Transcript Chapter 10 Powerpoint

Chapter 10 Growth and
Expansion (1790-1825)
Section 1 Economic Growth
Which type of job appeals to you the most?
A. Factory work
B. Farm work
C. Office work
A. A
B. B
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What effects did the Industrial
Revolution have on the U.S.
economy?
How Things Are Made
• During Colonial times, most
people lived and worked on
farms
• Workers were in short
supply outside the home
• To make up for lack of
workers, Americans
developed tools that made
their jobs easier and more
efficient
• At home, people made
clothes, furniture, farm
equipment, and household
items
• By the mid-1700s, the way
things were made began to
change
Changes To How Things Are Made
• First happened in Great
Britain
• British inventors created
machinery to perform
some of the work
involved in cloth making
• Ran by water power
• Textile (cloth) factories
were built by fast moving
rivers
• People left the farms and
moved in order to make
money
• This is known as the
Industrial RevolutionHand made to machine
made products
Industrial Revolution in New England
• New England was the first to
have the Industrial Revolution
in America
• The regions geography
contributed to the
development of the Industrial
Revolution
• 1. Farming was difficult in
New England (Poor soil, short
growing season)
• 2. New England had rivers
and streams for waterpower
• 3. New England was close to
resources (coal and iron
deposits)
• 4. Had many ports
New Technology
• During the Industrial Revolution,
new inventions were introduced
• The spinning jenny, the water
frame, and the power loom allowed
many steps in making cloth to be
done by machines
• These machines saved time and
money
• Eli Whitney invented the cotton
gin- removed seeds from cotton
• Before the cotton gin- A person can
clean only one pound of cotton in a
day
• After the cotton gin- A person could
clean 50 pounds a day
Advances in Production
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In 1798 Eli Whitney was to make 10,000
guns in two years
Before Whitney, each gun was made by
hand, so each gun would be different
If a piece broke, its replacement part
would have to be custom made
By 1800, Whitney had not delivered the
guns
He was called to Washington to explain
the delay
Whitney arrived with a box full of
different parts- barrels, triggers, and so
on
Whitney took one part from each pile
and assembled a gun in seconds
Made machines that could make parts
that were exactly alike
Used standardization- using
interchangeable parts
Made items faster and less expensive
Repairs were easier
Could now produce hundreds of guns in
the time it took a gunsmith to make one
Patents and Factories
• 1790- Congress passed a patent
law to protect the rights of
inventors
• The British tried to keep the
information secret, but a few
British workers brought the
knowledge to the United States
• Samuel Slater memorized the
design and made a cotton mill in
Pawtucket, Rhode Island
• Slater’s Mill started the Industrial
Revolution in the United States
• Francis Cabot Lowell improved the
Slater’s process
• All stages of cloth making were
performed under one roof
• Lowell began the factory systemAll steps in one place to increase
efficiency
Free Enterprise
• Industrial growth requires
competition to flourish with little
government interference
• Capitalism is the economic
system of the United States
• Individuals put their capital into
a business hoping to make
more money
• Free enterprise also describes
our economy
• People may produce, sell, and
work where they want
• The major elements of free
enterprise are competition,
profits, private property, and
economic freedom
Agriculture Expands
• Even with the Industrial
Revolution, most Americans
still lived and worked on
farms
• In the Northeast, farmers
marketed their produce
locally
• In the South, cotton
production rose dramatically
• Slavery rose dramatically as
well
• Between 1790 and 1820Cotton production soared
from 3,000 bales to more
than 300,000 bales per year
• Farmers moved to the West
to plant cotton
• Western farmers north of the
Ohio River concentrated on
raising pork and cash crops
such as corn and wheat
Which of the following was a result of the invention
of the cotton gin?
A. It encouraged farmers
in the Northeast to begin
planting cotton.
B. It led to a dramatic increase
in Southern cotton production.
C.
D.
A. A
It had no impact on the
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demand for cotton.
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It encouraged many plantation
owners to free their enslaved workers.D. D
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In which area of the country was
cotton the major crop?
A. The North
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B. The South
A. A
B. B
C. C
C. The West
A
B
C
Corporations Develop
• Corporations- Large
businesses
• Developed rapidly in
the 1830s when legal
obstacles to their
formation were
removed
• Corporations made it
easier to sell stock
• They could now
finance improvement
and development
How were corporations financed?
A. They received money
from the federal government.
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D. Taxes collected from citizens
funded the corporations.
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D
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C. Shares of ownership called
stock were sold.
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A
B. One wealthy individual
provided all of the money.
Cities Come of Age
• Factories led to the growth of
towns and cities
• Cities such as New York,
Boston, and Baltimore grew as
centers of commerce and trade
• The economy grew in these
cities
• Cities like Pittsburgh,
Cincinnati, and Louisville
profited from their locations on
major rivers
• These cities didn’t have
sewers, so diseases spread
• 1793- Yellow fever killed
thousands in Philadelphia
• Fires spread easily because of
wood buildings
• Libraries, museums, and
shops developed in cities
What effects did the Industrial
Revolution have on the U.S.
economy?
1. The shift from home based economy to
the factory system
2. The importance of capitalism and free
enterprise and the development of
corporations
3. The growth of industry and cities
4. The invention of machinery that allowed
goods to be mass-produced
Chapter 10 Section 1 Quiz
The use of interchangeable parts,
first introduced by Eli Whitney,
increased the price of products.
1. True
2. False
The development of textile mills in New
England reduced the demand for
cotton.
1. True
2. False
The changes in the way goods were
made in the mid-1700s first appeared
in
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France
Britain
Spain
United States
America's Industrial Revolution
began to take root in
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New England
The West
Middle Atlantic
The South
Who invented the cotton gin?
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Samuel Slater
Amanda Hugenkiz
Eli Whitney
Francis Cabot Lowell
What is your favorite way to travel?
A. By car
B. By boat
C. By plane
A. A
B. B
C. C
Chapter 10 Growth and
Expansion (1790-1825)
Section 2 Westward Bound
How did land and water
transportation affect westward
expansion?
Moving West
• The first census in the US
took place in 1790
• It revealed a population of
almost 4 million
• Most lived a few hundred
miles from the Atlantic coast
• Within a few decades this
changed settlers moved
farther west
• 1820 census- population of
about 10 million people (2
million west of the
Appalachians)
• The trip west was not easy,
the trip from New York City
to Buffalo could take as long
as 3 weeks
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Roads
and
Turnpikes
The nation needed good roads
for trade
Private companies built
turnpikes (toll roads)
Most roads had a crushed stone
base
The land was muddy in some
areas, so companies built
“corduroy roads”
Ohio asked the federal
government to create a road to
connect it with the east
1806- Congress approved funds
for a national road
Went from Baltimore, MD to
Vandalia, Illinois (Through
Columbus, Ohio)
What territory became a state in 1803?
A. Indiana
B. Louisiana
C. Michigan
D. Ohio
A.
B.
C.
D.
A
B
C
D
River Travel
• Had advantages
over travel by wagon
and horse
• More comfortable
• Boats could carry
more
• River travel had two
problems
• 1. Most major rivers
in the region flowed
in a north-south
direction
• 2. Traveling
upstream by barge
against the current
was extremely
difficult and slow
Steam Engines
• Were used in the 1780s and
1790s to power boats in quiet
waters
• Early boats could not go against
currents
• Robert Fulton developed a
powerful steamboat to carry
cargo and passengers up the
Hudson River
• 1807- Fulton’s steamboat, the
Clermont, made the 150 mile
trip from New York City to
Albany
• In 32 hours
• With sails it would have taken 4
days
Steamboats
• Started a new age in
river travel
• Shipping goods became
cheaper and faster
• Regular steamboat
service started along the
Mississippi River
• Steamboats contributed
to the growth of river
cities like Cincinnati and
St. Louis
• By 1850 there were
some 700 steamboats
carrying cargo and
passengers in the US
Canals
• Steamboat routes
depended on existing
rivers
• Steamboats could not tie
together the eastern and
western parts of the
country
• De Witt Clinton
developed a plan to link
New York City with the
Great Lakes region
• The plan was to built a
canal across New York
state
• Would connect Albany
on the Hudson River
with Buffalo on Lake
Erie
Why was the Erie Canal necessary?
A. The French and Spanish prevented
travel on the Mississippi River.
B. Steamboats were unable
to travel upstream to
northern cities.
C. Most major rivers in the
eastern United States
flowed north to south.
D. Native Americans prevented
travel on the National Road.
A.
B.
C.
D.
A
B
C
D
Building the Erie Canal
• Thousands of laborers (Many
Irish immigrants) worked on
the construction of the 363
mile Erie Canal
• A series of locks were built
• Could raise and lower boats at
places canal levels changed
• Many dangers were involved
in building the canals
• After more than two years, the
Erie Canal open on October
26, 1825
• Clinton boarded a barge in
Buffalo and traveled to Albany
• Then down the Hudson to
New York City
Improving Canal Travel
• Steamboats could not travel on
the Erie Canal in the early years
• The powerful engines could
damage the earthen
embankments
• Instead, teams of mules or
horses hauled the boats and
barges
• This was still faster than wagon
• 1840s- The canal banks were
reinforced to accommodate
steam tugboats that could pull
the barges
• More canals were then built
• By 1850- there were more than
3,600 miles of canals
• Canals lowered the cost of
shipping and linked the regions
of the growing country
Western Settlement
• Between 1816 and 1821, 5 new
western states were created
• Indiana, Illinois, Mississippi,
Alabama, and Missouri
• There was a rapid growth of
population west of the
Appalachian Mountains
• Families settled in communities
near rivers
• Families gathered together for
social events
• Men wrestled, women quilted
• Families gathered for cornhusking
• American population continued to
spread westward
Why did pioneer families tend to setting in
communities along major rivers?
A. To gain greater protection
from Native Americans
B. To make it easier for them
to travel east
C. Because they provided fresh
drinking water
D. So that they could more easily
ship their crops to market
A.
B.
C.
D.
A
B
C
D
How did land and water
transportation affect westward
expansion?
1. Better roads allowed easier travel and
cheaper shipping
2. Steamboats brought cheaper and faster
shipping and spurred the growth of river cities
3. The Erie Canal and other canals made
shipping cheaper, encouraged the growth of
towns, and united the country
Westward travelers paid tolls to private
companies in order to use sections of
roads that had been laid with crushed
stone or logs.
1. True
2. False
Though steamboats made the shipping
of goods cheaper and faster, they also
caused a loss of business to river
cities such as Cincinnati and St. Louis.
1. True
2. False
Canals lowered the cost of shipping
goods, united the growing country
across great distances, and
brought prosperity to towns along
their routes.
1. True
2. False
The National Road went as far west as
1.
2.
3.
4.
Mansfield, Ohio
Cincinnati, Ohio
Vandalia, Illinois
Indianapolis, Indiana
Pioneer families tended to settle in
communities
1.
2.
3.
4.
Far from others
Near the sea
Along the rivers
On railroads