Transcript THE AMERICAN JOURNEY A HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES

THE AMERICAN JOURNEY
A HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES
Brief Sixth Edition
Chapter
13
The Way West
The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition
Goldfield • Abbott • Argersinger • DeJohn Anderson • Barney • Weir • Argersinger
Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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The Way West
•
•
•
•
•
The Agricultural Frontier
The Frontier of the Plains Indians
The Mexican Borderlands
Politics, Expansion, and War
Conclusion
The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition
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As depicted in this painting by George Catlin,
Native Americans were still the dominant
power on the Great Plains
The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition
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Learning Objectives
• How did economic and demographic
pressures in the East spur Western
migration?
• What strategies did the Sioux use to
maintain their power on the Great Plains?
• What forces contributed to the
Americanization of Texas?
• Why was James K. Polk so eager to
provoke a war with Mexico?
The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition
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Introduction
• Some 300,000 Americans traveled the
Oregon Trail in the 1840s and 1850s in a
trek that eventually made the United
States a nation that spanned the
continent.
• The concept of Manifest Destiny provided
a justification for aggressive expansion
across the continent.
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Introduction (cont'd)
 Oregon Trail
- Overland trail of more than 2,000 miles that
carried American settlers from the Midwest to new
settlements in Oregon, California, and Utah.
 Manifest Destiny
- Doctrine, first expressed in 1845, that the
expansion of white Americans across the
continent was inevitable and ordained by God.
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The Agricultural Frontier
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The Crowded East
• By the early 1800s, land was scarce in the
East, especially New England. Land was
more productive and expensive in the
Middle Atlantic states. In the South,
planters controlled the best lands.
• Facing limited opportunities, the young
and poor in the rural East had strong
incentives to move west where land was
cheap and fertile.
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The Crowded East (cont'd)
• Public land prices fell between 1800 and
1830.
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MAP 13–1 The Westward Shift of the
United States Population, 1790–1850
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The Old Northwest
• The number of settlers in the Old
Northwest rose tenfold between 1810 and
1840.
• The Old Northwest was a mosaic of
different settlements with diverging values
and folkways. Migration belts tended to
move east to west, maintaining the same
North-South cultural differences as existed
along the Atlantic coast.
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The Old Northwest (cont’d)
• Wheat became the major cash crop in the
North and contributed to northern
manufacturing.
 Claims club
- A group of local settlers on the nineteenth-century
frontier who banded together to prevent the price
of their land claims from being bid up by outsiders
at public land auctions.
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Shown here demonstrating his reaper to potential
customers, McCormick helped revolutionize
American agriculture with labor-saving machinery
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The Old Southwest
• Skyrocketing cotton prices and the defeat
of the Indian confederacies stimulated a
land boom in the Old Southwest.
• In less than 30 years, six new slave states
entered the Union: Mississippi, Alabama,
Missouri, Arkansas, Florida, and Texas.
• The southwestern frontier attracted
planters and independent farmers.
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The Old Southwest (cont’d)
• The Southwest Ordinance of 1790 opened
all territories south of the Ohio River to
slavery.
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Westward Expansion and the Growth of
the Union, 1815–1850
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The Frontier of the Plains Indians
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Tribal Lands
• In the 1830s, the United States set aside
land west of the Mississippi River for
displaced Native Americans.
• The Sioux were the dominant power on
the northern and central Great Plains.
• Trade in buffalo hides increased in the
early 1800s.
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Tribal Lands (cont'd)
• Epidemic diseases helped Sioux
expansion since the nomadic Sioux were
less susceptible to the disease than the
sedentary, agricultural peoples.
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Shown here is a Lakota shirt, c. 1850
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This painting by George Catlin captures the
excitement of a buffalo hunt on the mixed-grass
prairie.
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The Fur Traders
• The western fur trade originated in the
rivalry between British Hudson’s Bay
Company and the American Rocky
Mountain Fur Company.
• Mountain men acted as trappers for the fur
companies. They lived in brutal, harsh
conditions and mortality rates among
trappers ran as high as 80 percent a year.
The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition
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The Fur Traders (cont’d)
• The rendezvous system brought trappers,
Native Americans, and traders together in
an annual fair to trade furs for various
goods.
• In the 1830s, the fur trade decimated the
animal population and disease ravaged
Native American tribes.
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The annual rendezvous in Wyoming of fur trappers
and traders
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The Oregon Trail
• Between the 1840s and early 1850s,
about 150,000 Americans made the
overland trip from Missouri to Oregon,
Utah, and California.
• Under an 1818 agreement, Oregon
territory was administered jointly by the
United States and Great Britain.
The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition
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The Oregon Trail (cont'd)
• The overland trip was long and arduous,
requiring cooperation among families
traveling in the wagon trains.
• The Fort Laramie Treaty of 1851 was the
first attempt to draw boundaries to contain
the Plains Indians.
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MAP 13–2 Western Overland Trails
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FIGURE 13–1 Overland Emigration to the West,
1840–1860
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Chimney Rock in Nebraska
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This painting by Alfred James Miller depicts the
busy interior of Fort Laramie in 1837.
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The Mexican Borderlands
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The Peoples of the Southwest
• Diverse peoples lived in the Southwest.
Full-blooded Native Americans, who
retained their traditional languages and
customs, were the largest group. Mestizos
were of mixed Native American-Spanish
ancestry, while criollos were Americanborn whites of Spanish ancestry. The
smallest group were Spaniards.
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The Mexican Borderlands (cont'd)
• The three centers of white settlement were
Texas, New Mexico, and Alta California.
 Santa Fe Trial
- Overland trial across the southern plains from St.
Louis to New Mexico that funneled American
traders and goods to Spanish-speaking
settlements in the Southwest.
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The Americanization of Texas
• Administration of Texas was problematic
for Mexico. Settlement was sparse, the
economy was struggling, and
communication difficult.
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The Americanization of Texas (cont'd)
• The Mexican government encouraged
American settlement by offering large land
grants to empresarios. The agreement
required the Americans to accept Mexican
citizenship, convert to Catholicism, and
obey the Mexican government.
The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition
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The Americanization of Texas (cont'd)
• American settlers poured into the region,
many bringing slaves. Relations between
the Americans and Mexican government
declined, leading to a successful rebellion
and the creation of the Texas Republic in
1836.
 Tejano
- A person of Spanish or Mexican descent born in
Texas.
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The Americanization of Texas (cont'd)
 Empresario
- An agent who received a land grant from the
Spanish or Mexican government in return for
organizing settlements.
 Alamo
- Franciscan mission at San Antonio, Texas, that
was the site in 1836 of a siege and massacre of
Texans by Mexican troops.
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MAP 13–3 Texas and Mexico after the Texas
Revolt
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This anti-Catholic lithograph sarcastically depicts the
“rulers” of Mexico as lecherous Catholic clerics
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The Push into California and the
Southwest
• Mexican administration of California was
always weak. The secularization of the
mission system, opened lands for
settlement and by the 1830s, the rancho
system had been established.
• American settlers to California included
Yankees from New England and New York
in the coastal cities, and midwestern
farmers in central valleys.
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The Push into California and the
Southwest (cont’d)
• American merchants opened up the Santa
Fe trail.
• Utah was settled by the Mormons.
 Californios: Persons of Spanish descent
living in California.
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Dominating Nauvoo, Illinois, by
the early 1840s was the this large
temple built by the Mormos.
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Politics, Expansion,
and War
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Politics, Expansion, and War
• The Democrats viewed their victory in the
election of 1844 as a mandate for
expansion. Through a combination of war
and negotiation, the U.S. became a nation
that spanned a continent.
 Mexican Cession of 1848
- The land ceded to the U.S. by Mexico in the
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo.
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Manifest Destiny
• Manifest Destiny assumed the white
Americans had a special mission to
spread civilization and democracy.
• It fueled and justified expansion of the
United States across the continent and
was closely associated with the
Democratic Party.
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Late-1872 evocation of the spirit of Manifest Destiny
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The Mexican War
• President James K. Polk was an ardent
expansionist. He compromised with
Britain, signing a treaty the resolved
issues over Oregon.
• The annexation of Texas prompted Mexico
to sever diplomatic ties with the United
States.
• A border dispute led to the Mexican War,
which ended in a stunning military victory.
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The Mexican War (cont'd)
• Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ceded 1/2 of
Mexico's territory to the US for a $15 million
+ $3.25 million in claims of US citizens
against the Mexican gov't
• Ratified by the US Senate 38-14 in the face of
mounting opposition by Whigs who seized
control of the House in the bi-elections of
1846, and others who wanted all of Mexico
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MAP 13–4 The Mexican War
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This colorful kerchief depicts scenes from the battles
of General Zachary Taylor during the Mexican War.
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Conclusion
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Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo 2 February
1848
•
•
•
•
•
Signed by US envoy Nicholas Trist , the treaty ceded 1/2 of
Mexico's territory to the US for a $15 million + $3.25
million in claims of US citizens against the Mexican gov't
It was ratified by the US Senate 38-14 in the face of
mounting opposition by Whigs who seized control of the
House in the bi-elections of 1846, and others who wanted all
of Mexico
Cost of the War -- $100 million
(1) Texas and the Mississippi Valley states provided almost
50,000 volunteers while only 13,000 came from the original
13 colonies.
About 13,000 Americans were killed, but most from disease,
not injuries.
Aftermath of the War
(1) Many generals of the Civil War gained valuable field
experience
(2) Zachary Taylor emerged as a leading candidate for the
presidency
in 1848.
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California Gold Rush
•
•
•
Gold was discovered in
January 1848 at Johann
Augustus Sutter 's mill
on a branch of the
American river
News of the discovery
soon spread and
stimulated a great
California gold rush
By the end of 1849,
California's population
had swollen by 100,000.
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Oregon Settlement
•
•
•
54 40 or Fight Polk had claimed all of the Oregon Territory in his first
annual message to Congress and was supported by expansionist
Democrats Polk
Buchanan-Pakenham Treaty 1846 Richard Pakenham , British
minister to the US, requested renewal of the previous US offer to extend
the Treaty line of 1818 through the Oregon territory
British proposal to do just that, excluding Vancouver Island, was sent to
the US Senate by Polk for advice, where the Senate ratified it 41-14, over
protests of Democrats from the Old Northwest, who claimed Polk had
betrayed them.Britain was also given free navigation of the Columbia
River below the 49th parallel and both parties enjoyed free navigation of
the channel and the Juan de Fuca Strait to the Pacific
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Results 1848
•
•
Campaign
Free Soilers slogan - Free soil, free speech, free labor, and free men .
Critics of Cass noted that his name rhymed with "Jackass.“
Results
Taylor won 1,360,101 to Cass 1,220,544 to Van Buren 291,263.
Electoral votes -- Taylor 163 (8 slave and 7 free states) and Cass 127 (8
free and 7 slave states)
Van Buren won no state, but split the Democratic vote in NY (120,510 to
Cass 114,318), depriving Cass of its 36 electoral votes.
Retirement of Polk - shortest in history, dying at age 54 within three months
of leaving office.
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Conclusion
• Americans were an expansionist people.
• Between 1815 and 1850, the nation
expanded to the Pacific coast.
• Popular pressure and Manifest Destiny
fueled expansion.
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