Transcript Cold War Overview, goes with assign sheet

WWII Aftershocks + Economic Systems
= The Cold War Begins
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After the war ended
Germany was split up
between the four
major countries in the
alliance pact.(France,
Britain, USA, and
Soviet Union)
Germany was made
into East and West
Germany.
Berlin was separately
split up.
The Soviets and WWII
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High Casualties
Occupation of
Eastern Euro
countries
Stalin, goals
Impact on future
events
What do economies do?
1. Allocate resources
(labor, capital, natural resources)
* Should we make pots or pans? Hmmmmm.
2. Set prices for goods and services.
* Why is a brain surgeon paid more than a ditch
digger?
Now, let’s look at two types of economies…
Capitalism – Essential Characteristics
1. Workers chose where to work (often based on
what job pays best)
2. Investors decide where to invest (often based
on what generates most profit)
3. Consumers purchase the goods they want for
the prices they are able and willing to pay (often
based on need, quality, and price)
4. Prices vary based on supply/demand of good
Capitalism Results
1. Efficiency:
Workers go where they are most needed,
investors produce the most desired goods,
natural resources are best utilized, prices are
reasonable, consumer demands are sated.
2. Risk: Workers lose their jobs, investors lose
their money, resources are wasted, prices can
be unreasonable when there is not enough
competition, rich can become richer- poor can
become poorer.
Communism: Essential Characteristics
•
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Government control of economic
elements:
What to produce
Where workers assigned
What resources will be used
Wages, emphasis on equality. Or
“equality” – depending how you look at it.
Prices for goods and services
Communism Results
1. Equality: The poor are not so poor, the rich not
so rich. Free medical care, education and oldage pensions.
2. Prices: set so the average person can afford
most goods
3. Shortages: prices were often set so low that
consumption outstripped production
4. Motivation: entrepreneurship criminalized,
private ownership prohibited
Modern Democracy
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The people elect representatives who craft the
rules of society. (But… we could argue the
nature of modern elections is fraught with flaw)
The actions of representatives are checked by
regular elections, a transparent government, a
free press and free speech. (I mean, sort of,
right?)
Deviations from the law are punished only after
a fair, open trial with a jury made up of the
people. (Assuming appropriate law exists to
prevent corruption.)
Totalitarianism
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Members of either an unelected ruling elite or a single leader
craft the rules of society.
(But, hey, at least it’s efficient! No more gridlock…)
The mass media are a tool of propaganda, technology a
means of surveillance and control.
(Um, wait… doesn’t the U.S. do this, too?)
a massive network of informants and secret police regulate
behavior
(I’m starting to think we’re not really a democracy….)
Deviations from the law are punished without due process or
a fair trial (if there is a trial at all) and severe punishment
What is the role of government in
both of these systems?
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Allocate political power
Allocate the legal use of coercive force
What does that look like in each system?
1. Capitalism – seeks consumers, cheap labor,
and natural resources around the world
2. Stalinism (a form of Marxism) – seeks to
check the expansion of capitalism by
encouraging communist revolutions around the
world
US Democracy in 1945
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While the bulk of the population could vote in
elections, African Americans in the South were
routinely denied access to the ballot.
The press was free but were generally
supportive of governmental efforts to fight
communism
Communism was viewed with intense suspicion
Stalin’s totalitarianism
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Stalin saw enemies everywhere and before
1938 there were 800,000 executed, 8.5 million
in penal labor camps known as GULAGs, and
another million in prison.
Among them: Most of the diplomatic corp., two
heads of the secret police, the bulk of the
military’s officer corp., the prime ministers of all
non-Russian Soviet Republics
Other victims of Stalin
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A man who took down a portrait of Stalin
to paint a wall
An 85-year-old woman who made the sign
of the Cross as a funeral passed
A 70-year-old school teacher who owned
a book that had a picture of Stalin-critic
Leon Trotsky in it.
How did these systems and lead
to the Cold War?
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Since Woodrow Wilson’s 14 Points (at the
end of WWI) US foreign policy had argued
that all people should be able to choose
their governments through elections.
Stalin envisioned the worldwide spread of
communism (and with it totalitarianism)
Important Events & Decisions:
1. Winston Churchill & the Iron Curtain
"From Stettin in the
Baltic to Trieste in the
Adriatic an iron curtain
has descended across the
Continent.”
-Winston Churchill
1945-91
* Ended when the
Berlin Wall
came down
(The Iron Curtain stretched from Northern Europe to Southern
Europe, dividing the East from the West.)
What was the Iron Curtain?
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Metaphor for the
division of Eastern
and Western
Europe.
East
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West
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Pro-soviet Governments
Communist Economies
Pro-American Democracies
Free Market Economies
Heavily guarded
military barrier.
Churchill peeking
under the curtain.
‘Joe’ is Joseph
Stalin. In fact, the
‘iron curtain’ was a
2,000-km. line of
barbed wire, lookout posts and road
blocks – not an
actual iron curtain.
Important Events
& Ideas:
2. The Policy of
Containment & the
Truman Doctrine
March 12, 1947
(took effect May 22)
• Idea to support Greece and
Turkey financially, including
military aid, so that the countries
would not fall under the Soviet’s
“sphere of influence”
33rd president of the U.S.
(1945-1953)
Who?
How?
•$400 million to support
military and prop gov’t
When?
• Truman announced
the policy March 12th,
1947
• The doctrine came
into law May 22nd
Where?
• Soviet’s Sphere of Influence
Why?
•The United
States wanted
to stop the
spread of
communism..
The US needed
outside help
incase the Soviet
Union fought
against them.
People feared WWIII
Conclusion
•The Truman Doctrine was an important event in our
history. The Soviet Union wanted to annex countries into
their union and turn them communist.
•There was a need of preventing the spread of
communism, which was the international communities
number one priority. Specifically speaking, Truman
sought out a better direction for our nation along with
others for an international benefit by demolishing
communism. The prevention of Soviet Union annexing
Turkey and Greece gave a future impact, which relieved
the world from more powerful communist nations.
Important Events and Decisions:
3. The Marshall Plan: 1947-1951
The European Recovery
Program that the United
States created in order to
send aid and help allied
countries in Europe after
World War II.
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Created June 5th, 1947-George C. Marshall
Stalin didn’t accept aid, believing it was a trick.
Helped United States Because…
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American goods were in great demand.
American government was buying from
their own businesses.
Boosted American economy.
Using American ships to transport goods.
1953-America had earned $13 billion from
Marshall Plan
United Kingdom
3,189.8
France
2,713.6
Italy
1,508.8
Germany (West)
1,390.6
The Netherlands
1,083.5
Greece
706.7
Austria
677.8
Belgium/Luxembourg
559.3
Denmark
273.0
Norway
255.3
Turkey
225.1
Ireland
147.5
Sweden
107.3
Portugal
51.2
Iceland
29.3
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In1948, the Soviet
Union attempted to
control all of Berlin
by cutting surface
traffic to and from the
city of West Berlin
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Stalin wanted the
allies out of Berlin
America proceeded to
feed the imports in
Berlin, by airlifting
goods into the city.
The city needed food
on a ratio
646 tons of
flour/wheat; 125 tons
of cereal
64
tons of fat
109 tons of meat
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Britain and the U.S.
landed thousands of
planes, at the height
of it they were
landing 3 planes a
minute.
Stalin Churchill and
Truman were all
primary leaders in
this major event.
Entangled Alliances: WWGWD?
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North Atlantic Treaty
Organization
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Warsaw Pact
Civil Liberties Infringement
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Joe McCarthy (McCarthyism)
Lawyer, then district judge from wisconsin
Enlisted in marine corps after Pearl Harbor
Elected to Senate in 1946
SPACE
RACE
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Space Race