Transcript Slide 1

THE AMERICAN JOURNEY
A HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES
Brief Sixth Edition
Chapter
5
Imperial Breakdown
1763-1774
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Imperial Breakdown
1763-1774
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
The Crisis of Imperial Authority
Republican Ideology and Colonial Protest
The Stamp Act Crisis
The Townshend Crisis
Domestic Divisions
The Final Imperial Crisis
Conclusion
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Liberty poles were particularly characteristic of New
York City, where citizens of all social classes
supported their erection (as in the picture).
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Learning Objectives
• What new challenges did the British
government face in North America after
1763?
• How did Republican ideology inform the
colonists’ view of their relationship to
Britain?
• Why did the Stamp Act spark widespread
unrest in the colonies?
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Learning Objectives (cont'd)
• How did the colonists respond to
Townshend’s colonial policies?
• What issues and interests divided the
colonists?
• What pushed the colonists from protest to
rebellion?
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The Crisis of Imperial Authority
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Challenges of Control and Finance
• Britain’s empire in 1763 was immense,
and its problems correspondingly large. It
faced threats from traditional European
enemies France and Spain, as well as
from new subjects in acquired lands.
• Concerns about imperial authority
extended to the inhabitants of the existing
colonies themselves.
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Challenges of Control and
Finance(cont'd)
• Wartime expenses caused British debt to
balloon, and Americans would be asked to
shoulder more of the financial burden.
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Native Americans and Frontier Conflict
• The British government kept a large body
of troops in America in peacetime in order
to maintain peace with the Indians.
• Tensions between the colonists and
Indians led to fierce conflict in the
Cherokee War and Pontiac’s War.
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Native Americans and Frontier
Conflict(cont'd)
• Ongoing troubles included the Paxton
Boys crisis.
 Cherokee War
- Conflict (1759–1761) on the southern frontier
between the Cherokee Indians and colonists from
Virginia southward. It caused South Carolina to
request the aid of British troops and resulted in
the surrender of more Indian land to white
colonists.
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Native Americans and Frontier
Conflict(cont'd)
 Pontiac’s War
- Indian uprising (1763–1766) led by Pontiac of the
Ottawas and Neolin of the Delawares. Fearful of
their fate at the hands of the British after the
French had been driven out of North America, the
Indian nations of the Ohio River Valley and the
Great Lakes area united to oust the British from
the Ohio-Mississippi Valley. They failed and were
forced to make peace in 1766.
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Cunne Shote, one of three Cherokee chiefs who
visited London in 1762, had this portrait painted
there by Francis Parsons.
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Dealing with the New Territories
• The issues raised by Pontiac’s War
moved Britain to assert imperial control
over the territories it had acquired from
France.
 Proclamation of 1763
- Royal proclamation setting the boundary known
as the Proclamation Line.
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Dealing with the New
Territories(cont'd)
 Quartering Acts
- Acts of Parliament requiring colonial legislatures
to provide supplies and quarters for the troops
stationed in America. Americans considered this
taxation in disguise and objected. None of these
acts passed during the pre-Revolutionary
controversy required that soldiers be quartered in
an occupied house without the owner’s consent.
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MAP 5–1 Colonial Settlement and the
Proclamation Line of 1763
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The Search for Revenue:
The Sugar Act
• Compounding Britain’s problem of soaring
national debt was a postwar recession that
struck both it and the colonies.
• The Sugar Act was passed to help defray
the costs of empire, while also taking aim
at smugglers.
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The Search for Revenue:
The Sugar Act
• New Englanders predominated those
colonists actively opposed to the Sugar
Act.
 Sugar Act
- Law passed in 1764 to raise revenue in the
American colonies. It lowered the duty from 6
pence to 3 pence per gallon on foreign molasses
imported into the colonies and increased the
restrictions on colonial commerce.
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Republican Ideology and
Colonial Protest
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Power versus Liberty
• The limited government concepts of
republicanism and Country (or “Real
Whig”) ideology informed the colonists’
understanding of politics.
• Civil liberty, participation in government,
and vigilance against corruption and
excessive power were hallmarks of
republican ideology.
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The British Constitution
• Colonists sought a balance between the
exercise of power and the protection of
liberty, and saw a successful model in
Great Britain’s government, based on the
British Constitution.
 British Constitution
- The principles, procedures, and precedents that
governed the operation of the British government.
These could be found in no single written
document.
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Taxation and Sovereignty
• Colonists who had absorbed republican
ideas were especially concerned about the
implications of taxation on their
independence and liberty.
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Taxation and Sovereignty (cont’d)
• There were differences between British
and colonial understandings of
representation and taxation, which were
connected to the more fundamental issue
of sovereignty.
 Sovereignty
- The supreme authority of the state, including both
the right to take life and to tax.
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The Stamp Act Crisis
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The Stamp Act Crisis
 Stamp Act
- Law passed by Parliament in 1765 to raise
revenue in America by requiring taxed, stamped
paper for legal documents, publications, and
playing cards. Americans opposed it as “taxation
without representation” and prevented its
enforcement. Parliament repealed it a year after
its enactment.
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Colonial Assemblies React to the
Stamp Tax
• Colonial protests arose months before the
Stamp Act was to go into effect, and the
measure was condemned and opposed
through various legislative, social, and
economic means.
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Colonial Assemblies React to the
Stamp Tax (cont’d)
• Some of the opposition went beyond the
Stamp Act itself to address broader issues.
 Stamp Act Congress
- October 1765 meeting of delegates sent by nine
colonies, held in New York City, that adopted the
Declaration of Rights and Grievances and
petitioned against the Stamp Act.
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Colonial Assemblies React to the
Stamp Tax (cont’d)
 Declaration of Rights and Grievances
- Resolves, adopted by the Stamp Act Congress at
New York in 1765, asserting that the Stamp Act
and other taxes imposed on the colonists without
their consent, given through their colonial
legislatures, were unconstitutional.
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Colonists Take to the Streets
• In Boston, a group called the Sons of
Liberty organize, launching a series of
violent protests that quickly spread to
other locations.
• Colonial elites were appalled at the violent
tactics, while suffering British merchants
petitioned Parliament to repeal the Stamp
Act.
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Colonists Take to the Streets (cont’d)
 Sons of Liberty
- Secret organizations in the colonies formed to
oppose the Stamp Act. From 1765 until
independence, they spoke, wrote, and
demonstrated against British measures. Their
actions often intimidated stamp distributors and
British supporters in the colonies.
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Repeal and the Declaratory Act
• A three-part solution was devised that
linked repeal of the Stamp Act to an
unequivocal assertion of parliamentary
sovereignty.
• The Stamp Act was repealed, the
Declaratory Act was passed, and the
Revenue Act of 1766 was also passed.
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Repeal and the Declaratory Act (cont'd)
• Parliament had saved face and calmed the
merchant community, while the colonies
rejoiced.
 Declaratory Act
- Law passed in 1766 to accompany repeal of the
Stamp Act that stated that Parliament had the
authority to legislate for the colonies “in all cases
whatsoever.” Whether “legislate” meant tax was
not clear to Americans.
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Samuel Adams, the leader of the Boston
radicals, as he appeared to John Singleton
Copley in the early 1770s.
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The Townshend Crisis
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Townshend’s Plan
• The goal of the Townshend Duty Act was
help pay the costs of government by
imposing new duties, or external taxes, in
the colonies that Townshend believed the
colonists would accept.
• The duties were on regular colonial
imports such as tea, paper, paint, lead,
and glass.
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Townshend’s Plan (cont'd)
• A new board of customs commissioners
headquartered in Boston was to ensure
collection of the duties.
• Colonists feared the Townshend Act was
the first step toward greater British
interference in colonial affairs.
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A satirical British engraving from 1766 showing
English politicians burying the Stamp Act, “born
1765 died 1766.”
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Townshend’s Plan (cont’d)
 Townshend Duty Act of 1967
- Act of Parliament, passed in 1767, imposing
duties on colonial tea, lead, paint, paper, and
glass. Designed to take advantage of the
supposed American distinction between internal
and external taxes, the Townshend duties were to
help support government in America. The act
prompted a successful colonial nonimportation
movement.
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Renewed Resistance
• The Townshend duties provoked
resistance throughout the colonies. John
Dickinson stated a tax was a tax and other
colonists complained the Act threatened to
undermine the authority of the colonial
authority.
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Renewed Resistance (cont’d)
• Americans organized an effective
nonimportation movement that forged a
sense of common purpose among
colonists that created a sense of belonging
to a larger community.
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Renewed Resistance (cont’d)
 Nonimportation movement
- A tactical means of putting economic pressure on
Britain by refusing to buy its exports to the
colonies. Initiated in response to the taxes
imposed by the Sugar and Stamp Acts, it was
used again against the Townshend duties and
the Coercive Acts. The nonimportation
movement popularized resistance to British
measures and deepened the commitment of
many ordinary people to a larger American
community.
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FIGURE 5–1 Value of American Exports to and
Imports from England, 1763–1776
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The Boston Massacre
• Growing tensions between British soldiers
and Boston townspeople erupted into
violence that resulted in five deaths.
 Boston Massacre
- After months of increasing friction between
townspeople and the British troops stationed in
the city, on March 5,1770, British troops fired on
American civilians in Boston.
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Partial Repeal and Its Consequences
• For the colonists, the partial repeal of the
Townshend duties was an incomplete
victory, and recent events, especially the
Boston Massacre, seriously undermined
their trust in British authority.
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Partial Repeal and Its Consequences
(cont'd)
• Various incidents led colonial leaders to
resolve to keep one another informed
about British actions and to try and
anticipate what Parliament’s next move
might be.
 Committees of Correspondence
- Committees formed in Massachusetts and other
colonies in the pre-Revolutionary period to keep
Americans informed about British measures that
would affect the colonies.
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Domestic Divisions
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Regulator Movements
• In response to marauding gangs of
outlaws roaming backcountry South
Carolina, aggrieved farmers organized
vigilante companies.
• The outlaws’ threat to property and order
was symptomatic of the larger problem of
political representation.
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Regulator Movements (cont'd)
- Regulators
•
Vigilante groups active in the 1760s and 1770s in the
western parts of North and South Carolina. The South
Carolina Regulators attempted to rid the area of
outlaws; the North Carolina Regulators sought to protect
themselves against excessively high taxes and court
costs. In both cases, westerners lacked sufficient
representation in the legislature to obtain immediate
redress of their grievances. The South Carolina
government eventually made concessions; the North
Carolina government suppressed its Regulator
movement by force.
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This depiction of Governor William Tryon’s
confrontation with the North Carolina Regulators
during May 1771
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The Beginnings of Antislavery
• Slavery was legal in all thirteen colonies,
but amid a time of protests and fervent
speeches on behalf of liberty, some
colonists began to question the legitimacy
of slavery.
• The first significant attacks on slavery
were generated by religious concerns.
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The Final Imperial Crisis
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The Boston Tea Party
• The possible bankruptcy of the British East
India Company prompted Lord North to
issue the Tea Act of 1773.
• In most cities, the Sons of Liberty
threatened violence and convinced
captains to return their ships and cargoes
to England.
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The Boston Tea Party (cont'd)
• The Boston Sons of Liberty incited the
Boston Tea Party.
 Tea Act of 1773
- Act of Parliament that permitted the East India
Company to sell tea through agents in America
without paying the duty customarily collected in
Britain, thus reducing the retail price. Americans,
who saw the act as an attempt to induce them to
pay the Townshend duty still imposed in the
colonies, resisted this act through the Boston Tea
Party and other measures.
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The Boston Tea Party (cont'd)
 Boston Tea Party
- Incident that occurred on December 16, 1773, in
which Bostonians, disguised as Indians,
destroyed £9,000 worth of tea belonging to the
British East India Company in order to prevent
payment of the duty on it.
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The Intolerable Acts
• The British responded to the Boston Tea
Party by passing the Coercive Acts, known
as the Intolerable Acts in the colonies.
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The Intolerable Acts (cont'd)
• The Coercive Acts closed the port of
Boston, offered lenient treatment to
government officials who killed a colonist
while performing their duties, drastically
changed the Massachusetts colonial
charter, and allowed British troops to be
lodged in any uninhabited building.
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The Intolerable Acts (cont'd)
• The Quebec Act changed the
administration and boundaries of that
colony, enlarged the privileges of the
Catholic Church, and also provided for the
trial of civil cases without a jury.
 Coercive Acts
- Legislation passed by Parliament in 1774;
included the Boston Port Act, the Massachusetts
Government Act, the Administration of Justice Act,
and the Quartering Act of 1774.
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The Intolerable Acts (cont'd)
 Quebec Act
- Law passed by Parliament in 1774 that provided
an appointed government for Canada, enlarged
the boundaries of Quebec southward to the Ohio
River, and confirmed the privileges of the Catholic
Church. Alarmed Americans termed this act and
the Coercive Acts the Intolerable Acts.
 Intolerable Acts
- American term for the Coercive Acts and the
Quebec Act.
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MAP 5–2 The Quebec Act of 1774
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The Americans’ Reaction
• Americans saw the Intolerable Acts as
threatening their expansion, the status of
some religions, and the power and
authority of colonial legislatures.
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The Americans’ Reaction (cont'd)
 Suffolk Resolves
- Militant resolves adopted in September 1774 in
response to the Coercive Acts by
representatives from the towns in Suffolk County,
Massachusetts, including Boston. They termed
the Coercive Acts unconstitutional, advised the
people to arm, and called for economic sanctions
against Britain. The First Continental Congress
endorsed these resolves.
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This engraving shows colonists dressed like Indians
destroying British tea in December 1773 in protest
against the Tea Act.
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This participant at the Tea Party convention, held in
Nashville in February 2010, donned a Revolutionaryera costume
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Mr. and Mrs. Thomas Mifflin of Philadelphia.
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The First Continental Congress
• Fifty-five delegates met in Philadelphia
where the Suffolk Resolves were passed.
• The Suffolk Resolves denounced the
Coercive Acts as unconstitutional, advised
the people to arm, and called for economic
sanctions against Britain.
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The First Continental Congress (cont'd)
 First Continental Congress
- Meeting of delegates from most of the colonies
held in 1774 in response to the Coercive Acts.
The Congress endorsed the Suffolk Resolves,
adopted the Declaration of Rights and
Grievances, and agreed to establish the
Continental Association to put economic
pressure on Britain to repeal its objectionable
measures. The Congress also wrote addresses to
the king, the people of Britain, and the American
people.
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The Continental Association
• Colonial unity was fragile and Congress
needed an enforcement mechanism to
ensure its measures were followed. It
created the Continental Association.
 Continental Association
- Agreement, adopted by the First Continental
Congress in 1774 in response to the Coercive
Acts, to cut off trade with Britain until the
objectionable measures were repealed. Local
committees were established to enforce the
provisions of the association.
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New Restraints and Burdens
on Americans, 1763–1774
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New Restraints and Burdens
on Americans, 1763–1774
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Political Polarization
• Even well-known radicals were not
advocating independence. Most hoped
and expected Britain would change its
policy toward America.
• Americans were divided over what the
extent of Parliament’s authority should be
and how far they could legitimately go in
challenging Parliament’s power.
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Political Polarization (cont'd)
• Advocates of colonial rights called
themselves Whigs and called their
opponents Tories.
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Political Polarization (cont'd)
 Whigs
- The name used by advocates of colonial
resistance to British measures during the 1760s
and 1770s. The Whig party in England
unsuccessfully attempted to exclude the Catholic
duke of York from succession to the throne as
James II; victorious in the Glorious Revolution,
the Whigs later stood for religious toleration and
the supremacy of Parliament over the crown.
The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition
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Political Polarization (cont'd)
 Tories
- A derisive term applied to loyalists in America who
supported the king and Parliament just before and
during the American Revolution. The term derived
from late-seventeenth-century English politics
when the Tory party supported the duke of York’s
succession to the throne as James II. Later the
Tory party favored the Church of England and the
crown over dissenting denominations and
Parliament.
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This image shows John Malcolm, an unpopular
customs commissioner, being tarred and
feathered in Boston.
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Conclusion
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Conclusion
• British attempts to tighten the bonds of
empire went terribly awry, as colonists saw
British reforms as infringements on their
rights.
• Years of often violent political turmoil
inspired colonists to think more
systematically about their rights than they
had ever done before.
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Conclusion (cont'd)
• However, while they had surely rebelled,
Americans differed on the path of
resistance to the British, and had not yet
launched a revolution.
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