Transcript Expansion of the Country

Expansion of the Country
Manifest Destiny
Topics You Need to Know
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Manifest Destiny
John L. O’Sullivan
Florida (1819)
Adams-Onis Treaty
Texas annexation
Oregon boundary
Texas (1845)
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War of Independence
Alamo
Battle of San Jacinto
Annexation of Texas
• Oregon Country (1846)
• James K. Polk
• Mexican American War
– Zachary Taylor
– Treaty of Guadalupe
Hidalgo
– Mexican Cession (1848)
• California
– Gold Rush
• Wilmot Proviso
• Gadsden Purchase
(1853)
Manifest Destiny
• The phrase was first employed by
• John L. O'Sullivan in 1845
• O'Sullivan claimed, "our manifest destiny to
overspread the continent allotted by
Providence for the free development of our
yearly multiplying millions."
“American Progress” by John Gast,
1872
Manifest Destiny
• It expressed the belief that it was Anglo-Saxon
Americans' providential mission to expand
their civilization and institutions across the
breadth of North America. This expansion
would involve not merely territorial
aggrandizement but the progress of liberty
and individual economic opportunity as well.
Mexico and American Relations
• “Pobre Mexico, tan lejos del dios y tan cerca a
Estados Unidos”
• “Poor Mexico, so far from God and so close to
the United States”
• Porfirio Diaz
Texas
• Moses Austin- during Spanish period- is given
a land grant
• Moses petitioned the Spanish government
and was given permission to colonize/settle
300 Anglo families on 200,000 acres of land
near San Antonio. Moses dies before Anglos
settle in Texas.
• Mexican Revolution 1822 occurs- laterStephan Austin fulfills father’s plans to settle
Anglos in Texas.
Anglos in Texas
• Anglo settlers wanted to come to Texas for
cheap land.
• However settlers had to follow certain rules:
– Learn Spanish
– Follow Mexican Law
– Convert to Roman Catholic Religion
Key Figures in Texas Independence, 1836
Sam Houston
(1793-1863)
Steven Austin
(1793-1836)
Mexican Government Reacts to Anglo
Immigration
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Problems Develop:
The colony gradually developed more Anglo than Mexican
Anglo settlers outnumbered Mexican nationals in Texas.
By 1830 there were between 20,000 and 30,000 Anglo settlers
and 2000 slaves in Texas.
• Anglo settlers- were protestant, wanted to be part of the
United States and some wanted slavery in order to profit from
the cotton industry.
• The Mexican government outlawed slavery in 1824 and Austin
was able to get approval for Texans to own slaves.
Santa Anna
• 1833 Santa Anna takes over- popular with some
Mexican leaders and wants to reform and strengthen
the Mexican Government’s control throughout
Mexico.
• He wanted to reduce:
– Anglo immigration
– Anglo Trade
– End slavery
• “Either the government occupy Texas now, or it is
lost forever.”
Texas War of Independence
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1835 Texans revolt they want:
To keep their autonomy
Keep their Anglo way of life
Eventually join the United States
Santa Anna refused to allow this and jailed
Stephen Austin for some time.
• Texans decided to secede from the Mexican
Republic and begin to form a militia.
Alamo
• Texans and some Mexicans unite to fight Santa
Anna.
• Sam Houston- appointed General of Texan
Army
• 1836- The Alamo• Battle of San Jacinto- Santa Anna Captured
and forced to sign peace treaty• Texas is independent
Davey Crockett’s Last Stand
The Republic of Texas
The “Lone Star Republic”
• October 1836 Texas is an independent
country.
• Houston Elected President
• Southern Boundary of Texas claimed by
Texans- the Rio Grande.
• Houston wanted US to Annex- but Jackson did
not agree. (slavery issues)
James K. Polk: “Young Hickory”
• Democrat/Fierce ExpansionistEmbodiment of Manifest Destiny
• Won presidency over Whigs in
1844 Tyler saw it as a go ahead
to acquire Texas (3 days before he
left office)
• Arranged annexation by joint
resolution because the needed 2/3
vote would never be secured in
senate because of the slavery issue
• Texas become 28th state in 1845
after resolution passed
The Oregon Dispute: 54’ 40º or Fight!
 By the mid-1840s,
“Oregon Fever”
was spurred on by
the promise of free
land.
 The joint BritishU. S. occupation
ended in 1846.
Oregon Boundary dispute resolved
• Oregon country mostly wilderness- once
claimed by Spain, Russia, GB, and US
• Russia retreats to 54 40’ line in 1824-25
treaties with US and GB
• British had a strong claim through the Hudson
Bay co.
• Borders almost negotiated in Treaty of 1818
setting the line at 49th parallel
• Treaty approved in Senate 1846-
Mexican American War
• Mexico Angry over Annexation of Texas
• Polk and Expansionists wanted CaliforniaRichard Henry Dana
• 1840 700 Americans in California
• 6000 Californios• Polk tried to buy California + New Mexico $30
million
The Mexican War (1846-1848)
Mexican War
• July 1845 Polk sent General Zachary Taylor and 1,500
troops to Texas, near the boarder
• Dispute- Mexican did not recognize the Rio Grande
as the boundary.
• April 1846- war began when Mexican troops
“entered Texas territory” and American troops fired…
• Truth is believed to be US Troops entered Mex.
• Polk asked Senate for declaration of war May, 1846
Polk’s War Message
• The United States has made “Every effort at
reconciliation… Mexico has passed the boundary of
the United States, has invaded our territory, and
shed American blood upon the American soil.”
• Opponents said US had provoked the war- to satisfy
slave interest (Whigs)
• Lincoln will be one Congressman who will complain
The Bear Flag Republic
The Revolt  June 14, 1845
John C. Frémont
Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo, 1848
Nicholas Trist,
American Negotiator
Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo, 1848
 Mexico gave up claims to Texas above
the Rio Grande River.
the U. S. California, New Mexico, Utah,
Arizona, Nevada
U. S. gave Mexico $15,000,000 and agreed
to pay the claims of American citizens
against Mexico (over $3,500,000).
Mexico lost 1/3 of claimed territory
Results of the Mexican War?
1. The 17-month war cost $100,000,000 and 13,000+
American lives (mostly of disease).
2. New territories were brought into the Union which
forced the explosive issue of SLAVERY to the
center of national politics.
* Brought in 1 million sq. mi. of land (incl.TX)
3. These new territories would upset the balance of
power between North and South.
Results of Mexican War
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Created two popular Whig generals who ran
for President.
Zachary Taylor
John C. Fremont
Manifest Destiny realized.
Many American officers gained experience
in the war and will later fight each other in
the Civil War.
The Mexican Cession
Wilmot Proviso Causes Slavery issue to
enter the Debate over expansion
• Many Northern democrats did not want
slavery to expand into the territories.
• Known as “Free Soilers” Wilmot was one.
– They believed that whites should not compete
with Slave labor
• This amendment did not pass the Senate
• But foreshadowed the debate and conflict
new territory would cause.
Wilmot Proviso, 1846
“Provided, territory from that, as an
express and fundamental condition
to the acquisition of any the
Republic of Mexico by the United
States, by virtue of any treaty which
may be negotiated between them,
and to the use by the Executive of
the moneys herein appropriated,
neither slavery nor involuntary
servitude shall ever exist in any part
of said territory, except for crime,
whereof the party shall first be
duly convicted. (Not approved by
Senate)
Representative
David Wilmot
(D-PA)
GOLD! At Sutter’s Mill, 1848
John A. Sutter
California Gold Rush, 1849
49er’s
Territorial Growth to 1853
Gadsden Purchase (1853)
• President Pierce
• Needed to build a rail line in Southern Arizona
and New Mexico
• $10 Million dollars