Transcript america claims an empire

CHAPTER 18
AMERICA CLAIMS
AN EMPIRE
Objectives
1. The learner will understand how individuals and events moved the
United States into the role of a world power and to recognize the effects
of economic policies on U.S. diplomacy.
2. The learner will explain the economic and cultural factors that fueled
the growth of American imperialism.
3. The learner will describe how the United States acquired Alaska.
4. The learner will summarize how the United States took over the
Hawaiian islands.
State Standards
7.4 Identify the causes of American involvement in World
War I (i.e., security concerns, economic benefits,
Wilsonian diplomacy, propaganda).
8.3 Recognize the definitions of totalitarianism, fascism,
communism, nationalism, and anti-Semitism.
One American’s Story
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A PERSONAL VOICE QUEEN
LILIUOKALANI
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“ I, Liliuokalani, . . . do hereby solemnly
protest against any and all acts done
against myself and the constitutional
government of the Hawaiian Kingdom. . .
. Now, to avoid any collision of armed
forces and perhaps the loss of life, I do
under this protest . . . yield my authority
until such time as the Government of the
United States shall . . . undo the action of
its representatives and reinstate me in
the authority which I claim as the
constitutional sovereign of the Hawaiian
Islands.”
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quoted in Those Kings and Queens of Old
Hawaii
In 1891, Queen Liliuokalani becomes
Hawaii’s queen and proposes a new
constitution.
Queen Liliuokalani surrendered Hawaii
to the United States in 1893.
IMPERIALISM AND AMERICA
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Throughout the 19th century
America expanded control of the
continent to the Pacific Ocean
By 1880, many American leaders
felt the U.S. should join
European nations and establish
colonies overseas
Thus began America’s foray into
Imperialism - the policy in which
stronger nations extend control
over weaker nations
An anti-imperialist be quoted as
saying, “It is not necessary to
own people to trade with them.”
Section 1
Imperialism and America
Imperialism – the policy of extending a
nation’s authority over other
countries by economic, political, or
military means.
NEXT
WHY IMPERIALISM?
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1) Desire for Military strength –Admiral
Alfred T. Mahan urges U.S. to build up navy
to compete
– U.S. builds modern battleships,
becomes third largest naval power
2) Thirst for new markets – to spur economy
& trade
– The rapid growth of industry in the
United States helped fuel imperialism
because the United States was
producing too many goods for its own
people to buy.
3) Belief in Cultural Superiority – a belief
that Anglo-Saxons were superior
Thirst for new economic markets, desire for
military strength, a belief in the cultural
superiority of the Anglo-Saxon culture
stimulated U.S. imperialism.
Japan, Spain, the United States were
imperialist powers in the late 1800’s.
In 1890, urged by such leaders as U.S. Navy
admiral Alfred T. Mahan, the United States
constructs many new battleships,
transforming the nation into the world’s
third largest naval power.
THE U.S. ACQUIRES
ALASKA
• In 1867, Secretary of State
William Steward arranged
for the United States to buy
Alaska from the Russians
for $7.2 million
• Some thought it was a silly
idea and called it “Steward’s
Icebox”
• Time has shown how smart
it was to buy Alaska for 2
cents an acre
• Alaska is rich in timber,
minerals and oil
U.S. TAKES HAWAII
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Hawaii had been economically
important to Americans for
centuries
To avoid import taxes (tariffs),
sugar growers pleaded for
annexation
In 1890, The McKinley Tariff
causes a crisis by threatening
Hawaiian sugar growers with
economic disaster.
In 1887, U.S. military and
economic leaders pressure
Hawaii to allow the United
States to build a naval base at
Pearl Harbor.
In 1887, white business leaders
force King Kalakaua to change
Hawaii’s constitution to grant
voting rights only to wealthy
landowners.
U.S. TAKES HAWAII
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Led by Sanford Dole, American
annexed Hawaii in 1898 and it
formally became a state in 1959
In 1893, with aid of the U.S.
ambassador, white business
groups overthrow the Hawaiian
government and establish a
provisional government with
Sanford B. Dole as President.
In 1894, President Grover
Cleveland formally recognizes
the Republic of Hawaii.
In 1897, William McKinley who
favors the annexation of Hawaii
takes over the presidency from
Cleveland.
In 1898, Congress proclaims
Hawaii an American territory.
Section 1
Imperialism and America
Imperialism – the policy of extending a
nation’s authority over other
countries by economic, political, or
military means.
NEXT
Objectives
1. The learner will understand how individuals and events moved the
United States into the role of a world power and to recognize the effects
of economic policies on U.S. diplomacy.
2. The learner will contrast American opinions regarding the Cuban
revolt against Spain.
3. The learner will identify events that escalated the conflict between
the United States and Spain.
4. The learner will trace the course of the Spanish-American War and it
results.
State Standards
7.2 Recognize European countries by their
alliance systems and spheres of influence
by using a map.
SECTION 2: THE SPANISH
AMERICAN WAR
• America had long held an
interest in Cuba
• When Cubans
unsuccessfully rebelled
against Spanish rule in
the late 19th century,
American sympathy went
out to the Cuban people
• After Spain abolished
slavery in Cuba in 1886,
Americans invested
millions in Cuban sugar
Cuba is just 90 miles south
of Florida
CUBA’S SECOND WAR FOR
INDEPENDENCE
Marti
• Anti-Spain sentiment in Cuba
soon erupted into a second war
for independence
• Led by poet Jose Marti, Cuba
attempted a revolution in 1895
• Jose Marti was a Cuban poet and
journalist that launched a Cuban
revolution in 1895.
• Marti deliberately destroyed
property, including American
sugar plants, hoping to provoke
American intervention
• Jose Marti, a Cuban poet and
journalist in exile in New York,
organized a guerrilla campaign
to destroy American-owned
property in Cuba in order to
provoke U.S. intervention in
Cuba.
WAR FEVER ESCALATES
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General Valeriano Weyler forced
Cubans to relocated to
reconcentration camps where
thousands of them died.
Yellow journalism is a sensational
style of writing that exaggerates
the news to lure readers.
Newspaper publishers William
Randolph Hearst (New York
Journal) and Joseph Pulitzer (New
York World) exaggerated Spanish
atrocities and brutality in “Headline
Wars”
William Randolph Hearst told the
artist Frederic Remington, “You
furnish the pictures and I’ll furnish
Political cartoon: Pulitzer (left) and
the war”.
Hearst escalating and instigating war
between the U.S. and Spain
Section 2
The Spanish-American War
Yellow journalism – the use of sensationalized and
exaggerated reporting by newspapers or magazines to
attract readers.
De Lome Letter
• Headlines increase American
sympathy for independent Cuba
• McKinley wants to avoid war, tries
diplomacy to resolve crisis
• The De Lome letter’s criticism of the
American president caused
American resentment toward Spain
to turn to outrage.
• Private letter by Spanish minister
Enrique Dupuy de Lôme published
– calls McKinley weak, swayed by public
• Criticisms of President
McKinley was included in the
de Lome letter.
• Spain apologizes, de Lôme resigns;
American public angry
U.S.S MAINE EXPLODES
Before
After
• Early in 1888,
President McKinley
ordered the U.S.S.
Maine to Cuba in
order to bring home
American citizens in
danger
• On February 15, 1898
the ship blew up in the
harbor of Havana
• More than 260 men
were killed
Section 2
The Spanish-American War
Yellow journalism – the use of sensationalized and
exaggerated reporting by newspapers or magazines to
attract readers.
U.S.S. Maine – a U.S. warship that mysteriously exploded
and sank in the harbor of Havana, Cuba, on February
15, 1898.
The Maine
Explodes
Unknown artist ,
1898
Notice the men
flying dramatically
through the air
WAR ERUPTS WITH SPAIN
• There was no holding
back those that wanted
war with Spain
• Newspapers blamed
the Spanish for
bombing the U.S.S.
Maine (recent
investigations have
shown it was a fire
inside the Maine)
• The mysterious sinking
of the U.S.S. Maine
fueled the movement
for war with Spain.
• “Remember the
Maine!” became a
rallying cry for U.S.
intervention in Cuba
THE WAR IN THE PHILIPPINES
• U.S. forces surprised Spain
by attacking the Spanish
colony of the Philippines
• 11,000 Americans joined
forces with Filipino rebel
leader Emilo Aguinaldo
• By August, 1898 Spain had
surrendered to the U.S. in
Manila
• George Dewey was the naval
commander who led the
American forces that
steamed into Manila Bay and
destroyed the Spanish fleet.
THE WAR IN THE CARIBBEAN
• A naval blockade of Cuba
was followed by a land
invasion highlighted by
Roosevelt’s Rough Rider
victory at San Juan Hill
• The Rough Riders were a
volunteer cavalry unit who
fought in a famous land
battle near Santiago, Cuba.
• Theodore Roosevelt was
declared the hero of San
Juan Hill, even though he
and his units played only a
minor role in its capture.
• Next, the American Navy
destroyed the Spanish
fleet and paved the way for
an invasion of Puerto Rico
(Spanish colony)
Section 2
The Spanish-American War
Yellow journalism – the use of sensationalized and
exaggerated reporting by newspapers or magazines to
attract readers.
U.S.S. Maine – a U.S. warship that mysteriously exploded
and sank in the harbor of Havana, Cuba, on February
15, 1898.
Rough Riders – a volunteer cavalry regiment, commanded
by Leonard Wood and Theodore Roosevelt, that served
in the Spanish-American War.
U.S. WINS; SIGNS TREATY OF
PARIS
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The U.S. and Spain signed an
armistice on August 12, 1898, ending
what Secretary of State John Hay
called “a splendid little war”
The war lasted only 16 weeks
Spanish-American War ended with
the Treaty of Paris of 1898.
The Treaty of Paris of 1898
guaranteed independence from Spain
for Cuba.
Cuba was now independent
U.S. receives Guam, Puerto Rico, and
“bought” the Philippines for $20
million
After the war, the United States paid
20 million dollars to Spain for the
annexation of the Philippine Islands.
Cuba, Puerto Rico, the Philippines
came under some form of U.S.
control as a result of the SpanishAmerican War.
Treaty of Paris, 1898
Section 2
The Spanish-American War
Yellow journalism – the use of sensationalized and
exaggerated reporting by newspapers or magazines to
attract readers.
U.S.S. Maine – a U.S. warship that mysteriously exploded
and sank in the harbor of Havana, Cuba, on February
15, 1898.
Rough Riders – a volunteer cavalry regiment, commanded
by Leonard Wood and Theodore Roosevelt, that served
in the Spanish-American War.
Treaty of Paris (1898) – the treaty ending the Spanish
American War, in which Spain freed Cuba, turned over
the islands of Guam and Puerto Rico to the United
States, and sold the Philippines to the United States for
$20 million.
Section 2
The Spanish-American War
Yellow journalism – the use of sensationalized and
exaggerated reporting by newspapers or magazines to
attract readers.
U.S.S. Maine – a U.S. warship that mysteriously exploded
and sank in the harbor of Havana, Cuba, on February
15, 1898.
Rough Riders – a volunteer cavalry regiment, commanded
by Leonard Wood and Theodore Roosevelt, that served
in the Spanish-American War.
Treaty of Paris (1898) – the treaty ending the Spanish
American War, in which Spain freed Cuba, turned over
the islands of Guam and Puerto Rico to the United
States, and sold the Philippines to the United States for
$20 million.
Objectives
1. The learner will understand how individuals and events moved the
United States into the role of a world power and to recognize the effects
of economic policies on U.S. diplomacy.
2. The learner will describe U.S. involvement in Puerto Rico and in Cuba.
3. The learner will identify causes and effects of the Philippine-American
War.
4. The learner will summarize the views regarding U.S. imperialism.
State Standards
7.9 Compare and contrast the
philosophies of DuBois, Washington
and Garvey.
SECTION 3:
ACQUIRING NEW LANDS
• The U.S had to decide
how to rule the new
lands
• Puerto Rico wanted
their independence–
but the U.S. had other
plans
– Luis Munoz Rivera
was a newspaper
editor and
supporter of
independence for
Puerto Rico.
• Puerto Rico was
important to the U.S.
strategically
Return to Civil Government
• Puerto Rico strategic as
post in Caribbean, for
protection of future canal
• 1900, Foraker Act sets up
civil government
– president appoints
governor, upper house
• Puerto Rico was directly
affected by the Foraker Act.
• The purpose of the Foraker
Act was to end military rule
and setup a civil
government in Puerto Rico.
• Puerto Rico residents
became citizens of the
United States in 1917; elect
both houses.
Section 3
Acquiring New Lands
Foraker Act – legislation passed by Congress in 1900, in which
the U.S. ended military rule in Puerto Rico and set up a civil
government.
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CUBA AND THE UNITED
STATES
The Treaty of Paris granted full
independence to Cuba
The U.S signed an agreement
with Cuba known as the Platt
Amendment 1903
Key features of “Platt” included
the right of the U.S. to maintain
naval stations on the island and
the right to intervene in Cuban
affairs
Cuba had become a
“protectorate” of the U.S.
The Platt Amendment made the
U.S. a protectorate of Cuba.
The United States insisted that
Cuba include The Platt
Amendment in its constitution.
The United States would not
withdraw its Army from Cuba
until that country adopted the
Platt Amendment.
Guantanamo Bay, Cuba
Section 3
Acquiring New Lands
Foraker Act – legislation passed by Congress in 1900, in which
the U.S. ended military rule in Puerto Rico and set up a civil
government.
Platt Amendment – a series of provisions that, in 1901, the
United States insisted Cuba add to its new constitution,
commanding Cuba to stay out of debt and giving the United
States the right to intervene in the country and the right to
buy or lease Cuban land for naval and fueling stations.
Protectorate – a country whose affairs are partially controlled by
a stronger power.
FILIPINOS REBEL
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U.S. troops fire on rebels
Filipinos reacted with rage to the
American annexation
Rebel leader Emilio Aguinaldo
vowed to fight for freedom and in
1899 he led a rebellion
Emilio Aguinaldo fought for
independence for the Philippines
The 3-year war claimed 20,000
Filipino rebels, 4,000 American
lives and $400,000,000 (20x the
price the U.S. paid for the land)
The Philippines attempted to
achieve its independence by
going to war against the United
States.
During the Philippine-American
War the United States treated
Filipinos in much the same way
the Spanish had treated the
Cubans.
The United States used the same
sort of concentration camp
practices that it had condemned
Spain for using in Cuba against
the Philippines.
FOREIGN INFLUENCE IN CHINA
• China was a vast potential
market for American
products
• Weakened by war and foreign
intervention, many European
countries had colonized in
China
• In 1889, John Hay, U.S.
Secretary of State, issued the
Open Door Policy which
outlined his plan for free
trade among nations in China
• China was the focus of John
Hay’s “Open Door Notes”.
• The Open Door Policy was
designed as a way for the
United States to further its
trade interests
• At the turn of the century,
China could be described as
an independent, though
bullied, trading partner of the
United States.
Foreign
nations were
opening the
door to
China’s trade
Section 3
Acquiring New Lands
Foraker Act – legislation passed by Congress in 1900, in which
the U.S. ended military rule in Puerto Rico and set up a civil
government.
Platt Amendment – a series of provisions that, in 1901, the
United States insisted Cuba add to its new constitution,
commanding Cuba to stay out of debt and giving the United
States the right to intervene in the country and the right to
buy or lease Cuban land for naval and fueling stations.
Protectorate – a country whose affairs are partially controlled by
a stronger power.
Open Door Notes – messages sent by Secretary of State John
Hay in 1899 to Germany, Russia, Great Britain, France, Italy,
and Japan, asking the countries not to interfere with U.S.
trading rights in China.
BOXER REBELLION
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European nations dominated
China’s cities
Resentment arose in the form
of secret societies
determined to rid China of
these “foreign devils”
The Boxer’s were a secret
group that rioted in 1900,
killing and vandalizing all
things foreign
Foreign Troops were called in
to put down this “Boxer
Rebellion”
The Boxer Rebellion took
place China.
The Boxer Rebellion was an
attempt by Chinese
revolutionaries to remove
foreign influence from China.
Section 3
Acquiring New Lands
Foraker Act – legislation passed by Congress in 1900, in which
the U.S. ended military rule in Puerto Rico and set up a civil
government.
Platt Amendment – a series of provisions that, in 1901, the
United States insisted Cuba add to its new constitution,
commanding Cuba to stay out of debt and giving the United
States the right to intervene in the country and the right to
buy or lease Cuban land for naval and fueling stations.
Protectorate – a country whose affairs are partially controlled by
a stronger power.
Open Door Notes – messages sent by Secretary of State John
Hay in 1899 to Germany, Russia, Great Britain, France, Italy,
and Japan, asking the countries not to interfere with U.S.
trading rights in China.
Boxer Rebellion – a 1900 rebellion in which members of a
Chinese secret society sought to free their country from
Western influence.
AMERICANS PROTECT RIGHTS
IN ASIA
• After the Boxer Rebellion,
John Hay again issued a
series of Open Door
Policies
• These policies reflected
American beliefs in the
importance of exports, the
right of America to
intervene to keep foreign
markets open, and the
belief that America’s
survival depended on
access to foreign markets
Section 3
Acquiring New Lands
Foraker Act – legislation passed by Congress in 1900, in which
the U.S. ended military rule in Puerto Rico and set up a civil
government.
Platt Amendment – a series of provisions that, in 1901, the
United States insisted Cuba add to its new constitution,
commanding Cuba to stay out of debt and giving the United
States the right to intervene in the country and the right to
buy or lease Cuban land for naval and fueling stations.
Protectorate – a country whose affairs are partially controlled by
a stronger power.
Open Door Notes – messages sent by Secretary of State John
Hay in 1899 to Germany, Russia, Great Britain, France, Italy,
and Japan, asking the countries not to interfere with U.S.
trading rights in China.
Boxer Rebellion – a 1900 rebellion in which members of a
Chinese secret society sought to free their country from
Western influence.
Objectives
1. The learner will understand how individuals and events moved
the United States into the role of a world power and to recognize
the effects of economic policies on U.S. diplomacy.
2. The learner will explain how Theodore Roosevelt’s foreign policy
promoted American power around the world.
3. The learner will describe how Woodrow Wilson’s missionary
diplomacy ensured U.S. dominance in Latin America.
State Standards
7.4 Identify the causes of American involvement in World War I (i.e., security concerns, economic
benefits, Wilsonian diplomacy, propaganda).
7.7 Determine the possible factors that led to the economic collapse of 1929 (i.e., over production
of agriculture and industry, expansion of credit, financial speculation, agricultural crop failures, tariff
barriers, laissez- faire).
7.10 Analyze the American isolationist position versus interventionist arguments.
8.1 Identify the causes of World War II (i.e., Treaty of Versailles, fascism, failure of the League of
Nations, Japanese imperialism, economic worldwide difficulties).
SECTION 4: AMERICA AS A
WORLD POWER
The Nobel
Peace Prize
is awarded
annually
• Roosevelt the Peacemaker
– Roosevelt does not want
Europeans to control world
economy, politics
– 1904, Japan, Russia dispute
control of Korea
– The Russo-Japanese war was the
conflict the U.S. military had to get
involved in.
– Roosevelt negotiates Treaty of
Portsmouth:
• Japan gets Manchuria, Korea
• Theodore Roosevelt won the
1906 Nobel Peace Price for
negotiating an end to war
between Russia and Japan.
– U.S., Japan continue diplomatic
talks
– pledge to respect each other’s
possessions
THE PANAMA CANAL
• U.S. wants canal to cut travel time of
commercial, military ships
• U.S. buys French company’s route
through Panama
• The Panama Canal was built during
Theodore Roosevelt Presidency.
• Negotiates with Colombia to build
Panama Canal; talks break down
• French company agent helps
organize Panamanian rebellion
– The United States gained control
of the land it needed to build the
Panama Canal by encouraging
and supporting Panamanian
independence.
– U.S., Panama sign treaty; U.S.
pays $10 million for Canal Zone
– The Panama Canal was built on
land that had previously been
controlled by Colombia.
“The shortcut”
Section 4
America as a World Power
Panama Canal – an artificial waterway cut through
the Isthmus of Panama to provide a shortcut
between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans,
opened in 1914.
BUILDING THE PANAMA
CANAL 1904-1914
Cost- $380 million
Workers– Over 40,000 (5,600 died)
Time – Construction took 10 years
• The French had
already
unsuccessfully
attempted to build a
canal through Panama
• America first had to
help Panama win their
independence from
Colombia – which it
did
• The construction of
the Panama Canal
ranks as one of the
world’s greatest
engineering feats.
This view, provided by NASA, shows the thin blue line
(canal) cutting across the middle of Panama
Almost 1,000,000 ships have passed through the canal,
which became sole property of Panama in the year 2000
The Roosevelt Corollary
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Teddy Roosevelt’s approach to
foreign policy reflected the
proverb “Speak softly and carry a
big stick” because his
negotiations were always backed
by the threat of military force.
Roosevelt fears European
intervention if Latin America
defaults
Reminds Europeans of Monroe
Doctrine, demands they stay out
Roosevelt Corollary—U. S. to use
force to protect economic
interests
The Roosevelt Corollary was also
known as “big stick” diplomacy,
and was the official American
policy stating that disorder in Latin
America could force the United
States to send its military into
Latin American nations to protect
American economic interests.
The Roosevelt Corollary built on
Section 4
America as a World Power
Panama Canal – an artificial waterway cut through
the Isthmus of Panama to provide a shortcut
between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans,
opened in 1914.
Roosevelt Corollary – an extension of the Monroe
Doctrine, announced by President Theodore
Roosevelt in 1904, under which the United
States claimed the right to protect its economic
interests by means of military intervention in the
affairs of Western Hemisphere nations.
Dollar Diplomacy
• Early 1900s, U.S.
exercises police power
on several occasions
• Dollar diplomacy—U.S.
guarantees foreign
loans by U.S. business
• Dollar Diplomacy
refers to the policy of
using the U.S.
government to
guarantee loans made
to foreign countries by
American business
people.
Section 4
America as a World Power
Panama Canal – an artificial waterway cut through
the Isthmus of Panama to provide a shortcut
between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans,
opened in 1914.
Roosevelt Corollary – an extension of the Monroe
Doctrine, announced by President Theodore
Roosevelt in 1904, under which the United
States claimed the right to protect its economic
interests by means of military intervention in the
affairs of Western Hemisphere nations.
Dollar Diplomacy – the U.S. policy of using the
nation’s economic power to exert influence over
other countries.
The Mexican Revolution
• Missionary diplomacy—U.S. has
moral responsibility:
• will not recognize regimes that
are oppressive, undemocratic
• Missionary Diplomacy refers to the
policy of denying recognition of
Latin American governments that
the United States viewed as
oppressive, undemocratic, or
hostile to U.S. interests.
• Under dictator Porfirio Díaz, much
U.S. investment
in Mexico
• 1911, peasants, workers led by
Francisco Madero overthrow Díaz
• General Victoriano Huerta takes
over government; Madero is
murdered
• Wilson refuses to recognize
Huerta’s government
Intervention in Mexico
• Huerta’s officers arrest
U.S. sailors, quickly
release them
• Wilson orders Marines to
occupy Veracruz
• During Woodrow Wilson
presidency, the United
States and Mexico came
close to war.
• Argentina, Brazil, Chile
mediate to avoid war
• Huerta regime falls;
nationalist Venustiano
Carranza new president
Rebellion in Mexico
• Francisco “Pancho”
Villa, Emiliano
Zapata oppose
Carranza
• Zapata wants land
reform
• Villa a fierce
nationalist
• Wilson recognizes
Carranza’s
government; Villa
threatens reprisals
• Villa’s men kill
Americans
Chasing Villa
• Brig. Gen. John J. Pershing leads
force to capture Villa
• John J. Pershing led American
forces into Mexico in pursuit of a
Mexican revolutionary leader.
• American troops were sent to
Mexico to try to capture Francisco
“Pancho” Villa a Mexican
revolutionary leader.
• Carranza demands withdrawal of U.S.
troops; Wilson at first refuses
• General John J. Pershing led a force of
fifteen thousand soldiers in an attempt
to capture Pancho Villa.
• U.S. faces war in Europe, wants peace
on southern border
• Wilson orders Pershing home
• Mexico adopts new constitution:
• government controls oil, minerals
• restricts foreign investors
• 1920, Alvaro Obregón new president;
ends civil war, starts reforms
Section 4
America as a World Power
Panama Canal – an artificial waterway cut through
the Isthmus of Panama to provide a shortcut
between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans,
opened in 1914.
Roosevelt Corollary – an extension of the Monroe
Doctrine, announced by President Theodore
Roosevelt in 1904, under which the United
States claimed the right to protect its economic
interests by means of military intervention in the
affairs of Western Hemisphere nations.
Dollar Diplomacy – the U.S. policy of using the
nation’s economic power to exert influence over
other countries.