Transcript Manifest Destiny

Manifest
Destiny
Review
 Whiskey
Rebellion – Washington sent in troops
to put down the rebellion of Pennsylvania
farmers
 National
Bank – Washington authorized a bank
of the United States for twenty years
 Enumerated
powers – powers specifically
mentioned in the Constitution
 Implied
powers – not specifically listed but
necessary for the government to do its job
Executive Departments
(Cabinet)
Congress accepts three departments:
Dept. of Foreign Affairs (State):
Thomas Jefferson
Dept. of War (Defense):
Henry Knox
Department of Treasury:
Alexander Hamilton
French Revolution - 1793
 French
radicals
executed the French
King and declared
war on Great Britain
 According to the
Treaty of Paris,
America was
supposed to help
France
 Washington said he
was going to stay
“friendly and
impartial”
Jay’s Treaty - 1794
 British
were seizing American ships that were
going to or from France
 Washington




sent John Jay to settle the dispute
British could seize ships heading to or from
France
British had to give America “most-favored
nation” status – could not halt or alter trade
relations
Many Americans were angry! Why?
Should Washington pass the treaty?
Washington
passed
Jay’s Treaty
Pinckney’s Treaty - 1795
 Spain
joined the French Revolution on the side
of France and feared the U.S. would
eventually side with Britain
 Spain
offered America the right to use the
Mississippi River for navigation and use the port
at New Orleans for trade
 Why
was this a big deal?
New territory

Vermont, Kentucky,
and Tennessee were
states

Washington sent
troops (Anthony
Wayne) into Native
lands to get control of
the Ohio region (Treaty
of Greenville)

Should Washington
take Native lands?
Political Parties
 Hamilton’s

National Bank divided Congress
Hamilton’s supporters = Federalists
 Strong
national government
 Distrust in the capability of the people
 National wealth and power depended on
manufacturing and trade

Jefferson and Madison’s supporters =
Republicans
 National
wealth and power depended on the
farmers
 Did not want division between the rich and the
poor
 Wanted more states rights
Farewell Address
Warned
The
of:
danger of political
parties
Not separating church and
state
Not making foreign
alliances
Presidential Report Card
 List
10 qualifications that you look for in a
president (what makes a good leader?)

Under each qualification, put a BRIEF description
of what you expect
 Put
them on a scale of 1 – 5 (5 being perfect)
 Once
you are finished, rate Washington on
your report card
1
EXAMPLE
Trait
Funny - knows
how to lighten
the mood
Smart – knows
his US history
Happy –
always has a
smile on his
face
Etc.
Etc.
Etc.
Etc.
2
3
4
5
Election of 1796
 Federalists
= John Adams
 Republicans = Thomas Jefferson
 Electoral
College voted: Adams 71 to Jefferson 68
XYZ Affair
 France
began stopping and seizing American
ships that were headed to Britain
 The Federalists began demanding a
declaration of war against France
XYZ Affair
 President
Adams sent Charles Pinckney,
Elbridge Gerry, and John Marshall to negotiate
with France
 France demanded a bribe of $250,000 before
they would talk to the Americans
XYZ Affair
 1798
– America suspended trade with France
and began capturing armed French ships at
sea
 This soon became known as the Quasi-War –
undeclared French/American War at sea
 Convention
of 1800 – France would let US out
of the Treaty of Paris and America would not
ask for money to pay for French damage
Vocab
 Alien
– people who are living in the country
who are not citizens
 Sedition
– incitement of rebellion
Federalists vs. Democratic-Republicans (1798)
Issue
Federalists
Democratic-Republicans
Economy?
Manufacturing
Agrarian (farming)
National Bank?
Bank (helps
manufacturing)
No Bank (too much federal
power)
Interpret
Constitution?
Broadly (is it
expressly
forbidden?)
Strictly (is it expressly
permitted?)
Balance of
Power?
National Authority
States’ Rights
Foreign Policy?
Pro-British
Pro-French
 “The
United States . . . were threatened with
actual invasion . . . and had then, within the
bosom of the country, thousands of aliens,
who, we doubt not, were ready to cooperate
in any external attack.”
Summary of Alien and Sedition Acts
(1798)
Naturalization Act
To be eligible for citizenship, an alien must
prove 14 years of residence within the
United States (previously 5 years).
Alien Act
President may deport any alien he views
as “dangerous to the peace and safety of
the U.S.” No trial or evidence required.
No defense.
Alien Enemies Act
President may, in case of war, deport
aliens of an enemy country or impose
severe restraints on them.
Summary of Alien and Sedition Acts
(1798)
Sedition Act
1)
Illegal to conspire to oppose any measure or
to impede the operation of any law of the
United States.
2) Illegal for any person to write print or publish
“any false, scandalous and malicious writing
. . . . against the government of the United
States, or either house of the Congress . . .
or the President . . . with intent to defame or
to bring them into contempt or disrepute; or
to excite against them the hatred of the good
people of the United States.
Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions 1798
 Secretly
written by Jefferson and Madison
 Said that the states created the Constitution
and could declare federal laws
unconstitutional
 Argued:


Interposition – stop anything the federal
government does that is illegal before it affects
the people
Nullification – states had the right to declare
unconstitutional laws invalid
Thomas Jefferson
 “Revolution
of 1800” – had Washington
and Adams been too much like royalty?
 Wanted
to go back to the idea of a small
government
 Jefferson;




Began paying off national debt
Cut government spending
Killed whiskey tax
Wanted militias instead of armies
The Supreme Court
 Judiciary
judges
Act of 1801 – created 16 federal

Adams – “midnight judges”

Jefferson repealed the act and removed
Adams’ judges from office
Marbury v. Madison (1803)
 Adams
(before leaving office) appointed
John Marshall as Chief Justice of the
Supreme Court
 Also,
Adams appointed William Marbury
as justice of the peace in D.C.

Jefferson told Secretary of State James
Madison to hold the appointment in hopes
that Marbury would quit
 Marshall
and the Supreme Court agreed
that it was not their place to intervene (it
was not constitutional)
 Set
up judicial review – Supreme Court
could decide whether or not laws passed
by Congress were constitutional or not
and strike down those that were not
A
growing country meant a growing
population

Did this mean that there was a need for
more land?

In 1800, Napoleon convinced Spain to give
Louisiana back to France (control of the
lower Mississippi River)

Why was Jefferson worried?
 Robert
Livingston was sent to negotiate
with Napoleon, and Napoleon agreed to
sell the Louisiana territory (and New
Orleans) to America
 Why
in the world would he do that?
 This
became known as the Louisiana
Purchase - $15 million and doubled the
size of the United States
1804 – Lewis and Clark
 Congress
and Jefferson approved the
“Corps of Discovery”


Meriwether Lewis and William Clark
Goal = trace the Missouri River and find a
route to the Pacific Ocean
 Sacagawea
–
pregnant
Shoshone guide for
the expedition

Her life before and
after the
expedition are
mainly myth
 Lewis




and Clark:
Expedition lasted a little over 2 1/2 years
(coast to coast and back)
Mapped the new Louisiana Territory
Claimed the Oregon Territory for the United
States
Detailed journals of the land, the weather,
the plants, and the animals
 Federalists
were
not happy about
the Louisiana
Purchase because
they said this would
eventually take
power away from
the original states.

Aaron Burr was the
vice-president under
Jefferson and was
nominated to run for
governor of New
York to make sure
the balance of
power stayed with
the original states.
 Alexander
Hamilton said that
Burr was a
“dangerous man,
and one that
ought not to be
trusted with the
reins of
government”
 Burr
challenged
Hamilton to a duel
 1804
– Burr shot
and killed Hamilton
(who refused to
fire)
Britain and France at war
 America
was
caught in the
middle because of
trade restrictions
 British
sailors were
disserting and
catching American
ships



Impressment – forced
into military service
(similar to the draft)
Britain was forcing
sailors into the Navy
and would search for
them on American
ships (sometimes
captured)
Three American sailors
would be killed,
causing an American
uproar

Jefferson would
place an embargo
(ban on trade with
other countries) on
Europe

Embargo Act of 1807


Repealed one year
later
Hurt US more than
France or Britain
 Jefferson
stepped
down after 2 terms
 James Madison
easily beat Charles
Pinckney as the 4th
president of the
United States
 To
stop the British
from seizing
American ships,
Madison passed
the NonIntercourse Act –
forbade trade with
France and Britain

Failed miserably
 The
United States
eventually began
trading with the
French but refused
to buy British goods
 Hurt British
economy
Should
the United States
get involved in the war
between the British and
the French?
If
yes, on what side?
War of 1812

Many supporters of war with Britain became
known as War Hawks (mainly from South and
West)




Henry Clay
John C. Calhoun
Felix Grundy
Why? Restrictions had hurt American planters
and some claimed that the British were
supporting a Native uprising
 Natives
were not getting aide from Britain,
but they were angry about the increased
invasion of their land.
 Tecumseh (Shawnee) was the Natives to
unite to protect their lands; worked with
“The Prophet”
 Governor
of Indiana territory, William
Henry Harrison, wanted to stop the
defense immediately
 Became known as the Battle of
Tippecanoe


¼ of Harrison’s men dead or wounded
Killed confidence of many Natives and
many fled to Canada
 The
Bank of the United States had been
shut down
 Many Americans did not support the war
(called it “Mr. Madison’s War”)
 Madison approved the invasion of
Canada to fight the British
 1812
- An American 3-sided attack failed
miserably with the help of non-willing
troops
 1813 – Americans won the Battle at Lake
Erie
 1813 – Americans lost the Battle of Stony
Creek

Americans had not conquered any territory
in Canada
 1814
– Napoleon empire collapses and
Britain can focus full attention on America



Washington D.C. – British burn the White
House and Capitol
Fort McHenry – British not as successful, had
to flee
September 11, 1814 – Americans defeat
British at the Battle of Lake Champlain
“the Star-Spangled Banner”
 Written
by Francis
Scott Key after the
Battle of Fort
McHenry
 Original lyrics
 Current lyrics

Battle of New Orleans –
Andrew Jackson and
cotton bales win the
battle?



Nationalism soared
Federalists fall
Treaty of Ghent – officially
ended the war and
created an
American/Canadian
border

America recognized
around the world
 The
2nd Bank of the U.S. was established in
1816 by John C. Calhoun, Henry Clay,
and Daniel Webster
 Tariff of 1816 – Britain was sending goods
to the U.S. for cheap prices, making some
American businesses suffer

This tariff charged a tax on imports, making
their price go up; made more people
willing to buy American goods
James Monroe
 Elected
in 1817
 Presidency would
become known as the
“Era of Good Feelings”
 Republicans start
agreeing with the
concept of a strong
national government
 Martin
v. Hunter’s Lessee – the Supreme
Court had the authority to hear the
appeals of state courts
 McCulloch
v. Maryland – Maryland
wanted to tax the national bank and
asked whether or not the national bank
was constitutional

What do you think?
 Decision:
The federal government is
responsible for collecting taxes, borrowing
money, regulating money, regulating
commerce, and raising armies and navies


The National Bank makes that possible
Taxing the National Bank was
unconstitutional
 Gibbons
v. Ogden – gave the Congress
the right to control interstate commerce
 Cohens v. Virginia – states gave up
soveriegnty when they ratified the
Constitution and became part of the
United States
 Fletcher v. Peck – Court could overturn
state laws if they were unconstitutional
Problems with Spain

Florida had been an
issue with Southern
states, mainly Georgia


Escaped slaves would
flee to Florida
because Americans
could not bring them
back across lines
Natives (mainly
Seminoles) would live
in Florida and stage
raids on South
Georgia

1818 – Andrew Jackson
was sent into Florida



He destroyed villages,
seized settlements, and
overthrew the Spanish
governor of Florida
Spain demanded
punishment for Jackson
and Monroe agreed
However, Secretary of
State John Quincy Adams
defended Jackson and
said that it was merely the
result of Spain not being
able to keep order in
Florida
Adams-Onis Treaty (1819)
 The
U.S. got complete control of Florida
and the western boundary line was
defined
The Monroe Doctrine (1823)
 U.S.
would not interfere in the internal
affairs of European countries or
independent countries in the Americas
 Any European interference in America
would be seen as an “unfriendly act”
 European countries could not
colonize/claim any further territories in the
Americas
A New United States
 Erie
Canal – 363 mile artificial waterway
that went from New York City to the Great
Lakes
 National
Road – 620 mile road that the
Potomac and Ohio Rivers
 1807
– Robert Fulton and Robert Livingston
invent the steamboat
 Peter
Cooper built an
American version of a
British invention, the
railroad
 Devil’s
horse?
invention or iron
 American
System –
National Bank,
protective tariffs, and
national improvements
The Industrial Revolution
 Free
enterprise = open competition
 How can you make products cheaper,
faster, and more efficiently
 Started in the Northeast
 Francis
Lowell – cotton mills
 Eli Whitney – interchangeable parts
 Samuel F.B. Morse – morse
code/telegraph
 Cities
began to get larger and larger
 Labor unions began to rise, pushing for
higher wages and 10-hour workdays

Use strikes to achieve their goals
 The
North focused on industrialization and
manufacturing
 The South focused on agriculture and
slavery


Became known as the “land of cotton”
Eli Whitney invented a machine that would
take the seeds out of cotton – the cotton
gin
Slavery

Slave codes – slaves could not:

Own property
Leaving owner’s property without permission
Possess a firearm
Testify against a white person in court
Learn to read or write

CONSIDERED PROPERTY, NOT PEOPLE




 In
1819, there were 11 slave states and 11
free states
 Missouri Compromise – Missouri would
enter the Union as a slave state if Maine
entered as a free state
Election of 1824
 Henry
Clay
 Andrew Jackson
 John Quincy Adams
 William Crawford
 Jackson
got the most popular votes but
no one got the majority in the electoral
college
 The
House of Representatives would
choose John Quincy Adams to be the
next president
 Jackson
accused Adams of being corrupt
and created a political party known as
the Democratic-Republicans, later
shortened to the Democrats
 The
resistance would continue throughout
the presidency
 1828
– Election came down to Adams v.
Jackson; not a classy election – attacked
each others personal decisions and
morals
 Jackson
would
clearly win the
election and be
referred to as “Old
Hickory”
1828 – Jackson Elected
President
 “People’s
President”
 “Old Hickory”
“The People’s President”
 Orphaned
young
 Tennessee’s first Representative in
Congress
 Hero in War of 1812
 Invaded Florida
Jacksonian Democracy
 More
and more Americans began to vote
in elections

Who was allowed to vote prior to the
1800s?

How do you think it changed around 1828?
Jacksonian Democracy
 Became
known for using the spoils system
– appointing people to government jobs
on the basis of party loyalty and support
(rewarding your friends)
Jacksonian Democracy
 Changed
system:



the concept of the election
Originally had the caucus system –
members of Congress chose presidential
nominees
Changed to having state delegates
choose the presidential nominees
Is this more fair?
The Nullification Crisis
 Tariff
of 1828 (Tariff of Ambitions or Tariff of
Abominations) – tax on goods from
England, which the South was the main
region buying from England
 South Carolina wanted to secede from
the Union
 Vice President John C. Calhoun offered a
different idea to keep them from pulling
away from the Union
The Nullification Crisis
 Calhoun
proposed the idea of nullification
– declaring a federal law null and void
 Jackson said that he would let nothing
divide the Union under his presidency and
lowered the tariff drastically
 South Carolina still claimed nullification
and Jackson claimed that South Carolina
was guilty of treason
The Nullification Crisis
 Jackson
sent the military into South
Carolina
 Senator Henry Clay agreed to gradually
lower the tax over a few years
 Both sides claimed victory! Who won?
1830 – Indian Removal Act


Goal – move Natives out into the mostly
unoccupied Great Plains area
Most complied with the request except for
the Cherokee Indians from the
Georgia/Alabama area



They took it to the Supreme Court (Worcester v.
Georgia) and they said Native properties must
be honored
Who was the Supreme Court Justice?
What do you think Jackson will do?
1830 – Indian Removal Act
 Their
resistance will be successful until
Martin van Buren takes over the
presidency and sends the military in to
force them out west (Oklahoma)


4,000 Natives would die – either before or
during the trip
Known as the Trail of Tears
National Bank
 Jackson
was re-elected in 1832
 Said that the National Bank was
unconstitutional and refused to follow the
Supreme Court decision in McColluch v.
Maryland
 Jackson would eventually pull the money
out of the Bank of the United States and
put it in the state banks, forcing the
National Bank to close completely
Whig Party
 Wanted
a larger federal government
 Democrat
Martin van Buren won the
presidency in 1836

Trail of Tears
Panic of 1837 – banks and businesses failed,
farmers lost work, unemployment went up

What should van Buren do?

 The
Whig party
nominated General
William Henry Harrison
as the presidential
candidate with John
Tyler as VP

“Tippecanoe and Tyler
too”

Harrison easily beat van
Buren (234-60 electoral)
 Harrison
gave his 2-hour inaugural address
about changing the nation


The speech was given outside in freezing
temperatures; he didn’t wear a hat or coat
Harrison died (of pneumonia) 32 days after
becoming president
President John Tyler
 Called
“his Accidency”
 Major accomplishment – created a
boundary between the United States and
Canada
A New Culture
 Second



Methodists
Baptists
Presbyterians
 Rise


Great Awakening
of the Mormons
Joseph Smith
Brigham Young
New Literature
 Ralph
Waldo Emerson
 Henry David Thoreau
 James Fenimore Cooper
 Nathanial Hawthorne
 Herman Melville
 Edgar Allan Poe
 Walt Whitman
 Emily Dickinson
 The

Know-Nothing Party (American Party)
Rise of Nativism
 Newspapers
and the penny press

Forever
Changing
Society
 It would not be until the
Prisons
1830s that prisons were
kept in buildings like
you would see today.


Addition of solitary
confinement and work
crews
Dorothea Dix – prison
reform for the mentally
ill
Temperance Movement
 ________________–
moderation in the
consumption of alcohol
 At
this time, allowance/banning of
alcohol was on a state by state basis.
 This
will begin in the 1830s because of the
revived focus on God, but it will make its
mark in the 1880s following the Civil War.

Horace Mann – school
reform, everything from
building schools to
raising salaries
Education

First mandatory
attendance law – 1852

What do you think were
the differences
between the boys’ and
girls’ schools?
Women
 1848
– Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady
Stanton



Seneca Falls Convention – “We hold these
truths to be self-evident: that all men and
women are created equal….”
Wanted abolition
Wanted __________________; seen as being
worse than abolition.
Slavery
 Gradualism
= ___________________________
 Colonization
 Abolition
 Which
= __________________________
= _____________________________
is better?
Slavery
 William
Lloyd Garrison – The Liberator

"I do not wish to think, or speak, or write,
with moderation. . . . I am in earnest -- I will
not equivocate -- I will not excuse -- I will not
retreat a single inch -- AND I WILL BE
HEARD.“

Called for the immediate freeing of all
enslaved people, which is called
______________________.
Slavery
 ____________________
wrote the North Star.
 ____________________
- escaped slave that
- freed slave who
went on to be a powerful speaker
 How
did the North feel about abolition?
 How
did the South feel about abolition?
Manifest Destiny
 Manifest
destiny – the idea that God had
given the continent to America and
wanted them to settle western land

1845 – John Louis Sullivan

Squatters – settle on land they did not own
Could buy up to 160 acres for $1.25 each

 Jethro
Wood – iron-blade plow
 John Deere – steel-blade plow
 Cyrus McCormick – mechanical reaper
 John Sutter – first to really settle in
California
 Oregon
Trail
 California Trail
 Santa Fe Trail
 Mormon Trail
 Donner
Party
 Treaty
of Fort Laramie (1851) – eight
groups of Natives agreed to certain
boundaries and the government
promised not to take it away….. ever
 In
the early 1800s, Texas was part of
Mexico; Americans actually immigrated
to Mexico

Stephen Austin
Fredonia

1830 – borders close

 Stephen
Austin v. President Antonio Lopez
de Santa Anna
 Texan
army v. Mexican army – “Come
and get it!”
The Alamo

Feb. 1836 – The Alamo was an abandoned
Catholic mission where the rebels had made
a station




The rebel Texans fought off the Mexican army
for 13 days
Formally declared independence from Mexico
The Mexican army eventually takes control of
the Alamo
Goliad – over 300 Texan rebels were executed
for treason
Battle of San Jacinto
 Texans
(led by Sam Houston) led attack
on sleeping Mexican army
 “Remember the Alamo” and “Remember
Goliad”
 Mexican army – 300 killed, 700 taken
captive (including Santa Anna)
 Texan army – 9 killed, 34 wounded
1836
 Texas
was now the “Republic of Texas”
with Sam Houston as president


They wanted annexation (become part of
the U.S), but Jackson did not want NorthSouth tensions or war with Mexico
Texas was an independent nation
Mexican-American War (18461848)
 Issues




with Texas:
Jefferson claimed it with the Louisiana
territory but it was taken away with a treaty
Jackson did not want the territory because
of slavery issues and not wanting a war with
Mexico
Mexico did not recognize Texas
independence
Tyler fought to get it added as a slave
territory……. Was NOT re-elected!
Mexican-American War (18461848)
 Election



of 1844
Henry Clay – add Texas only
Martin van Buren – not picking a side
James K. Polk – wanted to add Texas and
Oregon to the Union and buy California
(maintaining balance of slave and free
states)
Who
do you think will win?
Mexican-American War (18461848)
 Polk
added Oregon and Texas to the
Union of the United States


Mexico and the U.S. disputed the boundary
line
Mexico refused to discuss the purchase of
California
Mexican-American War (18461848)
 Polk
orders troops into the area of dispute
(led by General Zachary Taylor)


Plan: get Mexico to shoot first and claim
Mexican aggression on American soil
Success: Taylor’s men were attacked….
Polk declared war “by the act of Mexico
herself”; “American blood was shed on
American soil”
Mexican-American War (18461848)

Master plan for war:




Taylor’s troops move South close to the Gulf of
Mexico
Another set of troops should capture Santa Fe
and then take control of California with the help
of the Navy
Last set of troops were to go to Mexico City and
force Mexico to surrender
Needed 50,000 troops…… 75,000 enlisted (not
good soldiers)
Mexican-American War (18461848)
 The
first two phases were easily successful
(even though California was the “Bear
Flag Republic” for two weeks
 Polk now needed to capture Mexico City
but he was also thinking about re-election
Mexican-American War
(1846-1848)
 Polk
saw General Zachary Taylor as a
political threat, so he replaced him in the
battle by General Winfield Scott
 Scott was successful and the U.S. took
control of Mexico City
Mexican-American War
(1846-1848)
 Treaty



of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848)
Mexico gave up 500,000 square miles
(California, Utah, Nevada, New Mexico,
Colorado, Arizona, and Wyoming)
Rio Grande was the southern border of
Texas
U.S. paid Mexico $15 million and forgave $3
million in debt
 Manifest
Destiny was now complete – the
U.S. now controlled all territory from east
coast to west coast
 Big issue now: How would slavery be
handled in the new territories?
 Wilmot
Proviso – in any territory that the
U.S. gained from Mexico, “neither slavery
not involuntary servitude shall ever exist”




Opposed by Polk
Passed by House of Representatives
Tabled by Congress
Forced the idea of popular sovereignty –
each state decide whether they want
slavery or not
Election of 1848
 Zachary
Taylor (Whig)
 James K. Polk and Lewis Cass (Democrat)
 Martin van Buren (Free-Soil)
 Polk
drops out after Taylor joins the race
and had health issues (died three months
after term was over).
 The rest of the parties split, so Taylor won
the election.
 1849
– California Gold Rush (‘49ers)
 California applied for statehood that
same year.
 California
would enter as a free state,
making slaveholding states a minority
 Slave states started threatening to secede
(leave the Union)