Transcript Texas
Discuss in your groups What was the social atmosphere in 1824? Who decided the 1824 election? Explain: “The people are sovereign; their will is absolute” What President would have said this? Dec. 7, 2016 Zinn Chapter 8 Manifest Destiny and Westward Expansion HW: Reformer Resume Unit V and VI test Dec. 14/15 Essay Dec. 16/19 Students will be able to: Identify the economic, political, and geographic factors that led to territorial expansion. Away, away with all these cobweb issues of rights of discovery, exploration, settlement, continuity, etc.… our claim to Oregon would still be best and strongest. And that claim is by the right of our manifest destiny to overspread and to possess the whole of the continent which Providence has given us for the development of the great experiment of liberty. John L. O’Sullivan, Democratic Review, 1845 Explain O’Sullivan’s statement. Manifest Destiny expressed the popular belief that the United States had a divine mission to extend its power and civilization across North America. In chapter 8 of Howard Zinn’s book he titles the chapter “We Take Nothing By Conquest, Thank God.” Analyze the title of the chapter and explain why you agree or disagree with how we obtained the land from Mexico. Manifest Destiny Expansion into the West: Texas, Oregon, & California Trends in Antebellum America: 1800-1860 1. Greater democracy & the return of the two-party system 2. Increase in federal power Universal white vs. Whigs expansion 3.Democrats Further westward Jefferson’s purchase of Louisiana manhood suffrage Jackson’s use of the veto John Jedediah C Fremont Smith1843-1844 1822-1830 mapped was thethe Western Exploration 1800-1830 st overland 1 American trails to toOregon explore& California California Major Stephen Long 1819-1820 Zebulon Pike 1806-1807 explored the mapped the Great Plains Mountains & tried to Great Plains & Rocky scare off British fur trappers Lewis & Clark 1804-1806 were part of 1st U.S. sponsored western exploratory mission Manifest Destiny What were the causes of Manifest Destiny? Nationalism Population Increase Rapid Economic Development Technical Advances Reform Ideas Manifest Destiny The spread of settlers beyond U.S. borders led to widespread calls for annexation of newly-settled lands The term “Manifest Destiny” was 1st used in 1845 by newspaper editor John O’Sullivan, who said: – God wants the USA (“His chosen nation”) to become stronger – Expansion of American democracy & economic opportunities were a good thing “American Progress” by John Gast, 1872 What do you see in this painting? Who is the woman and what does she represent? th 19 Century US Territorial Expansion: Texas Oregon California Maine Texas Territorial Expansion by Mid-19th Century Texas •In 1821, Mexico won independence from Spain •The new Mexican government opted for a free-trade policy with USA •Thousands of U.S. speculators moved to Texas The Texas Revolution In the 1820s, Mexico encouraged “Texans” ignored the Mexican ban on slavery U.S. immigration to Texas but “Texans” refusedemerged to convertbetween to Catholicism problems “Anglos” & the new Mexican gov’t –Texans never fully accepted Mexican rules –In 1834, Santa Anna became dictator & was viewed as a “Texans” refused to pay import duties threat to Texans’ interests “Texans” wanted self-rulebroke like in out the U.S. An armed rebellion in 1835, led by Stephen F. Austin The Republic of Texas (1836-1845) In 1836 Texans declared their independence from Mexico & wrote a national constitution But the war for independence still had to be fought Texans were defeated at the Alamo Texans were defeated at Goliad In May 1836, Santa Anna recognized Texas’ independence & its territory to the Rio Grande But…Texans won at San Jacinto & captured General Santa Anna The Republic of Texas Sam Houston was the soared 1st president Texas’ population from 30,000 toof142,000 of the Republic Texasby&1845 asked the U.S. to make Texas a state Presidents Jackson & Van Buren both refused to annex Texas Texas offered free land grants to U.S. settlers; white families in search of land & opportunity moved to Texas in 1830s & 1840s Why would northerners oppose annexing Texas? Political opposition among northerners to the expansion of slavery and the potential addition of up to five new slave states created out of the Texas territories. Tyler and Texas In 1844, President Tyler called for the annexation of Texas: –Tyler (Whig) & Calhoun (Dem) created a propaganda campaign Tyler needed to make Texas a campaign that England wanted Texas issue in the election of 1844 because he –Northern Senators notParty fall & had been kicked out of thedid Whig hoped appeal to to theratify common for it &to refused theman treaty to annex Texas –Tyler was not nominated by either party in the 1844 election In Polkfirst &“dark Texas Annexation The horse” candidate 1844, the Whigs nominated Henry Clay & the Democrats Appealed to the South nominated James Polk Polk won on expansionist platform – Called for Texas annexation – Called for an end to the joint U.S.-British control of Oregon Polk & Congress interpreted the Appealed to the North election as mandate for expansion & Texas was quickly made a state Mexican-American War War of North American Invasion Causes of the Mexican War: –Mexico recognized Texas’ independence & U.S. annexation, but disagreed over Texas’ southern border –In May 1846, Polk sent U.S. General Zachary Taylor beyond the Rio Grande River which led to the Mexican-American War John C Fremont won The Mexican-American War in California The disputed Zachary Taylor won in area of Texas northern Mexico Stephen Kearney captured New Mexico Winfield Scott captured Mexico City Not everyone the Opposition to the supported Mexican War Mexican-American War Whigs opposed it Northerners saw it as a Southern “slave-power” plot to extend slavery What were the terms of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo? the20% Mexican War TheEnding U.S. grew by adding the MexicanU.S. Cession (present-day NM,the AZ,war In 1848, & Mexico ended NV,of&Guadalupe parts of CO &Hidalgo: WY withCA, theUtah, Treaty For these territories, the United States would pay $15 million and assume the claims of American citizens against Mexico. The Rio Grande became the recognized U.S. southern border Oregon th Century Oregon Territorial Expansion by Mid-19 • U.S. & Britain jointly occupied Oregon (Spain relinquished its claims to Oregon in the Adams-Onis Treaty of 1819) • Britain claimed a greater stake of Oregon via Hudson Bay Co. (fur trade) The Oregon Boundary Dispute But, the USA & England Oregon residents compromised & demanded the divided Oregon entire territory: th In 1846, President Polk notified along Britain49that “54º40’ or fight!” the U.S. wanted full controlparallel of Oregon in 1846 Territorial Expansion by Mid-19th Century Benefits of Oregon: the U.S. gained its 1st deep-water port in the Pacific & Northern abolitionists saw Oregon as a balance to slave-state Texas California Territorial Expansion by Mid-19th Century California •In 1833, the new Mexican gov’t awarded land grants to rancheros who quickly replaced the missionary padres •In 1830s, the U.S. was eager to enter the cowhide trade The Bear Flag Republic Like Texas,settlers California operated as an California independent nation; the California used John Republic existed for one month from Fremont’s June 1846 to July 1846 when it was annexed of by the United States occupation California became a U.S. state as California during part of the Compromise of 1850 the Mexican- American War as an opportunity to revolt from Mexico in 1846 The California Gold Rush The discovery of gold in 1848 led to a massive influx of prospectors in 1849 (the “forty-niners”): –Few miners struck it rich –The real money made in CA was in supplying miners with food, saloons, & provisions –The gold rush led to a population boom, increase in agriculture, & multicultural Californian society Where the 49ers Came From 80% United States Europe & Asia 13% 7% Latin America Immigration …and to California global was national San Francisco before the gold rush San Francisco after the gold rush Maine Canada Territorial Expansion by Mid-19th Century •In 1839, fighting broke out between residents in Maine & Canada over the disputed Maine border •Webster-Ashburton Treaty (1842): •The U.S. received ½ the disputed land •Established a clear border in Maine The Aroostook War (“Lumberjack’s Maine Boundary Settlement,War”) 1842was fought over lumbering in disputed territories And that’s the end of that! No more Maine issues U.S. Territorial Expansion Conclusions: The Costs of Expansion What were they? The Costs of Expansion The impact of territorial expansion: –Historian Fredrick Jackson Turner noted in the 1890s that expansion shaped Americans into an adventurous, optimistic, & democratic people –But, expansion created sectional conflicts between the North & South, especially over slavery Journal Topic Some historians would argue that this period in American History (western expansion) hastened the outbreak of the American Civil War. What arguments can be made to support this claim? Use specific events/developments that help to make this claim. Trends in Antebellum America: 1800-1860 1. Greater democracy & the return of the two-party system 2.Temperance, Emergence of a national Abolition, Women’smarket Rights, Cult of Domesticity, EducationUniversal & Asylum Reform Transcendentalism Secondwhite Great economy Democrats vs. Whigs manhood Awakening suffrage 3. Increase in federal power American System: Riseintellectual in industry, & religious 4. New transportation, nd BUS urbanization, immigration tariff, 2 movements Jefferson’s purchase Jackson’s use of “King Cotton,” commercialthe farming, 5. Social reforms of Louisiana veto slave vs. paid labor systems 6. Further westward expansion Joseph Smith’s murder led to resettlement Western Trails in Salt Lake, Utah where Brigham Young built a The Mormon (“Deseret”) Santacommunity Fe Trail allowed the U.S. to sell goods to Texas In 1857, Mormon Utah became a U.S. territory & Young was named governor The Oregon The California Trail led to Trail massive allowed immigration Joseph Smith founded the Mormon of western traders farmers & ranchers in 1840s to & move demands to to end Church in 1830, but were persecuted in the joint California U.S.-British in 1830s occupation & 1840s of Oregon the East for their unorthodox beliefs