Transcript ch_10_givemelib3eb_lectppt_andrew_jackson_blended_rev_4

The Jacksonian Era
w/Foner Ch 10
Trimmed for quick review today
inc Faragher ch 11 etc.
The Triumph of Democracy
for White Men
• Property and Democracy
– By 1840, more than 90 percent of adult white men
were eligible to vote.
– By 1860, all but one state had eliminated property
requirements for voting.
Pt.2
The Triumph of Democracy
• As suffrage is seen as male, women’s
participating in politics is seen as
inappropriate by males
• Still, widest suffrage in the world
• But Western Democracy is only one form
compared to, e.g., Native American forms of
participation.
3
The Triumph of Democracy
• An Information Revolution: the Penny Press
– Steam power helped the proliferation of the
printing press.
– Reduction in printing costs also resulted in
alternative newspapers by 1840.
• The Limits of Democracy
– The “principle of universal suffrage” meant that
“white males of age constituted the political
nation.”
The Triumph of Democracy?
• The Limits of Democracy
– How could the word “universal” be reconciled
with barring blacks and women from political
participation?
• A Racial Democracy
– Despite increased democracy in America, blacks
were seen as a group apart.
– Blacks were often portrayed stereotypically.
African Americans
:
stereotyped as
MINSTRAL
Characters
“Dandy Jim,” a piece of sheet music from 1843
The Bank of the United States
• Banks and Money
– The Second Bank of the United States was a profitmaking corporation that served the government
– On other hand, Local banks promoted economic
growth.
– The Bank of the United States was supposed to
prevent the over issuance of money (which
would cause inflation.)
The Panic of 1819
• Banks and Money
– The Bank of the United States participated in a
speculative fever that swept the country after the
War of 1812.
The Panic of 1819
– Early in 1819, as European demand for American
farm products returned to normal levels, the
economic bubble burst.
– The Panic of 1819 disrupted the political harmony
of the previous years.
• Americans continued to distrust banks.
The Missouri Compromise 1820
• The Slavery Question
– The Missouri Compromise was adopted by
Congress in 1820.
• Missouri was admitted to the Union as a slave state
and, to maintain sectional balance, Maine was
admitted as a free state.
• Congress prohibited slavery north of the 36° 30'
latitude in remaining Louisiana Purchase territory.
Map 10.1 The Missouri Compromise, 1820
The Slavery Question
– The Missouri debate highlighted that the
westward expansion of slavery was a passionate
topic that might prove to be hazardous to national
unity.
– It will undo the nation after the US-Mexican War
(1846-1848) by the 1850s.
The U.S. and the Latin American
Wars of Independence
– Between 1810 and 1822, Spain’s Latin American
colonies rose in rebellion and established a series
of independent nations.
– In 1822, the Monroe administration became the
first government to extend diplomatic recognition
to the new Latin American republics.
The Monroe Doctrine
– Fearing that Spain would try to regain its colonies,
Secretary of State John Quincy Adams drafted the
Monroe Doctrine.
• 1) No new European colonization of the New World.
• 2) The United States would abstain from European
wars.
• 3)Europeans should not interfere with new Latin
American republics.
Elections 1824-1840
• A) Election of 1824 -J. Q. Adams
• B) Election of 1828 – A. Jackson
• C) Election of 1832 – A. Jackson
• D) Election of 1836 - M. Van Buren
• E) Election of 1840 -Harrison/Tyler
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Nation, Section, and Party
• Liberty Is Power: Adam’s view:
– Adams held a view of federal power far more
expansive than most of his contemporaries.
• He stated that “liberty is power.”
– His plans alarmed many.
– Whig-ish ideas before he was a Whig
The Election of 1828
– By 1828, Van Buren had established the political
apparatus of the Democratic Party.
– Andrew Jackson campaigned against John Quincy
Adams in 1828.
– A far higher percentage of the eligible electorate
voted in 1828 than before.
– Jackson won a resounding victory.
Map 10.4 The Presidential Election of 1828
Political Ideology
• The Second American Party System
• Democrats vs. Whigs (founded 1833)
• (First was Federalists and Democrats [Democratic-Republicans])
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Politics in “The Age of Jackson”
– Politics had become a spectacle.
– Party machines emerged.
• Spoils system
– National conventions chose candidates.
Democrats vs. Whigs
– Democrats and Whigs differed on issues that
emerged from the Market Revolution.
– Democrats favored no government intervention in
the economy.
– Whigs supported government promotion of
economic development through the American
System.
Public and Private Freedom:
Democrats vs Whigs
– The party battles of the Jacksonian Era reflected
the clash between public and private definitions of
American freedom and their relationship to
governmental power.
– Democrats supported a weak federal government,
championing individual and states’ rights.
– Whigs believed that a strong federal government
was necessary to promote liberty & the Market
Economy.
Politics and Morality:
Democrats vs Whigs
– Democrats opposed attempts to impose a unified
moral vision on society.
– Whigs argued that government should promote
morality to foster the welfare of the people.
Democrats vs. Whigs Pt.4
• Democrats: base: rural, Southern, urban
workers.
• favored expansion, Indian removal
Reduced expenditures
• Reduced tariffs
• Abolished the National Bank
• Whigs: base: New England, Middle Class.
• support “American System”,
• support Bank.
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Sectional Leaders
Pt.4
• 1) Daniel Webster: Massachusetts
– Supported high (protective) tariff
– Supported Northern commercial interests
• 2) John C. Calhoun: South Carolina
– Supported expansion of slavery
• 3) Henry Clay: Kentucky
– Supported the American System & sectional
compromise.
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Henry Clay - Kentucky
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Daniel Webster - Massachusetts
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Andrew Jackson: Personal History
• Born March 15, 1767
• Fought in the
Revolutionary War at
age of 13
• Entire family died due
to war (either killed in
battle or of disease)
• Plantation owner owned over 100 slaves
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General Andrew Jackson
• The Creek War: Battle
of Horseshoe Bend
• Was to avenge attack
on Fort Mims by Red
Sticks
• Assembled army of
militia and native
American tribes
• After defeating Red
Sticks, he dictated the
Treaty of Fort Jackson,
which forced the Creeks
to cede 23 million acres
of land to the U.S.,
including land that
belonged to many of
the Creek who fought
for him.
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General Andrew Jackson
•
•
•
•
War of 1812:
Battle of New Orleans:
Was major-general in federal army
Successfully defended from British
attacks
• Most popular victory
• (Even though battle was after war
had ended)
• It made him a national hero.
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President Andrew Jackson
• President from 18291837
• Feared large and
powerful government
• No government
involvement in
economy
• Tariff of Abominations:
a tax as high as 1/3-1/2
of value on textiles and
iron
• Nullification crisis
• Tariff Act of 1833
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The Age of Jackson
• South Carolina and Nullification
– Jackson’s first term was dominated by a battle to
uphold the supremacy of federal over state law.
• Tariff of 1828
– South Carolina led the charge for a weakened
federal government in part from fear that a strong
federal government might act against slavery.
C) Election of 1832
Pt.3
• Andrew Jackson* (Democrat) v. Henry Clay
(National Republican)
• William Wirt (Anti-Masonic Party—first 3rd Party)
Henry Clay
Andrew Jackson
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Jackson & Indian Removal
– The expansion of cotton and slavery led to forced
relocation of Indians.
• Indian Removal Act of 1830
• Five Civilized Tribes
– The law marked a repudiation of the Jeffersonian
idea that civilized Indians could be assimilated into
the American population.
Indian Removal
Cherokee Nation v. Georgia (1831)
Worcester v. Georgia (1832)
• The Supreme Court and the Indians
– The Cherokee went to court to protect their rights.
• Cherokee Nation v. Georgia
• Worcester v. Georgia
– John Ross led Cherokee resistance.
– Trail of Tears
– The Seminoles (in Florida) fought a war against
removal (1835–1842).
A lithograph from 1836 depicts Sequoia (Cherokee)
A Daily Insult to Native America?
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Map 10.5 Indian Removals, 1830-1840
The 2nd National Bank
• Jackson refuses to renew charter
through his vetoes
• Opponents so angry, it leads to the
formation of a new party, the Whigs
• 1816 2nd Bank (chartered for 20 years)
– Private institution w/ government charter,
sold bonds, made commercial loans,
controlled currency through curbing inflation
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The Bank War and After
• “Biddle’s Bank”
– The Bank of the United States symbolized the
hopes and fears inspired by the market revolution.
– Jackson distrusted bankers as “nonproducers.”
– The Bank, under its president Nicholas Biddle,
wielded great power.
National Bank Fight
Pt.6
• Opponents:
– Land
speculators
and farmers:
Didn’t mind
inflation and
feared the
wealthy elite
• State bank directors:
• After the Panic of 1819, many haad blamed
the Banks.
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President Jackson & the Bank
• Feared that the elites
would use for their
own advantage
• Bank tried to recharter
in 1832 (election year),
got approved, but was
vetoed by Jackson
• Jackson took out the
$10 million from the
bank and invested in
state banks
• Second Bank loses
money and charter, and
collapses and
disappears
• Greatest political victory
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The Bank War and After
– Using language resonating with popular values,
Jackson vetoed a bill to renew the Bank’s charter.
• The Pet Banks and the Economy
– Jackson authorized the removal of federal funds
from the vaults of the national bank and their
deposit in state or “pet” banks.
The Bank War and After
• The Pet Banks and the Economy
– Partly because the Bank of the United States had
lost the ability to regulate the currency effectively,
prices rose dramatically while real wages
declined.
– By 1836, the American government and the Bank
of England required gold or silver for payments.
The Times, an 1837 engraving that blames Andrew
Jackson’s policies for the economic depression.
Conclusion
• The Expansion of the franchise (rite to vote)
to all white male citizens was a crucial step
towards full democracy.
• Andrew Jackson was an important President.
• Does that mean he is a hero to valorize for
the next generations?
?
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Election of 1836
Pt.3
• Martin Van Buren* (Democrat) v.
Sectional candidates (Whig)
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The Panic of 1837
– With cotton exports declining, the United States
suffered a panic in 1837 and a depression until
1843.
• Van Buren in Office
– Martin Van Buren approved the Independent
Treasury to deal with the crisis.
E) Election of 1840
Pt.3
• Wm. Henry Harrison* (Whig) v. Martin
Van Buren (Democrat)
• “Tippecanoe & Tyler too” slogan referring
to burning of Prophet’s Town
• Harrison dies & VP Tyler takes presidency
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President Tyler
• His Accidency
– Harrison died a month after taking office.
– Tyler vetoed measures to enact the American
System.
– A Whig who was anti whig!