
•
Iran and Iraq had a history of disputes over territory,
especially the Strait of Hormuz, a strategic waterway.
•
The war began in 1980, when Iraqi leader Saddam
Hussein ordered an attack on Iran. During the war brutal
tactics were used, such as having children clear
minefields and using poison gas against civilians.
•
In 1988 a cease-fire ended the war without resolving the
major issues.
Wars Involving Iraq
Persian Gulf War: 1990–1991
•
In 1990 Iraq invaded Kuwait, an oil-rich neighboring
country.
•
The United States led a coalition of military forces from
various countries that pushed Iraq out of Kuwait.
•
The countries then imposed economic sanctions on Iraq
but failed to dislodge Saddam Hussein from power.
Afghanistan
•
After World War II, internal and external groups
fought for control of Afghanistan.
•
The Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan in 1979
and occupied the country for 10 years.
•
Anti-Communist Islamic forces backed by the
United States drove out the Soviets.
•
Islamic groups within Afghanistan then fought
for control of the country.
Chapter 19
Independence and Nationalism in the
Developing World
Lesson 3
Africa
Political Problems in Africa
What political problems did newly independent
African nations face?
•
Colonial boundaries were drawn arbitrarily.
•
Colonial states included widely different ethnic,
linguistic, territorial groups.
•
Groups within newly independent nations fought
civil wars.
Political Problems in Africa
•
•
Conflicts erupted in 1960s.
o
Civil war in Nigeria
o
War between ethnic groups in
Zimbabwe
o
Fighting between Hutus and Tutsis in
Rwanda
In some countries—such as Uganda, Ethiopia,
Liberia, and Somalia—dictators were deposed,
but the resulting power vacuums often led to
civil war.
Economic Problems in Africa
What economic problems did newly independent
African nations face?
•
Leaders had diverse economic views— Westernstyle capitalism, Soviet-style communism, and
African socialism.
•
Many nations relied on exports of single crops
or resources, such as oil in Nigeria.
•
Drops in single-export prices had major
consequences for national economies.
•
Nations imported technology and manufactured
goods from the West.
Economic Problems in Africa
•
Nations depended on foreign aid and
investment for growth.
•
Nations spent scarce resources on military
equipment.
•
Government corruption was widespread.
•
Drought and rapid population growth slowed
economies.
Contrasts in African Society
•
•
Western culture
o
Urban areas were westernized more than
rural areas.
o
Colonial presence was established in cities.
o
African cities look like other modern cities
around the world.
Traditional culture
o
Rural Africans live traditionally.
o
Houses lack plumbing or electricity.
o
Farmers and hunters use traditional
methods.
Contrasts in African Society
o Agriculture is subject to adverse weather,
leading some rural dwellers to migrate to
cities.
o Rural Africans believe cities destroy
traditional values.
Women’s Roles in African Society
How have women’s
roles changed?
•
Women have the right to
vote.
•
Women can run for office.
•
Some women have
become political leaders.
•
Women dominate some
professions— teaching,
child care, and clerical
work.
How have women’s
roles stayed the same?
•
•
Most women remain in
low-paid jobs
•
farm laborers
•
factory workers
•
and servants
Traditional attitudes
toward women remain in
many rural areas.
Contemporary Art in Africa
How have artistic traditions in Africa changed?
Visual arts
• Artists adapt native traditions to foreign
influences.
• Artists seek balance between Western
training and African heritage.
• Some governments direct artists to depict
traditional scenes for tourist trade.
Contemporary Art in Africa
Literature
• African writers address tensions of modern
life, such as breakdown of families.
• Books deal with conflicting demands: town
versus country, native versus foreign.
Contemporary Art in Africa
This painting by the Kenyan artist Richard Onyango is
an example of the incorporation of Western themes
into African art.
Chapter 19
Independence and Nationalism in the
Developing World
Lesson 4
Latin America
Democracy in Latin America, 1945–1993
•
Economic difficulties in 1940s and 1950s led
to political instability.
•
Repressive leaders seized power in many
countries.
•
In those countries in which leftists were
elected, the United States often intervened
to support the opposition.
•
Debt crises in 1980s weakened authoritarian
regimes and led to the re-emergence of
democracy.
Mexico
•
Mexico experienced steady economic growth
in 1950s and 1960s.
•
University students protested against the
Institutional Revolutionary Party (Partido
Revolucionario Institucional, or PRI), which
dominated the Mexican government.
•
PRI control remained unchanged; however,
limited reforms were gradually instituted.
•
The discovery of major oil deposits in the
1970s led to a dependence on revenues
from oil exports.
Mexico
•
A drop in world oil prices in 1980s resulted
in the inability to repay foreign loans; a debt
crisis resulted.
•
The government sold some of its companies
to private firms to deal with debt relief.
Haiti
•
After U.S. troops left Haiti in 1934, efforts to
move the Haitian government toward
democracy failed.
•
In 1957, Francois “Papa Doc” Duvalier was
elected president. Faced with unrest, he
created a private army and ruled as a
dictator.
•
Duvalier's regime was characterized by
corruption and human rights abuses.
•
Duvalier was succeeded in 1971 by his son,
Jean-Claude “Baby Doc” Duvalier. He ruled
until 1986, when his regime collapsed and
Haiti became a democracy.
Guatemala
•
United States supported the overthrow of
leftist President Jacobo Arbenz in 1954.
•
A series of military or military-dominated
dictators ruled the country for years.
•
Government-opposition forces formed, and
civil war erupted in the early 1980s.
•
Military leaders used death squads to fight
rebels.
•
The government massacred large numbers
of native peoples, believing they supported
the rebels.
El Salvador
•
From 1945 to 1980, the Salvadoran
government was dominated by the military.
Some reforms were enacted, but they
benefited mainly the middle class.
•
Civil war during the 1980s pitted Marxist-led
leftist guerrillas against right-wing groups.
•
Catholic clergy opposed to the government
became targets for attack.
•
The United States provided weapons and
training to the Salvadoran army to defeat
guerrillas, citing Communist interference.
•
Instability and mass killings continued for
years.
•
A peace settlement ended the war in 1992.
Nicaragua
•
Members of the Somoza family ruled a
corrupt government for 44 years as
dictators.
•
The United States supported the Somoza
government for most of its rule.
•
President Jimmy Carter withdrew U.S.
support in 1979.
•
The Sandinista National Liberation front, a
Marxist guerilla force, gained control of the
government in 1979.
Nicaragua
•
In an effort to prevent the spread of
communism, the United States backed rightwing rebels called contras against the
Soviet-supported Sandinistas.
•
In 1987, a regional peace agreement ended
fighting between the Sandinistas and the
contras.
•
The Sandinistas lost popularity due to
economic problems in the latter 1980s, and
opposition candidate Violeta Barrios de
Chamorro was elected president in 1990.
Argentina
•
Argentina labor secretary Juan Peron
improved benefits for workers and was
elected president in 1946.
•
Peron, with his wife, Eva, brought social
reforms, increased industrialization, and
nationalized transportation.
•
Peron ruled as an authoritarian, using
violence to intimidate opponents.
•
Peron was overthrown in 1955 but reelected
in 1973.
Argentina
•
A military junta took over in 1976,
suspending civil liberties and starting a
campaign of violence against opponents.
•
Mothers and grandmothers, calling
themselves the Mothers of the Plaza de
Mayo, marched in 1977 to demand
information about missing family members
presumed killed by the government
•
Democracy was restored in 1983.
Latin American Society and Culture
Society
•
Strong population growth
•
Rapid rise in cities and megacities
•
Wide gulf between rich and poor
•
Change in women's roles
•
International drug trade
•
Urban crime and violence
Latin American Society and Culture
Culture
•
•
Writers and artists
o
explored new themes and techniques
o
expressed the hopes of the people
o
developed magic realism
o
explored national reality
o
embraced abstract style
Architecture influenced by international style
after World War II; Bauhaus and Modernist
styles common
Colombia
•
Violent clashes between liberals and
conservatives resulted in more than 200,000
deaths between 1946 and 1964.
•
A conservative democratic government
emerged, led by elite coffee plantation
owners.
•
Coffee dominated Colombian exports, and
fluctuations in coffee prices greatly impacted
the economy.
•
Colombia became a major supplier of the
international drug market during the 1970s.
•
Violence increased as drug cartels and
Marxist guerrillas joined to oppose the
government.
Economic Trends in Latin America
•
Since the 1800s, the economic pattern in
Latin America has been to export raw
materials and import manufactured goods.
•
Latin American countries have become
increasingly dependent on foreign
investment and technology.
•
Latin America has had trouble finding
foreign markets for its manufactured
products.
•
The inability to pay foreign debt led to
economic instability in 1980s.