Transcript Migration PPT - Cobb Learning

Migration
Salinas, CA
Haitian Refugees

Why do people migrate?

Where are migrants distributed?

Why do migrants face obstacles?

Why do people migrate within a country?
KEY ISSUES
• Emigration: migration FROM a location
• Immigration: migration TO a location

Net migration:
difference
between the #
IMMIGRANTS
and the # of
EMIGRANTS
 Net in-migration:
immigrants > emigrants
 Net out-migration:
immigrants < emigrants
Why do people migrate?
Emigration and immigration
Change in residence.
Relative to origin and
destination.
Major International Migration Patterns, Early 1990s
Slide graphic courtesy of Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Hofstra University
PUSH/PULL FACTORS

PUSH: induces people to leave their present
location

PULL: induces people to come to a new
location

Can be ENVIRONMENTAL, CULTURAL,
ECONOMIC

What are some push/pull factors?
◦ Any personal examples in your family?
World Migration Routes Since
1700
European
African (slaves)
Indian
Chinese
Japanese
Majority of population descended from immigrants
Slide graphic courtesy of Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Hofstra University
Types of Migration

International: one country to another
◦ Primarily a phenomena in Stage 2
Demographic transition countries
• 2 Types
◦ VOLUNTARY MIGRATION
◦ FORCED MIGRATION
INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION

Voluntary migration
◦ The migrant makes the decision to move.
◦ Most migration is voluntary.
◦ CHAIN MIGRATION: movement because a family member
has already migrated to an area “person follows someone
else to a place”

Forced Migration
◦ Involuntary migration in which the mover has no role in the
decision-making process.
◦ Slavery.
 About 11 million African slaves were brought to the Americas
between 1519 and 1867.
 In 1860, there were close to 4 million slaves in the United States.
◦
◦
◦
◦
Refugees.
Military conscription.
Children of migrants.
Situations of divorce or separation.
Key Term: Forced Migration
Types of Migration

Internal: within the same country
◦ Less traumatic, more common

2 Types
◦ Interregional: one region to another
◦ Intraregional: within same region
◦ Fill in the blank: “Most common interregional
migration is _______ to _______ areas in
search of jobs.”
Types of Migration

Internal Migration
◦ Within one country.
◦ Crossing domestic
jurisdictional
boundaries.
◦ Movements between
states or provinces.
◦ Little government
control.
◦ Factors:




Employment-based.
Retirement-based.
Education-based.
Civil conflicts
(internally displaced
population).
Slide courtesy of Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Hofstra University
Types of Migration
Spring
Summer
Fall / Winter

Circular migration
◦ A type of temporary
migration.
◦ Associated with
agricultural work.
◦ The migrant follows
the harvest of various
crops, moving from
one place to another
each time.
◦ Very common in the
US Southwest
(Mexican farm
workers) and in
Western Europe
(Eastern European
farm workers).
Interregional Migrations
U.S. population has been moving Westward and
Southward
 Gold Rush (1849) and Donner Party just the most dramatic
examples of hardship.
◦ Wells, Pumps, Aqueducts, Mosquito Control and Air Conditioning have allowed this
move which otherwise would be impossible.
 Loss of Industrial Jobs in east compliments increase in Sunbelt
service sector (biotech, communications).
U.S. Migration
Prior to 1840, 90% of
U.S. immigration was
from Britain
Destinations of U.S. Immigrants - ethnic
neighborhoods often result of chain migration
Mexicans: California, Texas, Illinois, New York
Caribbean: Florida or New York
Chinese and Indians: New York & California
Other Asians: California
Armenians: ????
Migration by Major Metropolitan
Areas in the United States, 1990-98
(in 1,000s)
-1750
-1250
-750
-250
250
750
New York
Los Angeles
San Francisco
Chicago
Miami
Atlanta
Las Vegas
Immigration
Net domestic
migration
Phoenix
Portland
Denver
Slide graphic courtesy of Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Hofstra University
1250
Voluntary African-American
Migrations
Blacks moved to Industrial Belt (i.e., Chicago, New York, Detroit)
and Los Angeles during World Wars (labor shortages).
Intraregional Migrations in U.S.
U.S. population has been moving out of the city centers
to the suburbs: suburbanization and counterurbanization
Developed Countries:
suburbanization
automobiles and
roads
‘American Dream’
better services
counterurbanization
idyllic settings
cost of land for
retirement
slow pace, yet high
tech connections to
services and markets
U.S. intraregional migration during 1990s.
Intraregional Migrations in LDCs
Populations in the less developed world are
rushing to cities in search of work and income.
Urbanization
 migration from rural areas
 lack of jobs in countryside
 lack of services in cities
 Tokyo, Los Angeles, and
New York only MDC cities
on top 10 list
Lagos, Nigeria
Rank
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
City
Tokyo, Japan
New York City, United States
Mexico City, Mexico
Mumbai, India (Bombay)
Sao Paulo, Brazil
Los Angeles, United States
Shanghai, China
Lagos, Nigeria
Kolkata, India (Calcutta)
Buenos Aires, Argentina
Mumbai, India
Population
28 million
20.1 million
18.1 million
18 million
17.7 million
15.8 million
14.2 million
13.5 million
12.9 million
12.5 million
Mexico City, Mexico
U.S. Immigration
Prior to 1840, 90% of U.S.
immigration was from Britain
Ellis Island National Monument
Two Big Waves:
1840 - 1930: W. and N. European transitioning to
Southern and Eastern European by 1910
◦ Irish (potato famine in 1840s) and Germans
◦ During 1900s: Italians, Russians, Austria-Hungary (Czech, Poland,
Romania, etc.)
 1950 - Today: Asians and Latin Americans; declining
Europeans
◦ Asians: China, India; 1980s -1990s: Phillipines, Vietnam, and
South Korea
◦ Latin America: Mexico, Dom. Rep., El Salvador, Cuba, Haiti
 1986 Immigration Reform and Control Act admitted former
illegals in 1990, 1991.
DRAW A TIEMLINE!!!!
U.S. Immigration Policies
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1882, Bars Asian immigration for ten years (extended)
1921, Quota Act - country by country quotas
1924 National Origins Act - country by country quotas
1965, Immigration Act - quotas for countries replaced, in
1968, with hemisphere quotas of 170, 000 for East and
120,000 for West
1978, Immigration Act - global quota of 290, 000
1980, Refugee Act - quotas do not apply to those seeking
political asylum
1986, Immigration Reform and Control Act admitted large
numbers of former illegals.
1990, Immigration Act raised global quotas to roughly
675,000
1995, visas issued Preferentially by skills:
◦ 480,000 - to relatives of people here
◦ 140,000 - to those with special skills and education
◦ 55,000 - to diversity candidates (i.e., mostly not from
Latin Amer. or Asia)
Current Total: 675,000
U.S. Immigration Patterns
US Population by Race and
Ethnicity, 1990-2050
100%
3.6
11.7
80%
9
6.3
7
12.1
13
12.5
14
18
24
60%
40%
9
75.6
69.1
62
Asian/Other
Black
Hispanic
White
53
20%
0%
1990
2000
2025
2050
Slide graphic courtesy of Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Hofstra University
Top 10 Countries of Origin for US
Legal Immigrants, 1998
0
50000
100000
Mexico
China
India
Philippines
Dominican Republic
Vietnam
Cuba
Jamaica
El Salvador
Korea
Slide graphic courtesy of Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Hofstra University
150000
Illegal Aliens in the United
States by Country of Origin,
1996 (in 1,000s)
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Mexico
3000
2700
El Salvador
335
Guatemala
165
Canada
120
Haiti
105
Philippines
95
Honduras
90
Poland
70
Nicaragua
70
Bahamas
70
Slide graphic courtesy of Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Hofstra University
Population Pyramid of Native and Foreign
Born Population, United States, 2000 (in
%)
Foreign Born
Male
Native
Female
Age
Male
Female
85+
80- 84
75- 79
70- 74
65- 69
60- 64
55- 59
50- 54
45- 49
40- 44
35- 39
30- 34
25- 29
20- 24
15- 19
10- 14
5- 9
0- 4
8
6
4
2
0
Percent
2
4
6
8
8
6
4
2
0
2
4
Percent
Slide graphic courtesy of Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Hofstra University
6
8
Most migrants go a short distance,
within same country.
2. Long distance migrants head for major
centers of economic activity.
3. Most long distance migrants are male.
4. Most long distance migrants are single
without families.
1.
Ravenstein’s
Theories of
Migration.
Forced Migration
The Trail of Tears, 1838