Transcript normalcy - hhhsuspreap

NORMALCY AND GOOD TIMES
(1921 - 1929)
Chapter 16
Presidential Politics
Main Idea
Warren Harding’s administration suffered from
several scandals. His successor, Calvin
Coolidge, promised to support business.
The Harding Administration
• In 1920, when Warren G. Harding ran for
president, most Americans wanted to return to
simpler times (after the upheaval of the
progressive era and war).
• His campaign slogan to return to normalcy,
or a “normal” life after the war, made him
very popular.
• Most of Harding’s
appointments were
given to his friends.
• His old poker-playing
friends became known as
the Ohio Gang.
• Some of the Ohio Gang
used their government
positions to sell jobs,
pardons, and immunity
from prosecution.
• Before most of the
scandals became public
knowledge, Harding fell ill
and died in 1923.
Warren G. Harding
• Harding’s Secretary of the Interior, Albert B.
Fall, secretly allowed private interests to lease
lands containing U.S. Navy oil reserves at
Teapot Dome, Wyoming.
• He received bribes totaling
over $300,000.
• The Teapot Dome scandal
ended with Fall as the first
cabinet officer in history to
be sent to prison.
• Another Harding administration scandal
involved Attorney Gen. Harry Daugherty.
• Bribe money ended up in a bank account
controlled by Daugherty.
• He refused to testify under oath,
claiming immunity (freedom
from prosecution) because he
had confidential dealings with
president.
• The new president, Calvin
Coolidge, demanded Daugherty’s
resignation.
the
Coolidge
wanted to get
rid of the
“dirt” of the
Harding
administration.
The Coolidge Administration
• V.P. Calvin Coolidge became
president after Harding’s death.
“The business
of America is
business.”
• Coolidge distanced himself
from the Harding administration.
• He focused on prosperity
through business leadership
with little government
intervention.
• Easily won GOP presidential
nomination in 1924.
Calvin Coolidge
• Coolidge won 1924 election with more than
half of the popular vote.
• Promised to give America the normalcy that
Harding had not (because of all the scandals).
GOP – Coolidge
Dem – John W. Davis
Progressive – Robert LaFollette
Calvin Coolidge was
called “Silent Cal”
because he was a
man of very few
words.
A Growing Economy
Main Idea
The United States experienced stunning economic
growth during the 1920s.
1920s Technology
The Rise of New Industries
• During the 1920s, Americans enjoyed a
new standard of living.
• Wages increased and work hours decreased.
• Mass production (large-scale product
manufacturing) increased
the supply of goods and
decreased costs.
• Greater productivity led
to the growth of new
industries.
• The assembly line, used by carmaker Henry
Ford, greatly increased manufacturing
efficiency by dividing up operations into
simple tasks that unskilled workers could
perform.
Ford’s assembly-line product, the Model T, sold
for $850 the first year but dropped to $490 after
being mass-produced several years later.
By 1924 the Model T was selling for just $295.
HOW DID HENRY FORD
CHANGE AMERICA?
Increased
workers’ wages
& reduced
workday
Gained workers’
loyalty
New businesses
emerged
Gas stations,
auto repair shops,
oil industry, and
road construction
companies
Reduced power
of Unions
Isolation of rural
life ended
Workers could
live farther away
from work
Commuters
More jobs
• Higher wages made innovations
affordable.
• From electric razors to frozen
foods and household cleaning
supplies to labor-saving
appliances, Americans used
their new income to make life
easier.
• By 1919 the Post Office
had expanded airmail
service across the
continent with the help of
the railroad.
• 1927 - Charles Lindbergh
took a transatlantic solo
flight, which gained
support in
the U.S. for
commercial
flights.
By the end of 1928,
48 airlines were
serving 355
American cities.
• In 1926 the National Broadcasting
Company (NBC) established a permanent
network of radio stations to distribute daily
programming.
• In 1928 the Columbia Broadcasting System
(CBS) set up coast-to-coast stations to compete
with NBC.
NBC
The Consumer Society
• American attitudes about debt changed. They
were more willing to buy on credit.
• Advertising was used
to convince Americans that
they needed new products.
• Ads linked products with
qualities that were popular
to the modern era, such as
convenience, leisure,
success, fashion, and style.
• By the early 1920s, many businesses hired
professional managers and engineers.
• The large number of managers expanded the
size of the middle class.
• 1920s unions lost influence/membership,
because workers were generally satisfied.
• Employers promoted an open shop, where
employees were not required to join a union.
• Welfare capitalism, where employees were
able to purchase stock, participate in profit
sharing, and receive benefits, made unions
seem unnecessary.
The Farm Crisis Returns
• American farmers did not
share in prosperity of 1920s.
• Prices dropped dramatically,
but the cost to improve farmers’ technology
increased.
• During the war, government had encouraged
farmers to produce more for food supplies
needed in Europe, so........
• Farmers borrowed money to buy new land
and new machinery to raise more crops.
• Farmers prospered during the war….BUT……
• ….after the war, Europeans had little money to
buy American farm products.
• After Congress raised tariffs, farmers could no
longer sell products
overseas, and prices fell.
• American farmers
remained in a
recession through
the 1920s.
The Policies of Prosperity
Main Idea:
Economic policies of the United States
government encouraged the prosperity of
the 1920s.
Promoting Prosperity
• Andrew Mellon, Harding’s Secretary of
Treasury, reduced government spending and cut
the federal budget.
• Secretary Mellon applied the idea of supplyside economics to reduce taxes.
• This idea suggested that
lower taxes would allow
businesses and consumers
to spend and invest their
extra money, resulting in
economic growth.
• In the end, the government
would collect more taxes at a
lower rate.
• Secretary of Commerce
Herbert Hoover attempted to
balance government regulation
with cooperative individualism.
• Business voluntarily work
together and with government for
the benefit of all.
• Hoover felt this would reduce
waste and costs and lead to
economic stability.
Trade and Arms Control
• By the 1920s, the United States was THE
dominant economic power in the world.
• Allies owed the U.S. billions of dollars in war
debts.
• The U.S. national income was far greater than
that of Britain, Germany, France, and Japan
combined.
• Many Americans favored
isolationism rather than
international involvement.
• Americans wanted to be
left alone to pursue
prosperity.
• But the U.S. was too
connected in
international affairs to
stay isolated.
• Some countries felt the
U.S. should help with
the war debt.
• We disagreed: other Allies had gained new
territory & received reparations from Germany.
The U.S. received no land or reparations.
• Heavy reparations had crippled the German
economy!
• As a result, Charles G. Dawes, American
diplomat and banker, negotiated an agreement
– the Dawes Plan – with France, Britain, and
Germany.
• The Washington Conference (1921) invited
countries to discuss the postwar naval
arms race.
• Secretary of State Charles Evans Hughes
proposed a 10-year moratorium (pause) on
the construction of major new warships.
• Japan was angry that the conference
required Japan to
keep a smaller
navy than the
United States and
Great Britain.
• The Kellogg-Briand Pact was a treaty that
tried to outlaw war.
• By signing the treaty, countries agreed to stop
war and settle all disputes peacefully.
• The treaty had no
binding force,
but it was hailed
as a victory.
Reviewing Key Terms
Define Match the terms on the right with their definitions on
the left.
__
F 1. a workplace where workers are
not required to join a union
__
C 2. the production of large quantities
of goods using machinery and
often an assembly line
__
H 3. President Hoover’s policy of
encouraging manufacturers and
distributors to form their own
organizations and volunteer
information to the federal
government in an effort to
stimulate the economy
__
A 4. the state or fact of being normal
__
J 5. a suspension of activity
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.
I.
J.
normalcy
immunity
mass
production
assembly line
welfare
capitalism
open shop
supply-side
economics
cooperative
individualism
isolationism
moratorium
Reviewing Key Terms (cont.)
Define Match the terms on the right with their definitions on
the left.
__
E 6. system in which companies
enable employees to buy stock,
participate in profit sharing, and
receive benefits such as medical
care, common in the 1920s
__
B 7. freedom from prosecution
__
G 8. economic theory that lower taxes
will boost the economy as
businesses and individuals invest
their money, thereby creating
higher tax revenue
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.
I.
J.
normalcy
immunity
mass
production
assembly line
welfare
capitalism
open shop
supply-side
economics
cooperative
individualism
isolationism
moratorium
Reviewing Key Terms (cont.)
Define Match the terms on the right with their definitions on
the left.
__
D 9. a production system with
machines and workers
arranged so that each person
performs an assigned task
again and again as the item
passes before him or her
__
I 10. a national policy of avoiding
involvement in world affairs
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.
I.
J.
normalcy
immunity
mass
production
assembly line
welfare
capitalism
open shop
supply-side
economics
cooperative
individualism
isolationism
moratorium
WARM-UP
I'm like any other
man. All I do is
supply a demand.
Al Capone was the most
"gangster" of the
ran a huge
famous
1920s. He
crime syndicate.
What "demand" do you think he was talking
about? What were some of the difficulties
that authorities had in trying to enforce that
law?
WARM-UP
If you think you can
do a thing or think you
can't do a thing,
you're right.
Do you agree with Henry Ford's
statement?
Ford had a huge impact on this nation's
economy during the 1920s. Do you think that
his philosophy was in any way responsible
for his accomplishments?