Transcript Reconstruction (1865

Essential Questions
What were the
Political conditions in SC
after
Reconstruction?
What were the
causes for
shifts in
migration and
immigration
patterns within
SC and the
US?
How did the
Populist movement
under Ben Tillman’s
leadership affect
SC?
What changes
in agriculture
and industry
occurred in the
late 19th century?
What were the
economic
conditions after
Reconstruction?
How was SC
affected by natural
disasters and war
in the years
following
Reconstruction?
How did the
Constitution of
1895 affect race
relations in SC?
• Aimed at making production, sale,
and consumption of alcoholic
beverages illegal.
• Gained momentum in SC during the
late 1800’s, and helped to bring about
the Progressive Movement of the
early 20th Century.
o Movement aimed at defending a
certain group’s right to vote.
o Women’s suffrage movement (late
1800’s women could still not vote.
o Began after Civil War
o Became one of the key issues of the
Progressive Movement in early 20th
century (1900’s)
“Redeemers” or “Bourbons”
• Supporters of Wade
Hampton
• Claimed Wade
Hampton had freed
SC from the fraud
and dishonesty of
the Republican
Party during
Reconstruction.
“Bourbon Politics”
• Referenced a monarch family that had rulled
France before and after French Revolution.
• Purpose of French Revolution was to rid the
nation of the monarch.
• Cause was forgotten when Bourbon Family put
back into power.
• Critics of Wade Hampton claimed that, like the
French, he had forgotten his original purpose
and was making the same mistakes all over
again.
• Allowed white supremist ideas to rise again.
SC Economy
th
Late 19 Century
• Creation of facilities designed to
manufacture and transport goods.
• Prior to Civil War, SC focused very
little on industrial development.
• South Concentrated on agriculture
• Late 19th century times changing and
prominent textile industry began to
form in SC.
Manufacturing
Many argue that this
is the future of SC.
Most South
Carolinians refuse to let
go of their agricultural
roots and focus on
industrialization.
Textile Industry
• This form of
industrialization
caught on in SC,
especially in the
Upstate.
• Textile industry
would continue to
thrive as the 19th
century comes to a
close. (1800’s)
• In the early 1800s, cotton was
raised in the southern United
States and exported to mills in
England and the
north. Leaders such as William
Gregg of South Carolina
advocated a home-based textile
industry for the
south but the time was not
right. Northern mills resisted to
growth of mills outside New
England. Textile
machinery was built in New
England, New Jersey and
imported from Europe.
Gilreath Mill, SC
 . Textile mills were very
popular in the USA during
the 19th century. During
the Industrial Revolution
the making of thread, yarn
and cloth was almost
completely mechanized.
This textile mill has long
since been abandoned.
• Famous southern textile
mill that produced cloth
from raw cotton. In 1881
the cotton mill began a
12-building mill complex
that employed thousands
of workers. It was one of
the largest textile mills in
the southeast.
Agriculture
• Remains the backbone of SC’s
economy in the late 1800’s.
• Many struggle with falling cotton
prices and new farming techniques.
(SC farmers have had trouble keeping
up with technology.)
Tourism
• Too expensive for
people to travel to the
beaches of SC
• Few roads or railways
to get people there
•Populist
Movement and
Ben Tillman
•Chapter 23
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Benjamin Tillman
Benjamin R. Tillman, U.S. Senator
from South Carolina (1847-1918)
Born in South Carolina on 11
August 1847.
He enlisted in the Confederate Army
in June 1864 but left the service due
to illness.
Beginning in 1869 he was an active
and successful farmer and was also
deeply involved in often forceful
measures to thwart the goals of
southern Reconstruction.
During the 1880s, he became the
most powerful politician in the state
and was Governor in 1890-1894.
He was then elected to the United
States Senate.
He championed agricultural
interests and Southern racial
policies.
Nicknamed “Pitchfork” Ben when
he became a spokesman for the
small farmer, a struggling group at
the time.
Established agricultural curriculum
at state colleges (Clemson).
Populist Movement
• Began in the 1890’s
• Aimed at helping the “little man” (felt as
though they were being held down by the
privileged elite)
• Fueled by poor, white farmers and their
leader, Benjamin Tillman.
Land Grant Colleges
– Educational institutions created on
donated land
– Funded by the state
– Late 19th century, increased the quality
of public education in SC
– Helped the state find ways to combine
agriculture and industry.
Constitution of 1895
Constitution of 1895
•Instigated by Tillman
•Wanted to be sure that the black majority did
not provide political support
•Established a literacy test for voting by
requiring that voters be able to read and
interpret the United States Constitution.
•Require Poll Tax be paid six months before the
election.
•Poor, illiterate white voters were protected by
the “grandfather clause” (if grandfathers voted)
•Separate schools for black and white children
•Jim Crow Laws passed which set social
segregation into law.
•Impacted African Americans for next six
decades.
Lynchings-Result of Const. 1895
 Practice of killing a person
without due process of law.
 Usually done by an agry mob.
 Tensions in SC grew in late
1800’s and more African
Americans became almost
commonplace.
 Political leaders did very little to
punish those who were involved in
lynchings or race riots.
Jim Crow Laws
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Laws that restrict African Americans
Extremely common in the South during
the late 1800’s (remained until the Civil
Rights Movement of 1960’s)
Term “Jim Crow” was the name of a
popular African American character in
an 1828 minstrel show.
Examples of Jim Crow Laws
• African Americans had to attend different
schools.
• African Americans had to use different
facilities.
• African Americans were not given equal
protection by the laws or courts.
• African americans were discouraged from
voting (literacy tests, and poll taxes)
Think About It!!!
• What is the event or issue that
inspired this political cartoon?
• Are there symbols in the
cartoon? What do they
represent?
• What kinds of ideas are
included in political cartoons?
• Are there people in the
cartoon? Who are they, and
what do they represent?
• What is the subject of the
cartoon?
• What is the cartoonist's opinion
on the subject?
• What is the objective of a
political cartoon?
Problems
“Separate but Equal” Policies
• Placed badge of inferiority on African
Americans
• Laws proved that African Americans were
not considered “equal”
• No public school or any other segretated
facility was ever actually equal.
• Federal courts supported racists views by
ruling in favor of segregation.
“Now I ain’t so sure I want to get a
public education!”
• What does this
political cartoon tell
you about the
feelings of both the
African Americans
and the White
Americans?
RESULTS
• African American South Carolinians
protested their exclusion from public life.
• Violence, intimidation and lynchings by
white terrorists effectively silenced them.
MIGRATION
Migration
 Purpose:
Many left farms to work in
textile mills as agriculture
declined.
•Advantages:
•
more conveniences nearby
•
easier to move frequently
and find available housing
•
if renting, maintenance and
repairs are included
•
plenty of neighbors
•
public school access easier
Migration (Cont.)
Advantages of Living in Rural Area
 Lower property costs
 More solitude and privacy
 Easier to own a house rather than
rent
 Taxes usually lower
 There is usually a more secure
feeling of safety
Migration (Cont.)
Below list some of the disadvantages of living
in the Urban Areas and disadvantages of
living in a rural area.
In 1862 the U.S. Congress passed
the Homestead Act, which
provided land, originally 160
acres, at no cost if the settler
agreed to cultivate it for at least
five years. Many settlers moved
west to establish farms, and
agriculture production in the
United States doubled from 1870
to 1900.
Reasons to Head West
 Seek out a fortune (gold, silver, and other
untapped resources)
 Be among the first to claim property in the
West.
 Have an adventure
 Escape difficult life in the east.
 Avoid “missing out” on what everyone else was
doing
 See if rumors are true about the lush valleys,
gold covered hills, and warm weather year
round.
WESTWARD EXPANSION
In 1862 the U.S. Congress
passed the Homestead
Act, which provided land,
originally 160 acres, at no
cost if the settler agreed
to cultivate it for at least
five years. Many settlers
moved west to establish
farms, and agriculture
production in the United
States doubled from 1870
to 1900.
Immigration
The act of leaving one country to permanently live
in another.
•Reasons to immigrate to United States:
US became known as “land of opportunity.
Free land offered by US Govt. (Homestead
Act)
NATURAL DISASTERS
Natural Disasters
 Charleston Earthquake of 1886 -Estimated that the
earthquake measured about 7 on the Richter Scale.
Nearly every building in the city suffered some degree
of structural damage. Dozens of people were killed
instantly. Still remains the strongest earthquake ever
to hit the southeastern United States.
 Hurricane of 1893 – Hit directly on Charleston in
1893. Over 1,500 killed. Millions of dollars in damage
done to structures. This hurricane had no name
because the tradition of naming hurricanes did not
begin until 60 years later.
"St. Michael's Church, Charleston, from N.W." St. Michael's Episcopal church,
the oldest existing church edifice in Charleston, viewed several weeks after the
great earthquake as efforts were under way to repair and refurbish it. A
discerning person today can still detect the earthquake fractures in the
building's walls despite the wonderful cosmetic "surgery" of recent years.
(South Caroliniana Library Archives)
Medical College of South Carolina- 1886
(South Caroliniana Library Archives)
Captain Carsten Vose?s inn and residence
in Summerville was split open after the
rear piers were crushed by the 1886
earthquake.
Hurricane of 1893
• An unidentified man
stands amid wreckage
from the August 1893
Sea Islands Hurricane
that left 30,000 men,
women and children
homeless on the barrier
islands of South
Carolina and Georgia.
Clara Barton set up
headquarters in an old
warehouse in Beaufort
and remained to
oversee the aid effort
for nine months.
AT WAR AGAIN
What is Spanish-American War?
• A conflict in 1898 that focused on Cuba
and other Spanish colonies. Newspapers
in America began reporting that Spanish
colonists were abusing the Cuban natives,
which infuriated the American public. The
United States declared war against Spain
(after the battleship USS Maine was
mysteriously sunk in Cuba) and eventually
took control of most of Spain’s colonies in
the Caribbean and Pacific.
Impact on SC
• Greater degree of unity in the state Democratic Party.
• Created a revived sense of national patriotism in the post
Civil War era.
• Americans united against a common enemy and opened
the prospect of greater worldwide trade and markets for
SC goods.
• SC began to understand the importance of military
installations such as Camp Jackson.
• War made it evident that many South Carolinians
suffered from poor health and illiteracy.
• Almost one out of three SC volunteers were found to be
medically unfit for military service.