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After the bombing of Pearl Harbor, how were Japanese Americans treated during World War II? Cristina Lilly A 11 Cristina Lilly A 11 Picture Source: http://www.glogster.com/media/4/20/81/58/20815812.jpg Stem Questions • How were the Japanese Americans picked to live in these camps? • What were the conditions of the internment camps? • Were there any objections to this treatment of Japanese Americans? • What happened to the Japanese Americans after they were released from the internment camps? How were the Japanese Americans picked to live in these camps? Picture Source: http://www.epodunk.com/top10/diaspora/japanese-internment-camps.html • Franklin D. Roosevelt issued Executive Order 9066 after the bombing of Pearl Harbor. This order issued that all Japanese Americans and permanent residents of Japanese ancestry be moved to internment camps, ten total in the United States. The government said that this act was a “military necessity” in order to protect us here in the U.S. Picture source: http://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/06/arts/design/06lang.html • The Executive Orders were left in Japanese-American communities. Many of the people forced to go to the camps were born in the United States and had never been to Japan. Many had to sell their homes, businesses, and assets. Picture Source: http://www.ushistory.org/us/51e.asp What were the conditions of the internment camps? Picture source: http://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/06/arts/design/06lang.html • When the orders were first given to the Japanese-American communities, many of the camps were not completed. Some had to stay in temporary centers in stables at racetracks. Once the camps were completed, groups were moved into barracks made of tarpaper. • The barracks were too hot in the summer and too cold in the winter. The food was served in a mess hall. Children went to school, and adults could work for five dollars a day. Armed military men stood by watching these interned day and night. Picture Source: http://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/06/arts/design/06lang.html Were there any objections to this treatment of Japanese Americans? • Fred Korematsu challenged the Supreme Court for the treatment of JapaneseAmericans. • The Supreme Court ruled that Executive Order 9066 was a “wartime necessity.” Picture Source: http://www.ushistory.org/us/51e.asp • Hirabayashi v. United States (1943), Yasui v. United States (1943) – Hirabayashi and Yasui – both challenged the Supreme Court for convictions they were charged with at the internment camps. – The Supreme Court upheld their convictions. Gordon Hirabayashi http://caamedia.org/jainternment/camps/court.html Minoru Yasui What happened to the Japanese Americans after they were released from the internment camps? • Many interns could not return to their homes due to the fact that they had to sell their homes and businesses, but also because of the hatred of JapaneseAmericans after World War II. Many had to relocate to various parts of the United States. Civil Liberties Act of 1988 • In 1988, Congress ordered all surviving interns $20,000, sending apology letters to these Japanese-Americans. Bibliography • Ford, Jamie. (2009). Hotel on the Corner of Bitter and Sweet. New York, NY: Ballantine Books. • Houston, J.W., Houston, J.D., & Houston, J.A. (1973). Farewell to Manzanar. New York, NY: Bantam Books. • Ina, Satsuki. (1999). Children of the Camps. Retrieved from http://www.pbs.org/childofcamp/history/index.html • Mochizuki, Ken. (1993). Baseball Saved Us. New York, NY: Lee & Low Books. • Randall, Vernillia. (1997). Internment of Japanese Americans in Concentration Camps. Retrieved from http://academic.udayton.edu/race/02rights/intern01.htm • Roosevelt, Franklin. The White House, (1942). Executive Order 9066 (F.R. Doc. 42–1563). Washington, DC: Retrieved from http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/5154 • Smith, Dinithia. (2006, November 6). Photographs of an Episode that Lives in Infamy. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/06/arts/design/06lang.html Bibliography Continued • Uchida, Yoshiko. (1991). The Invisible Thread. New York, NY: Beech Tree. • Exploring the Japanese American Internment through Film and the Internet. (2002). Retrieved from http://caamedia.org/jainternment/ • Japanese-American Internment. (2008). Retrieved from http://www.ushistory.org/us/51e.asp • Telling Their Stories. (2008, April 4). Retrieved from http://www.tellingstories.org/internment/index.html • United Press. (1942, March 6). Olson Wants All Japs Moved. The San Francisco, Retrieved from http://www.sfmuseum.org/hist8/evac3.html • U.S. Supreme Court, (1943). Kiyoshi Hirabayashi v. United States Washington, DC: Retrieved from http://bss.sfsu.edu/internment/hirabayashi.html • U.S. Supreme Court, (1944). Korematsu v. United States Washington, DC: Retrieved from http://supreme.justia.com/us/323/214/case.html